Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)最新文献

{"title":"An atlas of common Salmonella serotypes from routinely notified human cases in the Northern Territory of Australia, 2005-2024.","authors":"Anthony Draper, Martyn Kirk, Samantha Colquhoun, Kathryn Glass, Kelly Lomas, Kimberley McMahon, Joshua Francis, Jennifer Yan, Vicki Krause","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> infections cost Australian society an estimated 140 million Australian Dollars (AUD) per year circa 2019. Salmonellosis is caused by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, with over 2,500 serotypes of S. enterica identified. Knowledge of the epidemiology of <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes may facilitate traceback from strains detected in human cases to identify the cause of local and multijurisdictional outbreaks and to implement control measures. We analysed cases of human salmonellosis notified in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2024. We calculated the incidence of salmonellosis for all locally acquired infections according to the NT location where the infection was most likely acquired. We mapped the geographical distribution of the 25 most frequently notified <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes to Statistical Areas Level 2. There were 8,706 salmonellosis cases acquired in the NT: <i>Salmonella</i> Saintpaul (1,047 notifications) was the most frequently notified serotype, followed by <i>S.</i> Virchow (948 notifications); <i>S.</i> Typhimurium (822 notifications); <i>S.</i> Ball (578 notifications); and <i>S.</i> Lansing (460 notifications). While <i>S.</i> Typhimurium was ubiquitous in the NT, <i>S.</i> Saintpaul, <i>S.</i> Virchow and <i>S.</i> Hvittingfoss showed distinct geographic patterns. Our atlas makes key epidemiological information about common NT <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes readily available, which may be useful for developing hypotheses during outbreak investigations; for facilitating traceback of suspected food vehicles; and for implementing control strategies more rapidly.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 October to 31 December 2025.","authors":"Monica Lahra, Siobhan Hurley, Tiffany Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) report data on the number of cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and molecular based techniques. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of case numbers of IMD by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known and expanded in 2024 to include antimicrobial resistance data for ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. A full analysis of laboratory confirmations of IMD in each calendar year are contained in the AMSP annual reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presymptomatic transmission, vaccine breakthrough and anonymous contacts: a cluster of mpox in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2024.","authors":"Alexandra Marmor, Rachael Crane, Felicity Greenville, Julia Smythe, Cynthia Mathew, Timothy Sloan-Gardner, Joshua Anlezark","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.041","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report outlines a localised cluster of mpox detected in July 2024, in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Investigation identified nine cases, including likely presymptomatic transmission by a vaccinated primary case with a high-contact profile. Five of the nine cluster cases had breakthrough infections and had received two mpox vaccinations more than 18 months earlier. The public health response involved targeted community engagement and a pop-up vaccination clinic, although a high proportion of anonymous sexual partners made contact tracing challenging. These findings underscore the potential for presymptomatic transmission and the importance of ongoing preventive measures, even with vaccination, in high-contact environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 July to 30 September 2025.","authors":"Monica Lahra, Siobhan Hurley, Tiffany Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) report data on the number of cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and molecular based techniques. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of case numbers of IMD by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known and expanded in 2024 to include antimicrobial resistance data for ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. A full analysis of laboratory confirmations of IMD in each calendar year are contained in the AMSP annual reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual immunisation coverage report 2024.","authors":"Brynley Hull, Alexandra Hendry, Kristine Macartney, Frank Beard","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.023","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.023","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;We analysed Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) data for children, adolescents and adults as at 2 February 2025, concentrating primarily on National Immunisation Program (NIP)-funded vaccines. Our focus was on the calendar year 2024 and trends from previous years. This report provides comprehensive analyses and interpretation of vaccination coverage data to inform immunisation policy and programs in Australia. Along with the results outlined below, the report also includes a range of other data for vaccines given across the lifespan, including data on timeliness and vaccination provider settings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Population overall: children: &lt;/strong&gt;Fully vaccinated coverage decreased between 2023 and 2024 at all three standard age milestones: 12 months (from 92.8% to 91.6%); 24 months (from 90.8% to 89.4%); and 60 months (from 93.3% to 92.7%). This follows the 1.2-2.0 percentage point decrease in vaccination coverage uptake at these three milestones between the 2020 and 2023 reports. A combination of acceptance and access factors have contributed to this ongoing decline.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Population overall: adolescents: &lt;/strong&gt;Coverage of a dose of HPV vaccine by the fifteenth birthday decreased in 2024 to 81.1% in girls and 77.9% boys; these values were 3.1 and 3.9 percentage points lower, respectively, than in 2023 and 5.5 and 7.0 percentage points lower than in 2020. In girls and boys turning 15 years of age in 2024, respectively 83.4% and 80.9% had received an adolescent dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine by 31 December 2024. Overall, 68.5% of girls and 64.4% of boys turning 16 years of age in 2024 had received an adolescent dose of meningococcal ACWY vaccine by 31 December 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Population overall: adults: &lt;/strong&gt;Zoster vaccination coverage (one dose of Zostavax or two doses of Shingrix given at least 4 weeks apart) was 45.9% for adults aged ≥ 65 years in 2024. Coverage of an adult dose of 13vPCV was 38.6% for adults turning 71 years of age in 2024, which was 1.0 percentage point higher than in 2023; and 41.5% for adults aged ≥ 70 years, which was 6.9 percentage points higher than in 2023. Influenza vaccination coverage decreased in 2024 across all adult age groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples: children: &lt;/strong&gt;Fully vaccinated coverage for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children decreased between 2023 and 2024 at all three age milestones: 12 months (from 89.7% to 89.2%), 24 months (from 87.8% to 86.7%) and 60 months (from 95.0% to 94.4%), following a 2.0-3.4 percentage point decrease between the 2020 and 2023 reports. However, coverage of meningococcal B vaccine, which was introduced onto the NIP for all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in July 2020, was higher in 2024 than 2023: namely, 83.0% versus 81.0% for the first dose; 80.9% versus 80.0% for the second dose; and 75.0% versus 71.7% for the third dose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abor","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Annual Australian Respiratory Surveillance Report.","authors":"Jenna Hassall, Suzie Whitehead, Lauren Welsh, Ash Donovan, Gizem Bilgin, Nga Nguyen, Caitlin Trenorden, Siobhan St George","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.013","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2024, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were nationally notifiable in Australia. The states and territories reported 302,250 COVID-19, 365,589 influenza, and 175,918 RSV notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Influenza and RSV notifications increased between 2023 and 2024; however, COVID-19 notifications decreased. Trends in test positivity from sentinel laboratories were generally reflective of the trends in case notifications. The weekly proportion of new 'fever and cough' symptoms in the community remained stable between 2023 and 2024. In contrast, influenza-like-illness notification rates for consultations at sentinel general practice sites in 2024 were higher than in previous years, reflecting increased activity in case notifications. In 2024, there were fewer sentinel hospital admissions with COVID-19 or influenza than in 2023 or 2022, and the proportion of patients admitted directly to intensive care remained low and stable. In contrast, there were more sentinel intensive care admissions for severe acute respiratory infections overall in 2024 than in 2023; however, there were fewer intensive care admissions with COVID-19 than in previous years. In 2024, deaths involving influenza and RSV increased compared to 2023, whereas deaths involving COVID-19 decreased. However, COVID-19 remains the leading cause of acute respiratory infection mortality. All three acute respiratory infections are more likely to cause death in older age groups than in younger age groups. Overall, information from Australia's national acute respiratory infection surveillance systems indicates there was high acute respiratory infection activity with moderate severity but a lower burden on health system utilisation in 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunisation coverage in an Australian regional area, 1 May 2024 - 31 October 2025.","authors":"William Roughan, Brett Cavanagh-Ochiai, Donna Barnekow, Kaylene Lottkowitz, Keppel Schafer, Laxmi Camadoo, Nicolas Smoll","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.031","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent introduction in Australia of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunisations - nirsevimab (neonatal) and Abrysvo (antenatal) - offers potential to reduce the RSV burden in infants. A retrospective cohort study included all infants born at Sunshine Coast University Hospital between 1 May 2024 and 31 October 2025. Of 5,116 infants, 71.7% (3,669/5,116) received valid RSV immunisation: 45.2% through nirsevimab only and 26.4% through antenatal Abrysvo only. During May-December 2024, RSV coverage was achieved exclusively through neonatal nirsevimab. Following Abrysvo's introduction in January 2025, a progressive shift in immunisation composition occurred: among RSV-vaccinated infants, the proportion protected through nirsevimab alone fell from 100% in December 2024 to 13.5% by October 2025, while those protected by Abrysvo alone rose correspondingly from 0% to > 85.0%. Overall RSV coverage remained stable throughout the study period (66.2-77.9%) and throughout the transition period January-October 2025 (66.2-74.9%). Coverage was comparable to Australian and United States estimates but lagged European benchmarks. Abrysvo's introduction maintained rather than improved population-level protection. These findings highlight the need to investigate barriers to RSV immunisation uptake to optimise infant protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ATAGI Targeted Review 2024: Immunisation strategies for prevention and control of respiratory syncytial virus disease in Australia.","authors":"Chisato Imai-Boulter, Jean Li-Kim-Moy, Jocelynne McRae, Clayton Chiu, Sanjay Jayasinghe, Kristine Macartney, Katherine Gibney, Karen Bellamy, Kristy Cooper, Katie Flanagan, Michelle Giles, Julia Marshall, Nicholas Silberstein, Benjamin Teh, Rosalind Webby, Nigel Crawford","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.034","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infection and severe disease, particularly in infants, and is increasingly recognised as a cause of major morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Several new vaccines aim to address the disease burden at both extremes of the age spectrum. Immunisation using a long-acting monoclonal antibody is also available for infants and young children. In 2025, a comprehensive RSV maternal and infant protection program commenced with a nationally coordinated maternal RSV vaccination in pregnancy on the National Immunisation Program and long-acting monoclonal antibody for infants and children funded by states and territories. This targeted review outlines the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation's considerations and the evidence informing policy decisions on an RSV prevention strategy for Australia. Review of the burden of RSV disease in Australia indicates specific populations which would derive the most benefit from effective immunisation, including the very young; the elderly; First Nations people; and those with underlying medical risk factors. However, some data gaps exist in our understanding of RSV disease, particularly non-hospitalised disease and disease in adult age groups. The available evidence points to promising efficacy, against severe RSV disease, of three RSV vaccines in older adults, as well as the single available vaccine for use in pregnancy for protecting infants in the first six months of life. A long-acting RSV-specific monoclonal antibody, nirsevimab, has been highly effective in young infants in early assessments; however, there is a need to accumulate more information as these products expand in use. For RSV vaccines, there is a need to monitor duration of protection and safety, to inform the need for repeat vaccine doses in older adults and in subsequent pregnancies. As RSV immunisation involves new vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, it is important that a robust program monitoring and evaluation plan is put in place, to optimise assessment of vaccine uptake, patient acceptance and the impact of the interventions on RSV disease, with appropriate safety monitoring to facilitate public confidence in the immunisation program.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An outbreak of measles linked to healthcare services in Far North Queensland, 2025.","authors":"Tonia Marquardt, Simon Smith, Juliet Esmonde, Matthew O'Bryan, Lucy Thallon, Alireza Zahedi, Trent Yarwood, Jacqueline Murdoch","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.037","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In September 2025, Cairns experienced its largest measles outbreak since 1997. An imported case from Indonesia subsequently transmitted to 11 secondary cases, including four hospital staff. No further transmission was identified despite identification of nearly 1,500 contacts. Most of the cases (11/12; 91.6%) reported or demonstrated prior vaccination or immunity. This outbreak demonstrates the continued potential for re-emergence of measles in a setting with validated elimination status; the outbreak resulted in disruption to healthcare staff and services. Australian healthcare services should consider use of measles serology and booster vaccination doses among susceptible healthcare workers to reduce the risk of future similar outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ATAGI 2024 Annual Statement on Immunisation.","authors":"Katrina Nicolopoulos, Catherine Tran, Clayton Chiu, Alexandra Hendry, Kristine Macartney, Michelle Giles, Nigel Crawford","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.032","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) 2024 Annual Statement on Immunisation is the fourth publication in this series. It highlights the key successes, trends and challenges in the use of vaccines and control of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) in Australia in 2023. It also signals ATAGI's priority actions for addressing key issues for 2024 and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}