Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)最新文献

{"title":"Fresh produce-associated foodborne disease outbreaks in Australia, 2001 to 2017.","authors":"Joanna G Rothwell, Rhiannon Wallace, Mark Bradbury, Laura Ford, Kathryn Glass, Robyn McConchie, Dee Carter, Martyn D Kirk","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Fresh produce is an important source of foodborne outbreaks in Australia. Using descriptive analysis, we examined confirmed and suspected foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produce in Australia recorded in the OzFoodNet outbreak register from 2001 to 2017. The outbreak register contains reports of foodborne disease outbreaks collected by OzFoodNet epidemiologists and public health officials. A fresh produce outbreak was defined as the occurrence of two or more cases of the same illness in which the investigation had implicated a common food and this food contained fresh produce. A total of 92 fresh produce outbreaks were reported, encompassing 3,422 reported illnesses, 446 hospitalisations and four deaths. Of these outbreaks, 76.1% (70/92) were caused by a known pathogen, with the majority caused by either Salmonella enterica (n = 30) or Norovirus (n = 29). Most outbreaks (77.2%; 71/92) were associated with consumption of foods containing multiple ingredients, some of which were not fresh produce. The largest outbreaks associated with a single fresh produce item included bean sprouts contaminated with S. enterica serovar Saintpaul (419 illnesses and 76 hospitalisations) and semi-dried tomatoes contaminated with Hepatitis A (372 illnesses and 169 hospitalisations). Restaurants (45.7%; n = 42/92) and commercial catering (15.2%: n = 14/92) were common settings for fresh produce outbreaks. Outbreaks occurred in all states and territories of Australia and in all seasons, with an increased frequency in the warmer months (September-May). Although the number of fresh produce-associated outbreaks did not seem to be increasing in Australia, integrated surveillance is needed to rapidly identify sources of infection due to the propensity of these outbreaks to be large and widespread.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gonococcal infections and risk factors for reinfection: a descriptive and case-case analysis of notifications in the Australian Capital Territory, 2017-2022.","authors":"Jill Padrotta, Alexandra Marmor, Nevada Pingault, Davoud Pourmarzi","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Australia, gonococcal infection notification rates are increasing with reinfections representing a substantial proportion of infections. Understanding the local epidemiology of gonococcal infections and reinfections and the risk factors for reinfection can assist with the design of targeted interventions. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of gonococcal infections and reinfections between 2017 and 2022 in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and to examine the risk factors for reinfection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for gonococcal infections notified in the ACT between 2017 and 2022 were described. The epidemiological characteristics of individuals with a single infection and reinfection were compared using a case-case study design.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 1,886 gonococcal infection notifications during the study period. Of these, 20.4% were reinfections (n = 385). Of 1,501 individuals, 1,254 (83.5%) had a single infection and 247 (16.5%) had a reinfection. Between 2017 and 2022, the annual gonococcal infection notification rate per 100,000 population increased from 59.98 to 80.14 and the proportion of reinfections from 4.0% to 26.8%. Compared with those with a single infection, individuals with a reinfection had significantly greater odds of being male, of having a same-sex sexual exposure, of using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis at diagnosis, and of having been diagnosed at a sexual health/family planning clinic. Individuals with a reinfection had significantly greater odds of being in the 25-34, 35-44 and 45-54 years age groups than in the 14-24 years age group. The odds of anatomical site of first infection being only the rectum, only the throat, or at more than one site, compared with urogenital only, were significantly greater for those with a reinfection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Gonococcal reinfections contribute substantially to gonococcal infection notifications in the ACT. Targeted interventions are needed to prevent gonococcal reinfections among at-risk groups, particularly among men who have sex with men, people who use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, and individuals accessing sexual health/family planning services.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An outbreak of double carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, harbouring NDM-5 and OXA-48 genes, at a tertiary hospital in Canberra, Australia.","authors":"Malizgani Mhango, Frances Sheehan, Callum Thirkell, Karina Kennedy","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In July 2023, a carbapenemase-producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (CPKP) with New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-5) and oxacillinase (OXA-48) carbapenemase genes was detected in the urine sample of a patient. A similar CPKP organism had previously been isolated from a surveillance rectal swab of an admitted patient, prompting an outbreak investigation. A confirmed case was defined as any suspected case in which a species of Enterobacterales was isolated from a clinical or surveillance specimen (infection or colonisation) exhibiting an NDM-5 or OXA-48 CPE gene or both, irrespective of phenotypic susceptibility. A descriptive epidemiological investigation was conducted to describe the investigation, infection prevention and control responses, and public health intervention carried out. Three confirmed cases of CPKP were identified, including the index case; 62 contacts were identified, of which 13 contacts were screened. CPKP transmission occurred between two patients on contact transmission-based precautions in separate single ensuite rooms. Despite being in the same ward, the patients did not share medical teams but shared nursing teams and ancillary staff. This study emphasises the importance of strict adherence to infection prevention and control practices and contact transmission-based precautions for patients admitted with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning from COVID-19: strengthening Australia's research capacity through preparedness and collaboration.","authors":"Miranda Z Smith, Janelle Bowden, Linda Cristine, Anthony L Cunningham, John Kaldor, Sharon R Lewin, Andrew Singer, Robyn L Ward, Tania C Sorrell","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.58","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Summary: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted that preparedness for and responsiveness to pandemics requires public health platforms and processes which are nimble and evidence-based and a research ecosystem which is rapidly responsive to the evolving needs of society and decision-makers. The national BEAT COVID-19 research consortium was funded in 2020 by the Snow Medical Research Foundation (Snow Medical). Its Expert Advisory Committee met with the consortium post-pandemic to summarise the research undertaken and to consider lessons learned through the research response to COVID-19 in Australia. The panel observed that philanthropy offered an important 'kick-starter' funding mechanism for urgent research, which facilitated leveraging of additional funds. It further agreed that research requirements for strengthening Australia's pandemic preparedness and response include: (1) development of a national health and medical research strategy for pandemic research; (2) long-term investment in pre-established research partnerships and networks; (3) systemic procedural improvements, e.g. in ethics, governance and resource allocation; (4) responsive funding mechanisms including philanthropy; and (5) integration of research outputs into health practice and decision-making, as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New primary production and processing standards developed to reduce foodborne illness risks.","authors":"","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.60","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This editorial summarises a set of three new standards developed by Food Standards Australia New Zealand, which respectively address food safety requirements for the commodities of berries, leafy vegetables, and melons.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community-led diphtheria vaccination campaign to manage a diphtheria outbreak in a remote Aboriginal community.","authors":"Allison Hempenstall, Joanne Neville, Caroline Taunton, Valmay Fisher, Vince Connellan, Alice Tayley, Georgina Keys, Josh Hanson","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.49","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In 2022, five cases of diphtheria were identified in and around Wujal Wujal, a discrete Aboriginal community in Far North Queensland. This prompted a mass diphtheria vaccination campaign in the community which increased the proportion of residents aged ≥ 14 years receiving a diphtheria containing vaccine in the prior twelve months from 5% to 74%. No further cases were detected in the subsequent twenty-two months.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public health rapid response in managing COVID-19 outbreaks in residential aged care facilities: a regional public health unit perspective.","authors":"Mohammad Rashidul Hashan, Jacina Walker, Margaret Charles, Susie Le Brasse, Danielle Odorico, Nicolas Smoll, Michael Kirk, Robert Booy, Gulam Khandaker","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>We describe here the impact of managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, during January-August 2022, in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) in Central Queensland, Australia, following the deployment of a public health rapid response team (PHRRT, comprising a medical officer, a communicable disease nurse, and an epidemiologist) from a regional public health unit (PHU). Our existing vaccine preventable diseases surveillance framework was used in identifying any symptomatic resident, triggering a PHRRT response. We found that the Hospital in the Home (HiTH) admission and death events were significantly lower after the introduction of the PHRRT than in the outbreaks that occurred before. Based on our experience with a PHRRT-led approach in mitigating the burden of outbreaks, we recommend regular reflection on optimising resources and practices in RACFs. Effective communication from PHUs can improve the RACFs' preparedness and capacity to respond, and can inform the best practice model to protect the highly susceptible elderly residents and their staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a risk stratification tool for SARS-CoV-2 Delta community transmission in the Australian Capital Territory.","authors":"Alexandra Marmor, Tze Vun Voo, Meru Sheel, Timothy Sloan-Gardner, Nevada Pingault","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.40","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>During the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant outbreak, from August to October 2021 in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the number of new cases 'in the community for part of their infectious period' was publicly reported daily. We describe the stratification tool used during the outbreak to determine presumptive risk of community transmission from cases, and present the results of a contemporaneous validation of each case's risk against their onward transmission detected by routine surveillance. After case interview, epidemiologists identified the most likely source of infection for each new case and used the stratification tool to classify the case as either no, low, or high risk of community transmission. Each case notified between 12 August and 14 September 2021 was matched to its recipient case(s) to determine how well the tool predicted transmission risk. Household transmissions were excluded. Of the 530 notified cases stratified, 159 (29.3%) were cases who transmitted to a recipient case. Of the 59 cases who were the source of community transmission, 66% (38/59) were undertaking high-risk activities not associated with permitted essential work at the time. Only six source cases stratified as low risk or no risk transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to those outside their own household. The tool was essential in the rapid determination of community transmission risk in the ACT, and validation of the tool against detected onward transmission provided evidence for the effectiveness of public health restrictions. In the early stages of outbreaks of diseases for which transmissibility has not yet been established, the validation of such a stratification tool relies on high quality case investigation data, but may help to understand transmission dynamics and to inform interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycoplasma genitalium retrospective audit of Northern Territory isolates from 2022.","authors":"Kate E Proudmore, Manoji Gunathilake, Lucy C Crawford, Kevin Freeman, Dimitrios Menouhos, Rob W Baird","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Northern Territory (NT) has the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Australia; however, the local prevalence of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> (<i>M. genitalium</i>) has not been previously determined. This study was designed to review <i>M. genitalium</i> detection, to determine the regional NT prevalence and macrolide resistance rates. In our study the NT background prevalence of <i>M. genitalium</i> is 13%, with the highest detection rates occurring in central Australia and in correctional facility inmates. Symptomatic patients attending sexual health clinics have a positivity rate of 12%, but very high macrolide resistance. The decision to screen for <i>M. genitalium</i> should be based on several factors, including the prevalence of the infection in the local population; the availability of effective treatments; and the potential benefits and risks of detection and therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance surveillance outcome programs - bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns from patients less than 18 years of age, January 2020 - December 2021.","authors":"Anita Williams, Geoffrey W Coombs, Jan Bell, Denise A Daley, Shakeel Mowlaboccus, Penelope A Bryant, Anita J Campbell, Louise Cooley, Jon Iredell, Adam D Irwin, Alison Kesson, Brendan McMullan, Morgyn S Warner, Phoebe Williams, Christoper C Blyth","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.32","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>From 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021, thirty-eight institutions across Australia submitted data to the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) from patients aged < 18 years (AGAR-Kids). Over the two years, 1,679 isolates were reported from 1,611 patients. This AGAR-Kids report aims to describe the population of children and adolescents with bacteraemia reported to AGAR and the proportion of resistant isolates. Overall, there were 902 gram-negative isolates reported: 800 <i>Enterobacterales</i>, 61 <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and 41 <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. Among the <i>Enterobacterales</i>, 12.9% were resistant to third generation cephalosporins; 11.6% to gentamicin/tobramycin; and 11.2% to piperacillin-tazobactam. In total, 14.5% of <i>Enterobacterales</i> were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Only 3.3% of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were resistant to carbapenems and 4.9% were MDR. Resistance in <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp was uncommon. Of 607 <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates, 12.9% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Almost half of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from the Northern Territory were MRSA. In <i>S. aureus</i>, resistance to erythromycin was 13.2%; 12.4% to clindamycin; and 5.3% to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to all antibiotics tested was higher in MRSA. Overall, 6.5% of <i>S. aureus</i> were MDR, of which 65% were MRSA. Almost three-quarters of the 170 <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. reported were <i>E. faecalis</i>, and half were from patients < 1 year old. Ampicillin resistance in enterococci was 19.6%. Eight isolates were vancomycin resistant and three isolates were teicoplanin resistant. Five <i>E. faecium</i> isolates were classified as MDR. This AGAR-Kids report highlights clear differences in the geographic distribution of pathogens and resistance profiles across Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}