Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)最新文献

{"title":"Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Program, 1 July to 30 September 2025.","authors":"Monica Lahra, Siobhan Hurley, Sebastiaan Van Hal, Tiffany Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Australian National Neisseria Network (NNN) comprises reference laboratories in each state and territory that report data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing to an agreed group of antimicrobial agents for the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP). The AGSP data are presented quarterly in tabulated form, as well as in the AGSP annual report. This report presents national gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance data from 1 July to 30 September 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal vaginal colonisation with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and late onset neonatal invasive meningococcal disease.","authors":"Nadiya Brell, Chloe Story, Sebastiaan Van Hal, Martin Weber, Monica Lahra","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here we report a case of late onset neonatal invasive meningococcal disease that was vertically transmitted, with maternal vaginal swab at the time of delivery and neonatal cerebrospinal fluid culture positive for <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>. Whole genome sequencing of meningococcal isolates in the neonatal cerebrospinal fluid and maternal vaginal found both Men-B ST-2506 (clonal complex 32) and identical (1 SNP difference on split kmer analysis).</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Report on influenza viruses received and tested by the Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza during 2024.","authors":"Jessica Miller, Tanya Diefenbach-Elstob, Rachel Wordsworth, Nikita Deshpande, Sally Soppe, Joelle Dharmakumara, Malet Aban, Heidi Peck, Saira Hussain, Yi-Mo Deng, Clyde Dapat, Ian Barr, Patrick Reading","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As part of its role in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne received 12,180 human influenza-positive samples during 2024. Viruses were analysed for their antigenic, genetic, and antiviral susceptibility properties. Selected viruses were propagated in qualified cells or embryonated hens' eggs for potential use in seasonal influenza virus vaccines. During 2024, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses predominated, accounting for 33% and 42%, respectively, of all viruses received, compared to 5% for influenza B/Victoria. Of note, one influenza A(H5N1) virus was also received in 2024. The majority of A(H1N1)pdm09 (98%), A(H3N2) (88%) and influenza B (100%) viruses analysed at the Centre were found to be antigenically and genetically similar to the respective WHO recommended vaccine strains for the Southern Hemisphere in 2024. Of 4,007 samples tested for susceptibility to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, twelve A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and one B/Victoria virus showed highly reduced inhibition against oseltamivir or zanamivir. Of 3,294 total samples sequenced for baloxavir susceptibility, 18 of the 1,825 A(H3N2) samples were identified with genetic evidence of reduced susceptibility to baloxavir marboxil in the PA gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAEFVIC: Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) in Victoria, Australia, 2019-2020.","authors":"Jesse Fryk, Hazel Clothier, Daneeta Hennessy, Georgina Lewis, Emma Roney, Nigel Crawford, Jim Buttery","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adverse event following immunisation (AEFI) surveillance in Victoria is conducted through Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination in the Community (SAEFVIC), an enhanced surveillance system integrated with clinical services for vaccinees experiencing an AEFI. This report summarises SAEFVIC's surveillance and vaccine pharmacovigilance activities in 2019 and 2020.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study approach was used to analyse AEFI reports submitted in 2019 and 2020, compared to those since 2015. Data were categorised by vaccinee demographics (age; sex; pregnancy; and Indigenous status), vaccines administered and reported AEFI. Age cohorts were defined as best fit to the National Immunisation Program age groups. Proportional reporting ratio was determined for perceived signals being investigated. Clinical services and educational activities were described.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 3,828 AEFI reports received in 2019 and 2020 (28.8 per 100,000 population), with 7.6% defined as serious; 52% of all reports were female vaccinees; 56 of 464 reports among adult females (12.1%) were pregnant vaccinees; and 29 reports (0.9%) were Indigenous Australians. Reporting trends by age group were similar across all cohorts. No vaccine safety signals were confirmed. Telehealth consultations at Specialist Immunisation Clinics increased in 2020 in-line with Medicare eligibility criteria changes. Educational resources on various vaccine safety topics were published, particularly the anticipated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination program.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AEFI surveillance in Victoria continues to be robust through the SAEFVIC model and provides confidence in informing the safety profile of vaccines administered in Australia. These data provide a baseline for AEFI surveillance for comparison to the COVID-19 vaccination program commenced in 2021.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual Immunisation Coverage Report 2023.","authors":"Brynley Hull, Alexandra Hendry, Kristine Macartney, Frank Beard","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Overview: &lt;/strong&gt;We analysed Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) data, predominantly for National Immunisation Program (NIP) funded vaccines, as at 4 February 2024 for children, adolescents and adults, focusing on the calendar year 2023 and trends from previous years. This report aims to provide comprehensive analysis and interpretation of vaccination coverage data to inform immunisation policy and programs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Children: &lt;/strong&gt;Fully vaccinated coverage in Australian children in 2023 was lower than in 2022 at the 12-month (92.8%, down from 93.3%), 24-month (90.8%, down from 91.0%) and 60-month (93.3%, down from 93.4%) age assessment milestones. This follows the 1.1-1.5 percentage point decrease at these three milestones between the 2020 and 2022 reports, which came after eight years of generally increasing coverage. Fully vaccinated coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter, respectfully, Indigenous) children was also slightly lower in 2023 than in 2022 at the 12-month (89.7%, down from 90.0%), 24-month (87.8%, down from 87.9%) and 60-month (95.0%, down from 95.1%) milestones, following a 1.9-3.3 percentage point decrease between the 2020 and 2022 reports. Due to the lag time involved in assessment, fully vaccinated coverage figures for 2023 predominantly reflect vaccinations due in 2022, when COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions had largely been removed. Factors contributing to this ongoing decline in coverage in children include a combination of acceptance and access issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adolescents: &lt;/strong&gt;Among adolescents turning 15 years in 2023, 84.2% of girls and 81.8% of boys (80.9% and 75.0% of Indigenous girls and boys) had received at least one dose of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine by their fifteenth birthday, 1.1 and 1.3 percentage points lower than in 2022, respectively (2.1-3.1 percentage points lower for Indigenous adolescents). Coverage of an adolescent dose of meningococcal ACWY vaccine in adolescents turning 17 years in 2023 was 72.8% overall and 62.3% in Indigenous adolescents, 3.1 and 3.3 percentage points lower than in 2022, respectively. These decreases reflect impacts of the pandemic on school-based programs in 2020-2021. To provide an early insight into any immediate impacts on coverage of moving to the NIP single-dose HPV vaccine schedule in 2023 (offered in Year 7 in all jurisdictions), we calculated coverage of at least one dose of HPV vaccine by 31 December in adolescents turning 13 years, with South Australia excluded due to change of delivery from Year 8 in 2022, and found it to be around 3 percentage points lower in 2023 than 2022, and 6 percentage points lower in Indigenous girls, with patterns of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination (also single-dose at this age) and HPV vaccination coverage broadly similar. This decrease in vaccinations due in school programs after pandemic restrictions had been removed could be due to impacts of the single-dose HPV t","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Trachoma Surveillance Report 2023.","authors":"Alison Jaworski, Carleigh Cowling, Gordana Popovic, Absar Noorul, Sergio Sandler, Susan Vaz Nery, John Kaldor","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trachoma is the world's leading infectious cause of preventable blindness and is linked to poor living conditions. Australia has remained the only high-income country where trachoma is endemic, primarily in remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. The Australian Government funds the National Trachoma Surveillance and Reporting Unit to analyse surveillance data annually to assess progress against World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. These criteria include (i) prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular less than 5% in children aged 1-9 years; and (ii) prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis 'unknown to the health system' of less than 0.2% in persons aged 15 years and above. Australia first reached these thresholds in 2022 and must maintain these levels in each formerly endemic jurisdiction (state/territory) for a further two years before being eligible to apply to the WHO for validation of elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. In 2023, screening staff used WHO grading criteria to assess trachoma in 67 at-risk communities. Overall prevalence, which includes estimates from all communities ever considered at risk, remained below 5% in 2023 at 2.3% in the Northern Territory; 0% in South Australia; and 1.6% in Western Australia. The proportion of new trachomatous trichiasis cases was 0.01% in the Northern Territory; 0% in South Australia; and 0.2% in Western Australia. Australia is on track to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem; however, the disease remains a health issue in some remote Indigenous communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport time, not transport method, predicts Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture yield in an urban setting.","authors":"Arthur Wong, Tanya Applegate, Alison Mahony, George Xu, Rebecca Houghton, Tiffany Hogan, Monica Lahra","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> poses a pressing public health threat. Current surveillance programs via antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) depend on successfully cultivating the organism via bacterial culture. However, AST is more challenging in extragenital sites and in remote clinical settings where there is a delay between sample collection and testing. This study evaluated whether an enhanced specimen transport system involving direct plating of samples onto selective agar with carbon dioxide enrichment (Bio-BagTM Type C, Becton Dickinson) improved <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> recoverability compared to the standard method of rayon swabs in Amies gel (TransystemTM, Copan Diagnostics). Men with urethral or rectal gonorrhoea confirmed by nucleic acid amplification testing were consecutively recruited from an urban Sydney clinic. Among 33 rectal samples, enhanced transport yielded a slightly higher culture positivity rate (72.7%) than the standard method (69.7%), though this difference was not statistically significant (p  = 0.790). Notably, rectal specimens arriving at the laboratory within five hours had significantly higher culture yields (100%) than those with longer transport times (61.5%; p = 0.049). Future studies of the impact of enhanced transport in rural and remote settings are critical to enhance AMR surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 April to 30 June 2025.","authors":"Monica Lahra, Tiffany Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) report data on the number of cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and molecular based techniques. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of case numbers of IMD by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known and expanded in 2024 to include antimicrobial resistance data for ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. A full analysis of laboratory confirmations of IMD in each calendar year are contained in the AMSP annual reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146067611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2024.","authors":"Suzy Teutsch, Carlos Nunez, Anne Morris, Elizabeth Elliott","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1993, the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been conducting prospective national surveillance of rare conditions in Australian children, including communicable diseases and complications of communicable diseases. In 2024, fifteen communicable diseases and complications were under APSU surveillance: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP); congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection; dengue; severe acute hepatitis; neonatal/infant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; perinatal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); paediatric HIV infection, juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP); severe complications of influenza (Flu); Japanese encephalitis virus infection; paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS); Q fever; congenital rubella infection/syndrome; congenital varicella syndrome; and neonatal varicella infection. A total of 1,350 paediatricians and other child health specialists received the monthly APSU report card (97% electronically) in 2024. A total of 237 notifications were received, with 174 confirmed as incident cases after excluding duplicates, errors and prevalent (historic) cases not previously reported. The incident cases included: Flu (n = 34) - one child died and only two children had received influenza vaccination; JoRRP (n = 1); NVI (n = 1); cCMV (n = 26); HSV (n = 8) - neurological sequelae were common; perinatal exposure to HIV (n = 15) - no cases of mother-to-child transmission identified; and rare emerging diseases dengue (n = 4) and PIMS-TS (n = 2). The non-polio AFP rate of ≥ 1 case per 100,000 children aged < 15 years was again achieved. The APSU continues to be an important mechanism for obtaining enriched data on rare communicable diseases and their complications in Australian children, to better understand disease burden, and the effects of health interventions, over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146067353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation and response to an outbreak of mpox cases linked to a high-risk group event in Southeast Queensland in May 2024.","authors":"Maggie Miller, Deena Malloy, Megan Young, Alyssa Pyke, James Smith, Sanmarie Schlebusch, Mark Stickley, Davoud Pourmarzi","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2026.50.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2026.50.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary aim of this paper is to describe the outbreak investigation and public health response to a cluster of mpox cases that occurred in Southeast Queensland; and to investigate transmission dynamics to inform contact management.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The transmission of mpox in Australia has continued to circulate among the men who have sex with men community, since the declaration of the global outbreak of clade IIb in 2022. In May 2024, an outbreak investigation was carried out following the admission of an mpox case to a Queensland hospital, which precipitated a response coordinated by two metropolitan public health units (Metro North and Metro South) in Brisbane.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cohort study was conducted to follow up attendees of an intimate group event over a 21-day period. From 21 event attendees, 16 were able to be contacted by public health clinicians, and were included in the cohort. Case histories and their respective contacts were identified and classified as high, medium or low risk. Descriptive statistics were conducted, and relative risk was determined for developing infection after attendance at the group event, when accounting for the level of vaccination against mpox. Whole genome sequencing was performed on collected pathology specimens, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted to support epidemiological investigations.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>A total of ten cases of mpox were detected, among a cohort of 16 males with differing levels of vaccination. Transmission of mpox occurred exclusively among high-risk contacts; no transmission was observed to medium- or low-risk contacts. Laboratory investigations revealed that all cases were of human MPXV clade IIb. Complete vaccination was a protective factor against development of mpox (relative risk = 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.06-1.88), compared with partial or no vaccination, after attendance at the high-risk exposure event. This outbreak resulted in 34 contacts, of which one high-risk contact became a secondary case. Findings from this investigation suggest there is less urgency for follow-up of household contacts and other medium- and low-risk contacts of mpox, compared with high-risk contacts. Fostering a rapport during telephone interviews with cases and contacts was found to be crucial to the overall attainment of accurate case histories, highlighting the need for the development of trust when interacting with members of priority groups. This outbreak investigation describes a comprehensive public health response attributed to the coordination of a range of public health workers in the Southeast Queensland area.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146067470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}