Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)最新文献

{"title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in Australia: update to 31 December 2023.","authors":"Christiane Stehmann, Matteo Senesi, Shannon Sarros, Amelia McGlade, Victoria Lewis, Laura Ellett, Priscilla Agustina, Daniel Barber, Genevieve Klug, Catriona A McLean, Colin L Masters, Stephen J Collins","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Nationwide surveillance of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and other human prion diseases is performed by the Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry (ANCJDR). National surveillance encompasses the period since 1 January 1970, with prospective surveillance occurring from 1 October 1993. Over this prospective surveillance period, considerable developments have occurred in pre-mortem diagnostics; in the delineation of new disease subtypes; and in heightened awareness of prion diseases in healthcare settings. Surveillance practices of the ANCJDR have evolved and adapted accordingly. This report summarises the activities of the ANCJDR during 2023. Since the ANCJDR began offering diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14-3-3 protein testing in Australia in September 1997, the annual number of referrals has steadily increased. In 2023, a total of 651 domestic CSF specimens were referred for diagnostic testing and 83 persons with suspected human prion disease were formally added to the national register. As of 31 December 2023, just under half of the 83 suspect case notifications (41) remain classified as 'incomplete'; 10 cases were classified as 'definite' and 28 as 'probable' prion disease; three cases were excluded through neuropathological examination and one was removed from the register as 'unlikely CJD' after clinical evaluation. For 2023, fifty-three percent of all suspected human-prion-disease-related deaths in Australia underwent neuropathological examination. No cases of variant or iatrogenic CJD were identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A foodborne norovirus outbreak associated with six events and a single caterer, Canberra, November 2022.","authors":"Alison Chew, Felicity Greenville, Nevada Pingault, Siobhan Barrett, Natasha Waters, Lyndell Hudson, Jenny Post","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness was investigated, affecting six events where attendees consumed food catered by a single catering business, in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Event attendees and the catering business were surveyed using tailored food questionnaires developed in REDCap and administered on-line. Descriptive analyses were conducted for all event attendees and employees of the business, and non-fatal productivity loss estimates calculated. Retrospective cohort studies were conducted for events that occurred on two specific days. A food safety inspection was undertaken of the catering business, and food and environmental samples were collected for microbiological analysis. Faecal specimens were collected from symptomatic event attendees.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 82.2% of event attendees (129/157) completed a survey, of whom 49.6% (64/129) reported gastrointestinal illness resulting in an estimated non-fatal productivity loss of AUD $23,700. Univariate analysis of data collected from events on 16 November identified that illness was significantly associated with consumption of vegetarian rice paper rolls (risk ratio [RR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.0-3.0; <i>p</i> = 0.04). Multiple foods were significantly associated with illness from events that occurred on 17 November 2022. On multivariable analysis, vegetarian rice paper rolls were associated with illness on 16 November 2022 (RR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.01-2.8; <i>p</i> = 0.046); however no individual food categories were significantly associated with illness on 17 November 2022. Seven faecal specimens were positive for norovirus. While no food handlers reported illness prior to the outbreak, one food handler reported that their child had had gastroenteritis in the preceding week. Environmental Health inspection of the catering business identified inadequate handwashing facilities. Microbiological testing of seven food samples produced two marginal results: coagulase positive <i>Staphylococcus</i> in a sandwich egg mix and a high standard plate count in the roast beef.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This gastroenteritis outbreak was determined to be due to norovirus. The infection source was suspected to be an asymptomatic food handler and inadequate food handling controls allowing contamination of certain foods. This study demonstrates the importance of effective hand hygiene and food handling practices at all times, given that asymptomatic individuals can excrete and transmit norovirus and these outbreaks can be large and costly.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B in Far North Queensland, 2013-2023.","authors":"Josh Hanson, Sharna Radlof, Jenna Coffman, Kathy Lort-Phillips, Simon Smith, Allison Hempenstall, Annie Preston-Thomas","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With optimal antenatal and perinatal care and immunisation, the risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) approaches zero. However, it can be logistically challenging to deliver this care to culturally and linguistically diverse populations and to those individuals who are living in remote Australian communities. This study examined the management of pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and their children in Far North Queensland (FNQ). It was hoped that this would identify the successes and limitations of the current FNQ HBV programme which was established in June 2017.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used the Queensland notifiable diseases register to identify every female of childbearing age (13-45 years) living in FNQ with CHB during the study period 1 January 2013 - 31 December 2023. We identified the children born to these women during the study period and assessed whether their care was concordant with current Australian HBV management guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 261 women of childbearing age who had 148 live births during the study period: 93/148 children (63%) were born to First Nations Australian mothers; 58/148 (39%) were born to mothers who were born overseas; and 46/148 (31%) were born to mothers who lived in remote locations. After establishment of the FNQ HBV programme, 71/77 pregnancies (92%) had optimal antenatal HBV care; 71/77 (92%) had optimal perinatal HBV care; and 72/77 infants (94%) had complete HBV vaccination. There have been no children confirmed to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive since the establishment of the FNQ HBV programme. However, only 70/148 children (47%) have had HBsAg testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Antenatal and perinatal care and infant vaccination is currently concordant with national HBV guidelines in > 90% of pregnancies in the FNQ region. There has been no confirmed mother-to-child HBV transmission since establishment of a local HBV programme, although improved child testing is necessary to substantiate this finding.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2023.","authors":"Suzy M Teutsch, Carlos A Nunez, Anne Morris, Guy D Eslick, Elizabeth J Elliott","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been conducting prospective national surveillance of rare communicable diseases, and complications of communicable diseases, of childhood and infancy for more than three decades. In 2023, there were 15 communicable diseases and complications of communicable diseases under APSU surveillance, which included: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), dengue, severe acute hepatitis (SAH), neonatal and infant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, perinatal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and paediatric HIV infection, severe complications of influenza, juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP), Q fever, congenital rubella infection/syndrome, congenital varicella syndrome (CVS) and neonatal varicella infection (NVI), as well as two new communicable diseases, which were paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The results of 2023 APSU surveillance show a marked increase in severe influenza cases for the first time in five years, with more complications associated with influenza type B. Moreover, one child died and only 6% of children received a seasonal influenza vaccine. The APSU also received reports of cases of rare emerging diseases: dengue, Q fever and PIMS-TS. Furthermore, our results show a persistence of vaccine-preventable JoRRP, mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and deaths from neonatal HSV.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Indigenous status completeness in vaccine preventable disease notification data in the NNDSS.","authors":"Frank Beard, Eva Molnar, Joanne Jackson, Kaitlyn Vette, Katrina Clark, Aditi Dey, Caitlin Swift, Stephen Lambert, Anna-Jane Glynn-Robinson, Kristine Macartney","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High quality Indigenous status data for vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) in the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is important for evaluation of immunisation programs and ultimately for improving health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. We evaluated Indigenous status completeness, and factors influencing it, for VPDs in the NNDSS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Literature review (published and grey); descriptive analysis of NNDSS data for selected VPDs over the 2010-2019 period; standardised online survey (containing closed- and open-ended questions) of key informants; semi-structured follow-up interviews.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>National level Indigenous status completeness for those VPDs with a Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA) target of 95% was above that target for <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b, measles, invasive meningococcal disease and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD: < 5 and ≥ 50 years); and was within four percentage points for hepatitis A, newly acquired hepatitis B and pertussis (< 5 years). For VPDs with an 80% target, completeness was ≥ 90% for diphtheria, mumps, rubella and tetanus; ≥ 80% for IPD (≥ 5 to < 50 years); and below target for unspecified hepatitis B (54%), laboratory confirmed influenza (47%), pertussis (≥ 5 years; 60%) and rotavirus (71%). However, completeness was above 90% for all VPDs in the Northern Territory, and all except laboratory confirmed influenza (89%) in Western Australia. Key barriers to Indigenous status completeness include the absence of an Indigenous status field on most pathology request forms and limited public health authority resource capacity to follow up missing data, particularly for high incidence diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>National level Indigenous status completeness is high for most VPDs but low for others, particularly for high incidence diseases predominantly notified by laboratories. Completeness is uniformly high for all VPDs in the Northern Territory and Western Australia; however, this is due to the resource-intensive public health follow-up of all notifications and manual cross-checking of other databases when Indigenous status is missing. To more efficiently optimise Indigenous status completeness in the NNDSS across all jurisdictions, a mix of additional strategies is needed to ensure accurate identification and recording in primary care, hospital, laboratory and public health settings, and effective transfer between them.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Murray Valley encephalitis virus antibodies in northern Victoria following the 2023 outbreak: a cross-sectional serological survey.","authors":"Marie Heloury, Joshua Szanyi, Maxwell Braddick, Alexander Fidao, Madeleine J Marsland, Tilda N Thomson, Mitch Batty, Suellen Nicholson, Theo Karapanagiotidis, Kylie S Carville, Anna-Jane Glynn-Robinson, Chuan Kok Lim, Naveen Tenneti, Anthony Zheng, William Cross, Jim Black, Helen O'Brien","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Following the first outbreak of Murray Valley encephalitis in Victoria, Australia, since 1974, a serological survey was conducted in 2023 and 2024 to estimate the seroprevalence of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) antibodies among residents in the north of the state. Between October 2023 and April 2024, a total of 507 residents from 11 local government areas in northern Victoria - Mildura, Swan Hill, Campaspe, Gannawarra, Greater Bendigo, Loddon, Greater Shepparton, Moira, Wodonga, Wangaratta, and Indigo - were tested for MVEV total antibody. Seroprevalence was 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.6%), comparable to background levels of seropositivity prior to the 2023 outbreak. No strong associations were identified between a range of potential risk or protective factors and MVEV seropositivity. Low seroprevalence suggests that the population in this region remains immunologically vulnerable to MVEV infection. Ongoing vector control and efforts to prevent mosquito bites will be critical in preventing flavivirus transmission in northern Victoria during future mosquito seasons.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme, 1 July to 30 September 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sebastiaan van Hal, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Australian National Neisseria Network (NNN) comprises reference laboratories in each state and territory that report data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing to an agreed group of antimicrobial agents for the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP). The AGSP data are presented quarterly in tabulated form, as well as in the AGSP annual report. This report presents national gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance data from 1 July to 30 September 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cluster of Brucella melitensis in Melbourne, Australia 2023: clinical and public health actions.","authors":"Manogna Metlapalli, Fiona Clarke, Anna B Pierce, Norelle L Sherry, Jake A Lacey, Edura Jalil, Aswan Tai, Christian McGrath, Tony Korman, James H McMahon, Rhonda L Stuart","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Brucellosis is a rare zoonotic infection most commonly seen in parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Infections in Australia are uncommon and occur predominantly in Queensland and New South Wales due to the association with wild pig hunting activities. We describe a clustering of two cases of brucellosis in Victoria confirmed by genomic analysis but with no identified exposure. We detail the medical management, laboratory confirmation, and the public health investigation. While the source of the outbreak remains unclear, the two cases demonstrate a detailed and coordinated public health response to a rare infection with a unique geographical and temporal relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Gram-negative Surveillance Outcome Program (GnSOP) Bloodstream Infection Annual Report 2023.","authors":"Jan M Bell, Alicia Fajardo Lubian, Sally R Partridge, Thomas Gottlieb, Jennifer Robson, Jonathan R Iredell, Denise A Daley, Geoffrey W Coombs","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) performs regular period-prevalence studies to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance in selected enteric gram-negative pathogens. From 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2023, a total of 57 hospitals across Australia participated in the Australian Gram-negative Surveillance Outcome Program (GnSOP). The 2023 survey tested 10,453 isolates, comprising <i>Enterobacterales</i> (9,503; 90.9%), <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (806; 7.7%) and <i>Acinetobacter</i> species (144; 1.4%), using commercial automated methods. The results were analysed using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (January 2024). Key resistances reported are to the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone in 12.9% of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and in 6.9% of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> complex isolates. Resistance rates to ciprofloxacin were 14.5% for <i>E. coli</i>; 7.8% for the <i>K. pneumoniae</i> complex; 3.2% for the <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> complex; and 7.6% for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Resistance rates to piperacillin-tazobactam were 6.0%; 9.4%; 23.3%; and 13.7% for the same four species/complexes, respectively. Thirty <i>Enterobacterales</i> isolates from 30 patients were shown to harbour a carbapenemase gene: ten with a <i>bla</i>_NDM gene (<i>bla</i>_NDM-1 [4], <i>bla</i>_NDM-5 [4], <i>bla</i>_NDM-7 [2]); nine with a <i>bla</i>_OXA-48-like gene (<i>bla</i>_OXA-244 [4], <i>bla</i>_OXA-48 [2], <i>bla</i>_OXA-181 [1], <i>bla</i>_OXA-232 [1], <i>bla</i>_OXA-484 [1]); eight with <i>bla</i>_IMP-4; two with <i>bla</i>_NDM-5 + a <i>bla</i>_OXA-181-like gene; and one with <i>bla</i>_KPC-2 + <i>bla</i>_NDM-5 + <i>bla</i>_OXA-181. Transmissible carbapenemase genes were also detected in two <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> complex isolates (<i>bla</i>_OXA-23; <i>bla</i>_OXA-23 + <i>bla</i>_OXA-58 + <i>bla</i>_IMP-4) and one <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (<i>bla</i>_IMP-4).</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2023.","authors":"Matthew B Kaye, Linda K Hobday, Aishah Ibrahim, Leesa Brugink, Bruce R Thorley","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2023, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.71 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, thereby meeting the WHO's performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A9, coxsackievirus B5, echovirus 9, echovirus 30, enterovirus A71 and enterovirus C96 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and wastewater surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2023, there were twelve cases of wild poliovirus reported from the last two remaining endemic countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. Another 23 countries reported cases of poliomyelitis due to circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}