Behavioral Science and Policy最新文献

{"title":"Behavioral Science Tools to Strengthen Energy & Environmental Policy","authors":"Erez Yoeli, D. Budescu, A. Carrico, M. Delmas, J. Deshazo, P. Ferraro, H. Forster, H. Kunreuther, Richard P. Larrick, M. Lubell, E. Markowitz, B. Tonn, M. Vandenbergh, E. Weber","doi":"10.1177/237946151700300107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151700300107","url":null,"abstract":"To increase consumers’ conservation of energy and other resources, government agencies, utilities, and energy-related businesses can complement regulatory and market-based policies with simple and effective behavioral interventions grounded in extensive behavioral science research. In this article, we review 13 behavioral tools that we find especially promising. Collectively, these tools help meet four behavioral objectives: getting people's attention; engaging people's desire to contribute to the social good; making complex information more accessible; and facilitating accurate assessment of risks, costs, and benefits.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"3 1","pages":"69 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44090571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Voting Systems’ User-Friendliness, Reliability, & Security","authors":"M. Byrne","doi":"10.1177/237946151700300103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151700300103","url":null,"abstract":"About half of Americans have limited confidence that their vote will be properly counted. These fears have focused attention on voting system reliability, security, and usability. Over the last decade, substantial research on voting systems has demonstrated that many systems are less usable and secure than they should be. Producing truly reliable voting systems demands more than just following the federal guidelines enacted in 2005 (which, although well intentioned, have failed to substantially improve current systems) or simply updating voting systems to electronic voting computers using monies allocated by the 2002 Help America Vote Act (HAVA). In fact, HAVA has inadvertently led to the purchase of systems that may have actually increased the vote error rate. Key reforms needed to deliver reliable voting systems include substantial testing for usability especially regarding the accurate capture of voter intent and the reduction of voter error rates, and measures to ensure the integrity of elections, such as election officials’ ability to secure ballots.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"3 1","pages":"15 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49266189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editors’ Note","authors":"Craig R. Fox, Sim B. Sitkin","doi":"10.1353/bsp.2016.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2016.0000","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue, we are pleased to feature articles on a wide range of topics, including nudges that can improve health and safety, factors fostering more effective organizational leadership and workplace voice, and policies that promote the use of public transportation and family financial security. Field reviews and original research studies provide actionable insights for government and business organizations as well as individuals.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"7 1","pages":"2 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66390980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identity Traps: How to Think about Race & Policing","authors":"P. A. Goff","doi":"10.1177/237946151600200203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200203","url":null,"abstract":"Since the summer of 2014, Americans have seen more videos of violent interactions between police and non-Whites than ever before. While the interpretation of some specific incidents remains contentious and data on police use of force are scant, there is evidence that racial disparities in policing exist even when considering racial disparities in crime. The traditional civil rights model of institutional reform assumes that racial bigotry is the primary cause of these disparities; it attempts to address problems through adversarial litigation, protest, and education. This article offers an expansion of that model–one based on insights from behavioral science—that facilitates a less adversarial approach to reform and allows one to be agnostic about the role of racial bigotry. The new behavioral insights model focuses on identifying the contexts—called identity traps—that can escalate negative interactions between police and communities, as well as ways to interrupt them.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"11 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65685570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Identity-Based Motivation to Improve the Nation's Health without Breaking the Bank","authors":"Neil A. Lewis, D. Oyserman","doi":"10.1177/237946151600200204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200204","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time in two decades, overall life expectancy in the United States is in decline. This unsettling increase in mortality is largely due to lifestyle-associated causes. It is in the national interest to address this decline This article outlines identity-based motivation theory (IBM), an evidence-based behavioral science theory that provides insight and a behavioral toolset which together may help lower lifestyle-associated mortality and morbidity rates. A key place to start is the health aspiration-attainment gap: Most people aspire to live healthy lives yet often fail to sufficiently engage in behaviors necessary to achieve or maintain good health. This aspiration-attainment gap is particularly prevalent amongst people of lower socioeconomic status. We offer evidentiary insight into how IBM may be deployed by health-care providers, insurers and policymakers to help ameliorate the health aspiration-attainment gap and improve the health status of various demographic groups.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"25 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65686155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combating Biased Decisionmaking & Promoting Justice & Equal Treatment","authors":"Sunita Sah, David Tannenbaum, Hayley M. D. Cleary, Y. Feldman, Jack Glaser, Amy Lerman, R. MacCoun, E. Maguire, P. Slovic, Barbara Spellman, C. Spohn, Cristopher Winship","doi":"10.1177/237946151600200208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200208","url":null,"abstract":"This article draws on the behavioral science literature to offer empirically driven policy prescriptions that can reduce the effect of bias and ameliorate unequal treatment in policing, the criminal justice system, employment, and national security.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"79 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65685900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nudging by Government: Progress, Impact, & Lessons Learned","authors":"D. Halpern, Michael Sanders","doi":"10.1177/237946151600200206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200206","url":null,"abstract":"“Nudge units” within governments, most notably in the United Kingdom and the United States, seek to encourage people to behave a certain way by using insights gained from behavioral science. The aim is to influence people's choices through policies that offer the right incentive or hurdle so that people choose the more economically beneficial options. Getting people to save for retirement, eat more healthful foods, and pay their taxes on time are some examples of institutionally desirable activities The 10-fold rise in “nudge” projects undertaken since 2010—more than 20 countries have deployed or expressed interest in them—have revealed many lessons for policymakers. Chief among these lessons: the necessity of obtaining buy-in from key political leaders and other stakeholders, and the benefits of testing multiple intervention strategies at once. Although detailed cost-benefit analyses are not yet available, we estimate that behaviorally inspired interventions can help government agencies save hundreds of millions of dollars per year.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"53 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65686261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying Behavioral Sciences in the Service of Four Major Economic Problems","authors":"Jason Furman","doi":"10.1177/237946151600200202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200202","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral scientists have developed a powerful tool kit for understanding individual decisionmaking and have embedded it in a framework that acknowledges the need for robust experimentation to determine optimal public policy. But to date, the integration of behavioral science into public policy has proceeded from developing a set of tools to then searching for problems these tools can help solve. Behavioral science can play an even more important role in the policymaking process in coming years if practitioners instead begin with some of the large-scale questions that economic policymakers face and then develop insights that, often as a complement to more traditional policy tools, can help solve them.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65685474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Organizational Science Research to Address U.S. Federal Agencies’ Management & Labor Needs","authors":"Herman Aguinis, Herm Davis, H. Detert, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Glynn, Herman Jackson, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Kochan, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Kossek, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Leana, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Lee, H. Morrison, H. A. Pearce, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Pfeffer, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Rousseau, Herman Gerald F. James R. Mary Ann Susan E. Tom Ellen Ern Sutcliffe","doi":"10.1177/237946151600200207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200207","url":null,"abstract":"Employee performance often moves in lockstep with job satisfaction. Using the 2015 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey we have identified important and common management and labor needs across more than 80 federal agencies. Drawing on the vast trove of organizational science research that examines the effects of organizational designs and processes on employees’ and organizations’ behaviors and outcomes, we offer specific evidence-based interventions for addressing employee dissatisfaction or uncertainty that breeds lackluster performance, managerial shortcomings, and needed supports. Our intervention and policy recommendations have the synergistic goals of improving employee well-being, employee productivity, agency performance, and agency innovation, all resulting in increased efficiency and effectiveness, which benefit the taxpayer. Our top recommendations directly target the goals of improving employee motivation through engagement, empowerment, and embeddedness; enhancing the employees’ voice; and fostering both internal and across-agency cooperation, communication, and collaboration. These recommendations are general enough to apply across diverse government agencies yet specific enough to yield results in discrete agency units.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"67 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65685866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editors’ Note","authors":"Craig R. Fox, Sim B. Sitkin","doi":"10.1353/bsp.2015.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2015.0014","url":null,"abstract":"v Welcome to the second issue of Behavioral Science & Policy (BSP). We are pleased to present eight articles that extend the reach of behavioral science research across a wide range of policy applications. Some articles focus on everyday individual activities such as debt repayment and paying government vehicle fees online. Others examine ambitious social policy objectives such as strengthening families and reducing bias in criminal justice systems. Still others speak to global challenges such as curtailing the recruitment of extremist militants and how to better communicate the uncertainty surrounding topics including climate science and intelligence forecasts. The initial three articles in this issue remind us that public and private sector policies are often most effective when organizations identify and address the unique needs of individuals. The first investigates an important and timely question: When are immigrants vulnerable to recruitment by ideological radicals? Lyons-Padilla, Gelfand, Mirahmadi, Farooq, and Van Egmond report a fascinating survey of immigrant Muslims in the United States. These authors found that such immigrants tend to feel marginalized if they do not identify with either their culture of origin or the society in which they live. When these marginalized immigrants then experience discrimination, they tend to be more attracted to radical groups than are immigrants who have found or retained a sense of cultural identity. Lavner, Karney, and Bradbury take on the critical question of how federal programs can most effectively promote healthy marriages among couples with low incomes. After taking stock of three large-scale field interventions, the authors suggest that a commonly used singular focus on education is unlikely to be effective. Instead, new initiatives should also address the challenging economic constraints that the couples face, which can put significant stress on relationships. Finally, Karlan, Morten, and Zinman present the findings of a study run in the Philippines—the text messaging capital of the world—that encouraged timely repayment of debts using texted reminders. Their results suggest that the personal connections in these seemingly impersonal financial transactions are of critical importance. Specifically, a personal message from a loan officer can be especially effective, but only when the borrower knows the loan officer through prior borrowing. editors’ note","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"2 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66390756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}