Results in Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Variational rank reduction autoencoders for generative thermal design","authors":"Alicia Tierz ,&nbsp;Jad Mounayer ,&nbsp;Beatriz Moya ,&nbsp;Francisco Chinesta","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generative thermal design for complex geometries is fundamental in many areas of engineering, yet it faces two main challenges: the high computational cost of high-fidelity simulations and the limitations of conventional generative models. Approaches such as autoencoders (AEs) and variational autoencoders (VAEs) often produce unstructured latent spaces with discontinuities, which restricts their capacity to explore designs and generate physically consistent solutions. To address these limitations, we propose a hybrid framework that combines Variational Rank-Reduction Autoencoders (VRRAEs) with Deep Operator Networks (DeepONets). The VRRAE introduces a truncated SVD within the latent space, leading to continuous, interpretable, and well-structured representations that mitigate posterior collapse and improve geometric reconstruction. The DeepONet then exploits this compact latent encoding in its branch network, together with spatial coordinates in the trunk network, to predict temperature gradients efficiently and accurately. This hybrid approach not only enhances the quality of generated geometries and the accuracy of gradient prediction, but also provides a substantial advantage in inference efficiency compared to traditional numerical solvers. Overall, the study underscores the importance of structured latent representations for operator learning and highlights the potential of combining generative models and operator networks in thermal design and broader engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108418"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the heat transfer performance on the oil groove surface of aviation friction plates using dual scale microstructures prepared by WEDM","authors":"Zouhao Song ,&nbsp;Jiawen Hu ,&nbsp;Zhi Chen ,&nbsp;Yifei Zhou ,&nbsp;Guojun Zhang ,&nbsp;Fenglin Han","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a new method for preparing the dual scale microstructures on the surface of oil grooves based on wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Firstly, a simulation model for the thermal field and wear during the engagement process of wet friction clutch is established to analyze the temperature field distribution and wear amount. The influence of the speed differences on the engagement characteristics is also explored. Secondly, the method of preparing surface dual scale microstructures based on WEDM is briefly introduced. The surface dual scale microstructure includes discharge morphology (micrometer scale, anisotropic pits and protrusions) and surface texture (submillimeter scale). The optimal process parameters for WEDM are used to achieve the large surface roughness and the high surface texture forming rate. Finally, the experimental research is conducted on the improvement of wet clutch engagement characteristics by surface dual scale microstructures. The results of the confirmatory experimental show that: during the engagement process of wet friction clutch, the relative error between the temperature measurement value and the simulation value on the friction plate is 16.1 %. The prepared surface dual scale microstructure can effectively reduce the maximum temperature on the friction plate, increase the friction torque between friction pairs by 2.03–7.02 %, and decrease the wear amount of the friction plate by 18.28–21.51 %. Therefore, the surface dual scale microstructure proposed in this study can effectively improve the engagement characteristics of the high-performance wet friction clutches, which has good the application value for practical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108493"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on MXene—Carbon, polymer, metal oxide and 2D composites for high performance supercapacitor applications","authors":"Sudhana J ,&nbsp;Usha Rani M","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXenes have emerged as one of the most powerful electrode materials in the family of supercapacitor electrode material due to their high conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and layered architecture. Many reviews either focus exclusively on pure MXenes or explore only a limited subset of composite architectures, thus leaving a deficit in developing a unified understanding of these materials. This review summarizes systematically the recent advances in MXene/carbon (330–430 F.g^-1, up to 410 mF.cm^-2, 850 F.cm^-3), MXene/metal oxide(150–950 F.g^-1, 29.46–117.1 Wh.kg^-1, 29.46–117.1 Wh.kg^-1, 86.4–97.2 % - 10,000 stability), MXene/polymer(270–563.8 F.g^-1, 65.6 W.Kg^-1, 4077 Wh.Kg^-1), MXene/2D (1531.2 F.g^-1, 94.1 %-10,000 cycles) and MXene/biopolymer (286.28 F.g^-1, 98 % cycling stability). The results obtained from these composites reveal their broad capabilities and versatility towards applications in flexible electronics, portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-level systems. This review aims at consolidating the understanding and providing a forward-looking direction for designing next-generation MXene based supercapacitors. Furthermore, this review facilitates the rapid identification of relevant research content, elucidates the interconnections among existing studies, and highlights the challenges that must be addressed for the future development of MXene materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108720"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-destructive evaluation of induced defects in aerospace-grade CFRP composites using immersion ultrasonic C-Scan","authors":"Tayfun Durmaz ,&nbsp;Aswani Kumar Bandaru ,&nbsp;Ronan M. O’Higgins","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-destructive inspection methods are employed to assess the quality of both metallic and non-metallic materials without causing deformation. These techniques are widely applied across various industries. Ultrasonic testing represents one of the most prevalent non-destructive inspection techniques. The calibration of fibre-reinforced polymer composites using artificial defects presents significant challenges due to the unique internal properties of each structure, such as fibre type, orientation, layup, and fibre-to-resin ratio. This study characterises immersion ultrasonic C-Scan performance using artificially induced defects in aerospace-grade carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with varying thicknesses approximately 3 and 6 mm and layup configurations. CFRP composites with [0]₄₈ and [-45/30/45/60]_3s layups were fabricated using an autoclave process. During preform preparation, six defect types were introduced by inserting materials including aluminium, release film (Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene), Teflon (two and four layers), and Guyson Honite (one and four layers). The samples were inspected using immersion ultrasonic probes at frequencies of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz. Analysis of the received signals enabled classification of defects as delamination, inclusion, layer porosity, or volume porosity. The dead zone, a primary limitation in ultrasonic testing, was also investigated. Defects were positioned near the top surface within the dead zone to evaluate detection capability. All defects located in the dead zone were successfully identified, although some challenges were encountered during the process. The received signals were subsequently classified according to the type of defect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108333"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing metasurface solar absorbers for high-efficiency solar absorption: Review of design, mechanisms, and challenges","authors":"G Saranya ,&nbsp;Muthuraja Soundrapandian ,&nbsp;Madurakavi Karthikeyan","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metasurface solar absorbers have emerged as promising technologies for efficient solar energy harvesting, due to their ability to control light at subwavelength scales. Unlike traditional solar absorbers such as bulk semiconductors, multilayer coatings, and plasmonic materials, metasurfaces enable higher absorption efficiency, broader spectral coverage, reduced material usage, and better thermal stability. These features make them ideal for solar-thermal and photovoltaic (PV) applications. This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in the design and development of metasurface-based solar absorbers, discusses the fundamental concepts behind metasurfaces, including their ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves through resonance and interference effects. Compared various materials such as metals, dielectrics used for metasurface fabrication with a focus on their optical and thermal properties. For high temperature applications, high melting point material like Titanium Carbide (TiC) shows tremendous thermal stability. Dielectric spacers such as Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) achieve superior absorption rates exceeding 97% due to their low-loss characteristics with enhanced plasmonic and Fabry-Perot resonances. Different metasurface configurations designed for ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), and infrared (IR) absorption are discussed, along with the mechanisms that drive their performance, such as localized resonances, hybrid modes, and multilayer interference effects. Comparative analysis is provided on key parameters such as absorption efficiency, spectral selectivity, design complexity, and environmental robustness. This work focuses specifically on metasurface absorbers that operate across a broad solar spectrum range of 200-3000 nm. By combining theoretical understanding, material selection, and design strategies, this review aims to support the development of scalable and spectrally tunable metasurface absorbers for next-generation solar energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 109010"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on nanofluids applications in the machining industry: challenges in nanofluids","authors":"Seyed Hasan Musavi ,&nbsp;Davood Domiri Ganji","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies on developing in manufacturing processes with economic and environmental-friendly logics have shown that many researchers are inclined to replace inefficient techniques with the new and efficient ones. Meanwhile, the machining industry, with its wide range of different processes, has accounted for a large share of industrial production. Cutting fluid (CF) is an inseparable part of machining processes, which their detailed study can have comprehensive feedback, including production costs, product quality, and human and environmental health. Knowing that over 65 % of lubricants disposals return to the environment with no purification process, and increasing regulations over pollution, therefore, suitable lubricant is demanded to replace with risky and low-efficiency one. The use of nanofluids is a practical solution to problems in today's industry that has been proposed by many researchers around the world. The present study has carefully studied the impact of various nanofluids in different sectors of the machining industry. The challenges of nanofluids such as biological effects, cost of nanoparticle production, and process limitations such as nanoparticles instability, changes in properties at high temperatures, increasing viscosity and pressure drop in transmission line are among the most important factors in the advancement of nanofluids, which were reviewed in the present work. Among them and as an important issue that many researchers haven't studied very well is the instability of the nanoparticles, which leads to nanoparticles adhesion to each other and weakening of the Brownian motion. Therefore, the stability of nanoparticles in the nanofluid is greatly reduced and they deposited rapidly, which fluid environment becomes empty of nanoparticles. Surface active agents (surfactant) can be a solution to this harmful phenomenon, which in the work, it has been tried to explain this issue in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 109220"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy transport and entropy analysis for non-Newtonian Sutterby nanofluid flow through intersecting planes","authors":"Muhammad Saqib,&nbsp;Hashim,&nbsp;Muhammad Farooq","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing high-performance thermal systems, such as microchannel heat sinks, biomedical devices, and polymer manufacturing equipment, require optimizing heat and fluid flow in complex geometries. By reducing irreversibility and energy dissipation in thermal systems, entropy optimization improves operational efficiency and saves energy. Owing to these facts, a mathematical model has been developed for purely radial flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid through intersecting planes subject to Jeffery-Hamel nature. The Sutterby fluid model is employed to capture the shear-thinning and shear-thickening rheology of the nanofluid, providing a realistic representation of complex transport phenomena beyond the Newtonian framework. Heat transport and entropy analysis for this model are further investigated using Buongiorno model. This is probably the first attempt to extend the classical Jeffery-Hamel problem for Sutterby model with viscous dissipation and no-slip along the channel walls. The governing momentum and energy equations, formulated via similarity transformations, are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg technique with shooting method. Furthermore, a thorough entropy generation analysis is conducted to assess the irreversibility within the system due to heat transfer, fluid friction, and nanoparticle diffusion. The Bejan number is also computed to determine the dominant contributor to entropy generation. The results provide critical insights into optimizing thermal performance and minimizing energy losses in advanced thermal systems involving complex geometries and smart fluids, such as microfluidic devices, heat exchangers, and material processing systems. We have deduced from the current numerical simulations that the Reynolds number has a diametrically opposite effect on velocity for both convergent and divergent channels. For convergent channels, it is known that fluid velocity rises with greater Weissenberg number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108401"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flame stabilization and combustion performance of swirl-stabilized shower burners under LPG-to-CNG substitution: CFD and experimental analysis","authors":"Arthit Sangsopha ,&nbsp;Anirut Matthujak ,&nbsp;Thanarath Sriveerakul ,&nbsp;Chakrit Pongarm ,&nbsp;Sutthisak Phongthanapanich","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceramic kilns in Southeast Asia remain heavily dependent on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a carbon-intensive fuel that often produces unstable combustion in shower-type burners. This study provides a novel contribution by delivering a kiln-scale experimental dataset and a validated CFD framework specifically developed to evaluate LPG-to-CNG substitution in these industrial burners—an area sparsely addressed in existing literature. Simulations, validated against measured velocity and temperature fields with errors below 7 %, show that direct CNG substitution improves premixing and increases turbulence intensity, resulting in more compact and stable flames. Incorporating swirl yields the most significant enhancement, generating turbulence levels of 180–193 %, peak temperatures of 1450–1523 K, combustion efficiencies above 95 %, and CO emissions as low as 291 ppm, while maintaining NO_x within 26–98 ppm. An economic assessment further demonstrates clear industrial benefits, with annual fuel savings of approximately 505 USD and a payback period of 2.65 years. Overall, this integrated CFD–experimental investigation establishes swirl-assisted CNG combustion as an effective and practically viable retrofit strategy for improving stability, efficiency, and emissions performance in ceramic kiln burners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108519"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of acid-rock reaction kinetics and fracture conductivity under ultra-high temperature carbonate reservoir conditions","authors":"Juan Du ,&nbsp;Hui Shu ,&nbsp;Yiquan Shi ,&nbsp;Qi Zou ,&nbsp;Pingli Liu ,&nbsp;Jinming Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Chen ,&nbsp;Jinlong Li ,&nbsp;Wenhao Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high-temperature carbonate reservoirs (∼200 °C) exhibit extremely rapid acid–rock reactions, leading to shallow penetration and limited effectiveness of conventional acidizing treatments. In this study, a high-temperature rotating disk reactor and rock-plate etching device were used to systematically evaluate the reaction kinetics, etching morphology, and fracture conductivity of five acid systems—HCl, gelled acid, acetic acid, DTPA, and self-generating acid—at 200 °C. Results show that the reaction rate follows the order HCl &gt; gelled acid &gt; HAc &gt; DTPA &gt; self-generating acid, while the degree of non-uniform etching exhibits the opposite trend. HCl dissolves rock rapidly but generates nearly uniform surfaces with poor conductivity. Gelled acid produces the strongest non-uniform etching and the highest initial fracture conductivity, though its retardation weakens at higher concentrations due to polymer degradation. Weak acids (HAc, DTPA, and self-generating acid) remain reaction-controlled and exhibit stable retardation at 200 °C, maintaining deeper penetration than strong acids. Quantitative morphology analysis and conductivity testing confirm that fracture conductivity is governed jointly by etching depth and heterogeneity, rather than dissolution volume alone. Engineering results suggest that, for reservoirs exceeding 180 °C, combining gelled acid with a weak-acid system can effectively control reaction rate, enhance non-uniform etching, and create high-conductivity acid-etched fractures. This study provides the first systematic kinetic and etching-conductivity framework at 200 °C, offering practical guidance for acid selection and treatment design in ultra-deep carbonate formations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108522"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced CO2 adsorption using Cu-MOF/carbon composites from tea twigs via one-step plasma activation","authors":"Ary Mauliva Hada Putri ,&nbsp;Tanti Ardiyati ,&nbsp;Dieni Mansur ,&nbsp;Latifah Hauli ,&nbsp;Benni F. Ramadhoni ,&nbsp;Hafiizh Prasetia","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising concentration of atmospheric CO₂ has intensified the need for high-performance and sustainable adsorbent materials. In this study, composite CO₂ adsorbents were synthesized from tea twig waste via a one-step physical activation method using Arc Plasma, followed by integration with copper- and nickel-based metal–organic framework (MOF). Arc Plasma activation rapidly produced mesoporous carbon with high structural integrity and accessible surface area, eliminating the need for corrosive chemical activating agents. The resulting activated carbon was subsequently composited with Cu-MOF and Ni-MOF through mild solvothermal treatment to form hybrid materials. Among them, the Cu-MOF/AC composite prepared at 700 °C exhibited the best performance, with a BET surface area of 926.79 m² g^-1, a pore volume of 0.725 cm³ g^-1, and a CO₂ adsorption capacity of 2.5767 mmol g^-1, significantly higher than pristine AC or MOF alone. The composite also retained over 87 % of its initial capacity after ten regeneration cycles, confirming good cyclic stability. These enhancements are attributed to the synergistic interaction between MOF crystallites and the mesoporous carbon framework, which together promote hierarchical porosity, enhanced gas diffusion, and increased active site availability. Despite the absence of full equilibrium isotherms, the observed uptake trends support a dual-mode adsorption mechanism, involving Langmuir-type binding on microporous MOF domains and multilayer physisorption within mesoporous carbon structures. Structural (XRD), morphological (SEM), and chemical (FTIR, XRF) analyses confirmed successful MOF integration without compromising crystallinity or functional group stability. This study demonstrates a clean, scalable, and environmentally benign route for fabricating MOF–carbon composites from underutilized biomass using plasma-based processing. The developed materials exhibit strong potential for post-combustion CO₂ capture, offering a green alternative to conventional adsorbents that rely on harsh chemical treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108467"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}