Atmospheric Environment: X最新文献

{"title":"OPNet: A deep-learning approach for estimating particulate matter’s oxidative potential from satellite imagery","authors":"Alessia Carbone ,&nbsp;Ian Hough ,&nbsp;Gemine Vivone ,&nbsp;Jocelyn Chanussot ,&nbsp;Rocco Restaino ,&nbsp;Harry Dupont ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Jaffrezo ,&nbsp;Gaëlle Uzu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) reflects its ability to trigger oxidative stress in the respiratory system and is increasingly recognised as a key metric for assessing PM toxicity. Concurrently, PM has gained importance as a health indicator, leading to its inclusion in European regulations. As OP is not routinely monitored at many sites, understanding exposure and related risks remains challenging. While satellite imagery is commonly used to estimate PM mass concentration, its application to OP has not yet been explored. We present a novel deep-learning-based approach employing satellite-based surface features for OP estimation, using both OP_AA and OP_DTT assays on 24-hour PM₁₀ samples collected over five years in Grenoble (France). We propose OPNet, which consists of two parts: a deep backbone that extracts surface features from one satellite image, and a predictor estimating OP_AA and OP_DTT using the extracted features combined with contextual variables. The architecture is trained in two stages: in the domain-adaptive task, both are jointly trained to predict daily PM₁₀ concentration, with the backbone initialised from weights from a general classification problem. In the domain-specific task, they are jointly updated to predict either OP_AA or OP_DTT, with the backbone initialised from the best weights obtained in the first stage. This approach explains up to 75% of the variance in OP_AA and 58% in OP_DTT when using both satellite imagery and auxiliary data. It offers a cost-effective solution to improve the estimation of OP, with implications for large-scale air quality monitoring and health impact assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal filters and MOF-polymer composites for high-temperature flue gas filtration: A review","authors":"Eva Gregorovičová,&nbsp;Jiří Pospíšil","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid fuel combustion produces harmful particulate matter (PM) and gaseous emissions in the flue gas. To mitigate PM, advanced filtration materials using metal meshes, metal composites, and MOF-polymer composites have been studied. Gaseous emissions can be adsorbed using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metal filters are suitable for high-temperature flue gas filtration (&gt;200 °C) thanks to their high mechanical strength and thermal stability. This review covers research articles (2019–2023) on metal filters and MOF-polymer composites for flue gas filtration. While metal filters are already widely implemented in industrial systems, MOF-polymer composites remain at the research and development stage. Particular emphasis is placed on their filtration performance at high-temperature flue gas and assessment of their potential in combustion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unregulated particle and VOC emissions from comparable diesel, gasoline and natural gas vehicles","authors":"Boris Vansevenant ,&nbsp;Ashok Singh Vishnoi ,&nbsp;Amélie De Filippis ,&nbsp;Laetitia Beillon ,&nbsp;Guillaume Toïc ,&nbsp;Yassine Azizi ,&nbsp;Bernard Guiot ,&nbsp;Corinne Ferronato ,&nbsp;Ludovic Fine ,&nbsp;Patrick Tassel ,&nbsp;Sophie Serindat ,&nbsp;Yao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV) is increasing due to estimated positive impacts on exhaust emissions and carbon footprint. However, significant emissions of unregulated particles in the ultrafine range have been reported in the literature. Significant variations have also been observed, but data is still lacking to thoroughly describe NGV emissions. This is particularly true for some vehicle categories such as light commercial vehicles. A clear need therefore exists to additionally document the NGV emissions, especially unregulated compounds with health or environmental effects such as ultrafine particles and Volatile and Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (VOCs/IVOCs). This study presents the emissions of methane, regulated gases, total particles from 5.6 nm with size distribution, and VOCs/IVOCs. It focuses on NGV, diesel and gasoline passenger cars and light commercial vehicles with comparable technical characteristics. Results show that during regeneration phases, ultrafine particle emissions from gasoline vehicles with particle filters increase by factors 40 to 800. They also show high emissions of ultrafine particles from NGV, with significant shares of sub-23 and sub-10 nm particles (more than 2/3 of the emissions). The organics emitted by the NGV are less volatile than those from diesel or gasoline. Coupled with the significant sub-10 and sub-23 nm particles from NGV, this suggests that the particles could be partly semi-volatile. The NGV particle emissions might thus be underestimated with current normative protocols. In addition to measuring particles from 10 nm in the upcoming Euro 7 norm, this study indicates that quantifying semi-volatile particles could help better describe vehicular emissions, especially for NGV vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-board characterization of brake-wear emissions from a heavy-duty vehicle in real-world driving conditions","authors":"Ashok Singh Vishnoi ,&nbsp;Boris Vansevenant ,&nbsp;Asma Beji ,&nbsp;Mathieu Goriaux ,&nbsp;Bernard Guiot ,&nbsp;Yassine Azizi ,&nbsp;Mélanie Messieux ,&nbsp;Patrick Tassel ,&nbsp;Sophie Serindat ,&nbsp;Nicolas Quennet ,&nbsp;Yao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brake wear contributes significantly to non-exhaust emissions, with poorly documented real-world data on ultrafine particles and gaseous emissions, particularly for heavy vehicles. This study focuses on brake wear ultrafine particles emitted by a school bus in real-world driving conditions, through on-board measurements. Some gaseous compounds were also measured. Tests were conducted on a real-world school pick-up route, as well as an in-service-conformity compliant route. A custom-made stainless-steel emission collection system was designed and placed around the front right disc. Particle and gas measurement instruments were sampled directly from the collection system, which was also equipped with temperature sensors. Results show that brake particle emissions range from 4.1 × 10⁷ #/brake/km to 1.7 × 10⁹ #/brake/km, with a bimodal distribution (first mode around 10 nm and second mode around 200 nm). Emissions were analyzed with regard to energy loss during each braking event, showing it can be critical in estimating brake emissions in most cases. In some cases, particle emissions are poorly correlated with energy in the 10 nm mode, which is due to high-intensity and repeated braking episodes. Concentration peaks were also observed for a few volatile organic compounds such as benzene and toluene. Gaseous emission was also observed for CO, CO₂, CH₄, NH₃, NOx, and SO₂.</div></div><div><h3>Glossary</h3><div>Particle collection system, VOCs, high-intensity braking</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of gaseous and particulate atmospheric emissions, including the condensable particulate fraction, from small biomass boilers (150 kW-1.65 MW) in France","authors":"Sergio Harb ,&nbsp;Benjamin Cea ,&nbsp;Nicolas Karoski ,&nbsp;Adrien Dermigny ,&nbsp;Vincent Fuvel ,&nbsp;Benjamin Cuniasse ,&nbsp;Florence Paulus ,&nbsp;Isaline Fraboulet","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass combustion is the primary source of renewable energy in France. However, it also significantly contributes to outdoor air pollution. This energy sector is undergoing major changes, including evolving regulations, improved fuel types, and enhanced emission control technologies. While the performance of larger installations (&gt;1 MW) is well documented, less is known about biomass boilers with lower capacities. It has become crucial to better understand the operation of smaller biomass boilers, assess their contribution to atmospheric pollution, and identify methods to reduce their emissions.</div><div>The ACIBIOQA project investigated emissions from six biomass boilers with nominal power outputs ranging from 150 kW to 1.65 MW across France. Measurements included combustion gas-phase characterization (O₂, CO₂, CO, NOx, and organic gaseous compounds: OGCs) and particulate-phase characterization, covering total particulate matter (TPM), including both solid (SP) and condensable fractions, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ by mass, 15 heavy metals, 8 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).</div><div>Measured concentrations (corrected to 6 vol% O₂) varied widely: CO ranged from 153 to 8841 mg Nm⁻³, NOx from 172 to 395 mg eq. NO₂ Nm⁻³, and organic gaseous compounds from &lt;1 to 634 mg eq. C Nm⁻³. TPM ranged from &lt;1.5 to 475 mg Nm⁻³, with SP between &lt;0.3 and 475 mg Nm⁻³. The condensable fraction contributed 4–26 % to TPM. PM₁ dominated the mass size distribution, accounting for 60–100 %. PAHs ranged from 0.1 to 340 μg Nm⁻³, and heavy metals from 0.03 to 6.7 mg Nm⁻³.</div><div>Emission levels were influenced by boiler nominal power output, combustion load, operating regime, and filtration technology. Particularly, CO, OGCs, and PAHs were highest under unstable and low-load conditions. SP emissions increased with the number of combustion cycles and decreased operating load, while bag filters appeared to reduce SP levels. Higher condensable fractions were observed in boilers with complete on/off cycles and lower nominal outputs.</div><div>This study provides new insights into emissions from small biomass boilers and represents a pioneering effort to characterize the condensable particulate fraction at the national level. Emission factors were calculated and compared with literature and national inventory values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different ammonia emission reduction strategies from livestock farming on ambient ammonia concentrations in nature areas: a series of scenario analyses","authors":"Demi van Wijk ,&nbsp;Ceder R. Raben ,&nbsp;Hans J. Erbrink ,&nbsp;Dick J.J. Heederik ,&nbsp;Wietske Dohmen","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive nitrogen deposition is a major problem in nature areas, causing soil acidification and eutrophication, which reduces biodiversity. In the Netherlands, most nitrogen originates from ammonia emissions related to agriculture. This study investigates how various ammonia emission reduction strategies affect spatial patterns of livestock-related ambient ammonia levels, focusing on nature areas near a livestock-dense region. The aim is to provide insights into effects of interventions on environmental exposure levels and efficiency of mitigation strategies. Using dispersion modeling, annual average patterns of ambient ammonia levels were estimated per scenario, considering emissions from approximately 4500 farms. Results indicate that scenarios involving significant reductions in ammonia emissions (54–86 %), achieved through technical or management modifications or farm removal, result in substantial reductions (62–87 %) in ambient ammonia levels within nature areas. Targeted strategies aimed at specific sectors that contribute most to ammonia levels in nature areas achieved relatively modest absolute reductions (8–13 %) but generally higher efficiency compared to more generic approaches. Scenario efficiency, defined as the ratio between emission/concentration reduction, varied considerably from 0.5 to 1.3. This variations underscores the importance of assessing spatial ammonia patterns rather than focusing and relying solely on emission reduction expressed in terms of total mass. The efficiency of reduction strategies depends on the geographical distribution of (sector-specific) farms near nature areas, and emission height from these farms. Therefore, combined strategies explicitly targeting these factors, such as integrating spatially focused measures (e.g., zoning) with generic emission reductions, are expected most effective in reducing ammonia concentrations in nature areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving ozone episode predictions in the Great Bay Area: An evaluation of the contribution of gas-phase chemical mechanisms","authors":"Jiading Li ,&nbsp;Jianping Huang ,&nbsp;Yeqi Huang ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Xuguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiang Chen ,&nbsp;Vincent Tsz Fai Cheung ,&nbsp;M.B. Sobnack ,&nbsp;Jimmy Fung","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving model forecasting capability of high surface ozone (O₃) concentrations is critical for air quality management. Accurate predictions of O₃ and other criteria air pollutants depend heavily on the chemical mechanisms used in models. In this study, the Weather Research Forecast/Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF/CMAQ) modeling system is utilized to quantify the impact of two chemical mechanisms, the Carbon Bond Mechanism 6 revision 3 (CB6r3) and the State Air Pollution Research Center Version 07 with toluene (T), iodine (I) and chlorine (C) chemistry (SAPRC07) on O₃ predictions in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area of China (GBA). Three-month simulations were conducted with the two gas-phase mechanisms over the four nested domains in the GBA for July, August, and September 2021. The simulations are evaluated extensively with observations from surface meteorology and air quality monitoring networks, including three volatile organic compounds (VOC) observational sites in Hong Kong. The evaluations show that the SAPRC07 mechanism has a stronger capability than the CB6r3 mechanism in predicting O₃ peak concentrations during exceedance events with mean bias (MB) of −2.15 ppbv, correlation coefficient (CR) of 0.86, and hit rate of 0.58, which are higher than CB6r3 with MB of −11.54 ppbv, CR of 0.81, and hit rate of 0.35. The improvement of O₃ predictions is largely attributed to the more detailed treatment of VOC species by SAPRC07 mechanisms, as evidenced by our evaluation showing its superior performance in reproducing VOC concentration changes compared to CB6r3 during O₃ episodes. The study highlights the potential of implementing detailed VOC chemical mechanisms, such as SAPRC07, in real-time forecast and sensitivity studies to support the development of effective emission reduction strategies, given the rapid advancement of computer technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive analysis of passenger vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using COPERT based on vehicle growth forecasting","authors":"Amanuel Gebisa Aga,&nbsp;Alemayehu Nigussie Arsedi,&nbsp;Alemayehu Wakjira Huluka","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates Addis Ababa's passenger car growth after 2005 and its effects on the environment between 2018 and 2024. Predictive Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) machine learning techniques were used in the study to forecast the growth of the fleet of passenger cars to determine related emissions and energy usage. The study incorporates environmental factors, vehicle activity patterns, and local vehicle registration data into the COPERT model. Vehicle classifications by fuel type (diesel and petrol) and Euro 1 to Euro 6 criteria were taken into account in the analysis. The overall number of passenger vehicles has increased by more than twentyfold during the last 20 years, according to the results. Pollutant emissions have increased as a result, especially from older Euro 1 to Euro 3 vehicles, and include CO₂, NO_x, CO, and VOC. Due to limited adoption of low-emission vehicle technology and growing travel demand, the energy consumption for passenger cars also exhibited steady growth. The results highlighted how policy changes stopped the increase of passenger vehicle emissions after 2024 due to the banning of internal combustion-based passenger vehicles. By offering a data-driven methodology for assessing vehicle-related emissions and guiding mitigation methods, this study supports sustainable transportation planning at the local and national levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-evaluation of particulate matter emission rates and variability of livestock houses in the Netherlands","authors":"Marien Korevaar ,&nbsp;Nico Ogink ,&nbsp;Johanna Rebel ,&nbsp;Albert Winkel","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising methane emissions from dairy farm sources using mobile and dual-isotope measurements in Jersey, Channel Islands","authors":"Ceres A. Woolley Maisch ,&nbsp;Rebecca E. Fisher ,&nbsp;James L. France ,&nbsp;David Lowry ,&nbsp;Mathias Lanoisellé ,&nbsp;Thomas Röckmann ,&nbsp;Carina van der Veen ,&nbsp;Euan G. Nisbet","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100384","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Field campaigns in Jersey, Channel Islands (Crown Dependency of British Isles), were carried out to understand the distribution and scale of agricultural methane (CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) emissions. We used vehicle-mounted spectrometers and isotope analysis to fingerprint and map methane sources on Jersey dairy farms to test whether mobile dual-isotope surveys can quantitatively separate enteric and manure CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; sources on a regional-farm scale. Peak barn CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; mixing ratios (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 500 ppm), observed from continuous overnight monitoring in a confined cattle barn, fall within concentration windows targeted by catalytic-oxidation prototypes, suggesting potential for the successful implementation of removal techniques, subject to ventilation-rate and cost studies. CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, CO&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (carbon dioxide) and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;C&lt;img&gt;CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; were mapped across the 120 km&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; island of Jersey, visiting 11 dairy farms and one wastewater treatment works. Methane emissions from different sources at each farm were isolated in order to determine &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;C&lt;img&gt;CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;H&lt;img&gt;CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; source signatures and also typical CO&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ratios proximal to cattle in barns, expressed as relative excess over background. Excess CO&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ratios around 8–12 can be considered a cow barn signature. 138 grab samples were collected during two island-wide campaigns (November 2021, June 2023) and analysed for &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;C&lt;img&gt;CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;H&lt;img&gt;CH&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Isotopic source signatures were determined using Keeling plot analysis for 61","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100384"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}