Source identification of carbon monoxide over the greater Tokyo area: Tower measurement network and evaluation of global/regional model simulations at different resolutions

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Syuichi Itahashi , Yukio Terao , Kohei Ikeda , Hiroshi Tanimoto
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Abstract

Because of its relatively long lifetime among short-lived climate forcers in the atmosphere, carbon monoxide (CO) is utilized as a tracer, and is expected to be simulated at coarse resolution. To better grasp the behavior of CO in the atmosphere, multi-altitude measurement is required because the main sources of CO emissions are automobiles (surface) and industry (aloft). In this work, using CO measurements obtained at remote sites and through a tower measurement network in Japan (37 m and 250 m above ground level (AGL) in an urban area, and 32 m AGL at a rural site in the greater Tokyo area), the performances of a global model (2° × 2.5°) and a regional model at various resolutions (12, 4, and 1.3 km) were comprehensively evaluated. The global model successfully simulated CO at remote sites but not for high-concentration peaks at rural and urban sites, whereas the regional model increasingly improved its performance in capturing CO peaks at urban sites with resolutions up to 4 km. Therefore, we concluded that a 4 km resolution was suitable for capturing CO at urban sites, and furthermore estimated the source contributions. The regions surrounding the greater Tokyo area were dominated by the concentration from the lateral boundaries (approximately 180 ppbv), while the higher CO in central Tokyo was attributed to local sources. These local sources accounted for up to 80% of the annual average at the surface level and just 10% aloft (corresponding to the 250 m AGL site). Sensitivity simulations assessing CO sources (automobiles, industry, and others) demonstrated the important role of automobiles, while higher altitudes had more sources attributed to industry. Local sources were found to make more prominent contributions at higher concentration ranges. The appropriate modeling resolution for CO behavior can be drawn from our findings and the usefulness of simultaneous measurements at the surface level and using a tower for capturing the three-dimensional CO structure can be demonstrated as an important approach.

Abstract Image

大东京地区一氧化碳的来源识别:塔式测量网络和不同分辨率的全球/区域模型模拟评估
由于一氧化碳(CO)在大气中的寿命相对较长,是一种短寿命的气候影响因子,因此被用作示踪剂,并有望以较高分辨率进行模拟。为了更好地掌握一氧化碳在大气中的行为,需要进行多高度测量,因为一氧化碳的主要排放源是汽车(地面)和工业(高空)。在这项工作中,利用在远程站点和通过日本的塔式测量网络获得的一氧化碳测量数据(城市地区地面以上 37 米和 250 米,大东京地区农村站点地面以上 32 米),对不同分辨率(12、4 和 1.3 千米)的全球模式(2°×2.5°)和区域模式的性能进行了全面评估。全球模式成功地模拟了偏远地区的一氧化碳,但无法模拟农村和城市地区的高浓度峰值,而区域模式在捕捉城市地区一氧化碳峰值方面的性能日益提高,其分辨率最高可达 4 千米。因此,我们认为 4 千米分辨率适合捕捉城市站点的一氧化碳,并进一步估算了源贡献。大东京地区周边区域主要是来自横向边界的浓度(约 180 ppbv),而东京市中心较高的一氧化碳浓度则归因于本地来源。这些本地来源占地面年平均值的 80%,仅占高空年平均值的 10%(与 250 米 AGL 站点相对应)。对一氧化碳来源(汽车、工业和其他)的敏感性模拟评估表明,汽车发挥着重要作用,而更高的海拔则有更多的来源归因于工业。在较高的浓度范围内,本地来源的贡献更为突出。从我们的研究结果中可以得出一氧化碳行为的适当建模分辨率,并证明在地表同时进行测量和使用塔捕捉一氧化碳三维结构是非常有用的重要方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Environment: X
Atmospheric Environment: X Environmental Science-Environmental Science (all)
CiteScore
8.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
47
审稿时长
12 weeks
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