Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)最新文献

{"title":"An outbreak of Salmonella Muenchen gastroenteritis after consuming wild hunted kangaroo, Northern Territory, Australia, 2024.","authors":"Anthony D K Draper, Joanne Gerrell, Stacey McKay, Janet Forrester, Ana Ordonez, Ella Meumann, Rob Baird, Dimitrios Menouhos, Manoj Basnet, Tinus Creeper, Max Cummins, Vicki Krause","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred in August 2024 after consuming wild hunted kangaroo in a remote area of the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. We conducted an outbreak investigation via telephone and face-to-face interviews, using a standardised questionnaire that recorded symptoms and exposures to foods and activities prior to onset of symptoms. A confirmed outbreak case was defined as anyone with laboratory confirmed <i>Salmonella</i> Muenchen infection who was part of a group of people who shared meals on 25-26 August 2024. A probable outbreak case was defined as anyone who was part of a group of people who shared meals on 25-26 August 2024 and subsequently experienced diarrhoea, in the absence of a laboratory test. Of the seven members of the group who shared meals, all became ill (attack rate 100%); three were confirmed cases and four were probable cases. The median age was 32 years (range 23-65 years); six (86%) were male. The median incubation period was 24 hours (range 6-30 hours). The most commonly reported symptoms were diarrhoea (100%, 7/7) and abdominal pain (86%, 6/7). Two cases were admitted to hospital, both for an overnight stay; all recovered. All seven cases consumed the same meal - a single, locally hunted and butchered kangaroo. Contamination likely occurred due to unsafe butchering, storage, transportation and insufficient cooking of the meat. This outbreak highlights the risks of contamination of game meat (in this case kangaroo) with <i>Salmonella</i>. Those preparing hunted meat should wash hands and knives regularly while butchering an animal to avoid contamination; should store butchered meat below 5 °C to avoid bacterial growth and cook foods thoroughly to kill microbes. We estimate that the cost to society of this outbreak was 9,810 Australian dollars.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare urban-acquired human leptospirosis and environmental health investigation in Sydney, Australia.","authors":"Mark J Ferson, Sinead Flanigan, Mark E Westman, Ana M Pastrana Velez, Benjamin Knobel, Toni Cains, Marianne Martinello","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by exposure to <i>Leptospira</i> excreted into the environment by rodents or other mammals. A notification of a case of leptospirosis in an adult male with no history of travel or exposure to livestock or rodents triggered an environmental health investigation of his workplace, a local golf course. We hypothesised that a water splash in the eye from a creek running through the golf course, which occurred after a period of heavy rainfall, had led to <i>Leptospira</i> exposure, likely on the basis of contamination of the creek water by rodent urine. Testing of environmental water samples detected pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> DNA in ten of eleven samples, although cultures were negative. However, we had difficulty interpreting this finding as we found <i>Leptospira</i> DNA in ten of 14 environmental samples in inner and eastern Sydney remote from the workplace, and these were not associated with notified human cases. When we reviewed the 53 human leptospirosis cases notified over the twenty-year period 2003-2022 in residents of metropolitan Sydney, of the 49 cases with <i>Leptospira</i> exposure information, 46 had recognised sources of exposure: travel overseas (27) or to tropical northern Australia (5); rural exposure often to livestock and/or rodents (12); work in an abattoir (1); and involvement in a raspberry farm outbreak (1). Only three, including the case described, acquired infection in suburban Sydney. Acquisition of human leptospirosis is a rare event in suburban Sydney; true cases without a travel or occupational exposure history may be under-recognised by clinicians. However, with increasing biodiversity loss and where climate change results in heavier rainfall and more frequent floods, it is likely that human leptospirosis will become more common in urban as well as endemic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 July to 30 September 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) report data on the number of cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and molecular based techniques. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of case numbers of IMD by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known, and expanded in 2024 to include antimicrobial resistance data for ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. A full analysis of laboratory confirmations of IMD in each calendar year are contained in the AMSP annual reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A delayed diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in a returned traveller from the Philippines.","authors":"George P Drewett, Heyadat Pourhadi, Jordan Kahn, Shio Yen Tio, Craig Aboltins","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>A 71-year-old Australian-born man with previous extended travel to the Philippines presented with bilateral lymphoedema, fevers and rigors. Examination of a nocturnal blood film revealed microfilariae of <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i>, confirming a diagnosis of Bancroftian filariasis. This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing and managing lymphatic filariasis in non-endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2023.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sebastiaan van Hal, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> for more than 40 years. In 2023, a total of 10,105 isolates from patients in the public and private sectors, in all jurisdictions, were tested for <i>in vitro</i> antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. Nationally, in 2023, the AGSP captured antimicrobial susceptibility data for 25% of all gonococcal infection notifications. The current treatment recommendation for gonorrhoea, for the majority of Australia, continues to be dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. In 2023, of <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> isolates tested, 0.22% (22/10,105) met the WHO criterion for ceftriaxone decreased susceptibility (DS), defined as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ≥ 0.125 mg/L. Resistance to azithromycin was reported in 4.5% of <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> isolates, proportionally stable since 2019. There were 27 isolates (0.27%) with high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 256 mg/L) reported in Australia: Victoria (13), New South Wales (11), non-remote Western Australia (2) and Queensland (1). This is the highest number ever detected and reported in a twelve-month period by the AGSP. In 2023, penicillin resistance was found in 30.7% of gonococcal isolates, and ciprofloxacin resistance in 60.3%, although there was considerable variation by jurisdiction. In some remote settings, penicillin remains recommended as part of an empiric therapy strategy. However, in 2023, in remote Northern Territory, five penicillin-resistant isolates were reported; and in remote Western Australia, 14.1% of gonococcal isolates (10/71) were penicillin resistant. In addition, there were eight ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates reported from remote Northern Territory; ciprofloxacin resistance rates have increased in remote Western Australia (16/71; 22.5%). This increase in penicillin-resistant <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> in the Northern Territory has effected a change in gonococcal treatment recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis workforce policy and development framework in Australia.","authors":"Ellen Donnan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) workforce policy and development in Australia, detailing the multidisciplinary nature of the TB workforce, the roles, required skills, and priorities within that workforce, and strategies for its development. Training and development responsibilities and roles of various bodies are also detailed: the National TB Advisory Committee; jurisdictional TB programs and their administrators; the Australian Centre for Disease Control; and sundry other national and international bodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Program, 1 January to 31 March 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sebastiaan van Hal, Sonya Natasha Hutabarat, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Australian National Neisseria Network (NNN) comprises reference laboratories in each state and territory that report data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing to an agreed group of antimicrobial agents for the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP). The AGSP data are presented quarterly in tabulated form, as well as in the AGSP annual report. This report presents national gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance data from 1 January to 31 March 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of locally acquired Japanese encephalitis virus in Australia, January 2021-June 2022: a national case series.","authors":"Amanda Reyes Veliz, Stacey Kane, Anna Glynn-Robinson","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and methods: </strong>In March 2022, an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection was identified in temperate south-eastern Australia, with detections in humans and animals. The unexpected emergence of JEV prompted a national public health response and a Communicable Disease Incident of National Significance was declared. JEV has previously only been identified in tropical north-eastern Australia in localised outbreaks. This article provides a descriptive analysis of the human case epidemiology of the national outbreak from 1 January 2021 to 30 June 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 42 confirmed and probable human cases of JEV identified as acquired in Australia between 1 January 2021 and 30 June 2022. Seven deaths occurred (case fatality rate: 17%). Cases were identified in five Australian jurisdictions (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory). The majority of cases were aged 60 years and over (55%; 23/42), with a median age of 61.5 years (range: 0-79 years; interquartile range: 45-70 years); cases were predominantly of non-Indigenous status (90%; 38/42). Sixty-seven percent (28/42) were male. Of the cases with geographical data available (n = 41), all were likely exposed to the virus in 31 unique local government areas across regional and remote Australia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cases were detected across Australia in five jurisdictions, requiring a national public health response, to detect and prevent further cases. There was widespread geographical distribution over 18 months. Given the risk of further cases and possible endemicity of JEV being established in Australia, expanded environmental and human surveillance programs are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Program, 1 April to 30 June 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sebastiaan van Hal, Sonya Natasha Hutabarat, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Australian National Neisseria Network (NNN) comprises reference laboratories in each state and territory that report data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing to an agreed group of antimicrobial agents for the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP). The AGSP data are presented quarterly in tabulated form, as well as in the AGSP annual report. This report presents national gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance data from 1 April to 30 June 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the Murray region, New South Wales: a public health investigation.","authors":"Gamuchirai M Shava, Katherine Todd, Tracey Oakman, Saifur Rahman, Linda Hueston, Keira Glasgow, April Roberts-Witteveen","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in pigs, at four piggeries in the Murray region in February 2022, prompted a public health investigation (PHI) by the New South Wales Department of Health (NSW Health) to identify people at greatest risk of infection. The PHI included three components: a vaccination clinic and accompanying clinic questionnaire; a serological investigation; and a cross-sectional study for consenting Australian-born participants who completed an extended questionnaire after receiving their serological results. The goals were to vaccinate a presumably naïve population to reduce associated risk and to understand the seroprevalence among Australian-born piggery workers. A total of 322 farm workers and/or residents attended clinics organised by NSW Health; 311 received a JEV vaccine (96.6%); and 302 (94%) completed a clinic questionnaire. Of 178 people from whom serology was collected (55.3%), a total of 165 returned Defined Epitope Blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DEB ELISA) results; 153/165 of those returning DEB ELISA results were Australian born. The study's cross-sectional component involved 129 participants, ten of whom were seropositive. The overall seropositivity for 153 Australian-born participants across the identified piggeries was 6.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.4-12.0%), suggesting that JEV was circulating in piggeries, and plausibly more broadly, within the Murray region prior to serology collection. Male sex and working on, or visiting, a farm other than their regular workplace were both associated with JEV seropositivity (odds ratio [OR]: 5.4; 95% CI: 0.94-137.1 and OR: 37; 95% CI: 0.92-22.08 respectively). JEV vaccination uptake was high among piggery workers in the Murray region. Further studies are needed to determine if piggery workers have an increased risk of developing JEV compared to people who do not work or live on JEV-affected piggeries. The reasons for the emergence of JEV in pigs in the Murray region remain unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}