Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)最新文献

{"title":"Australian Trachoma Surveillance Report update: 2014-2022.","authors":"Alison Jaworski, Carleigh Cowling, Gordana C Popovic, Absar Noorul, Sergio Sandler, Susana Vaz Nery, John Kaldor","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.006","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Australia is the only high-income country where trachoma has been endemic, defined as an overall trachoma prevalence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 5-9 years of 5% or more. The Australian Government funds the National Trachoma Surveillance and Reporting Unit to collate and analyse trachoma prevalence data and control strategies annually. This report presents data submitted from 2014 to 2022. In 2022, there were 87 remote communities considered at-risk of endemic trachoma, a decline of 51% since 2014 when 177 communities were considered at-risk. World Health Organization grading criteria are used to diagnose trachoma in at-risk populations. Overall prevalence, which includes estimates from all communities ever considered at-risk, fell below 5% endemicity thresholds for the first time in 2022 in Western Australia (2.9%), the Northern Territory (2.1%), New South Wales (0.5%), and in Queensland and South Australia (0.0% each). New cases of trachomatous trichiasis-a severe consequence of trachoma that causes blindness-were detected in eight out of 10,806 persons, aged 15 years and over, screened in 2022. Jurisdictional trichiasis prevalence was 0.2% in Western and South Australia and 0.0% in the Northern Territory. Australia must maintain overall trachoma and trichiasis prevalence below endemicity levels for a further two years before applying for World Health Organization validation of elimination of trachoma as a public health problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 April to 30 June 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sonya Natasha Hutabarat, Sebastiaan van Hal, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2025.49.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2025.49.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Erratum to <i>Commun Dis Intell (2018)</i> 2024;48. (doi: 10.33321/cdi.2024.48.54).</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"49 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Enterococcal Surveillance Outcome Program (AESOP) Bloodstream Infection Annual Report 2023.","authors":"Geoffrey W Coombs, Denise A Daley, Princy Shoby, Auriane Form, Shakeel Mowlaboccus","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.56","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>From 1 January to 31 December 2023, fifty-six institutions across Australia participated in the Australian Enterococcal Surveillance Outcome Program (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2023 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to determine the <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> molecular epidemiology. Of the 1,599 unique episodes of enterococcal bacteraemia investigated, 92.9% were caused by either <i>E. faecalis</i> (51.8%) or <i>E. faecium</i> (41.1%). Ampicillin and vancomycin resistance were not detected in <i>E. faecalis</i> but were detected in 94.2% and 50.8% of <i>E. faecium</i> respectively. Two linezolid-resistant <i>E. faecalis</i> were identified in 2023. Both isolates had linezolid minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 6.0 mg/L, were vancomycin susceptible, and harboured the <i>optrA</i> gene. Overall, 53.2% of <i>E. faecium</i> harboured either the <i>vanA</i> or the <i>vanB</i> gene; of these, 27.3% harboured <i>vanA</i>, 72.1% harboured <i>vanB</i>, and 0.6% harboured <i>vanA</i> and <i>vanB</i>. The percentage of vancomycin-resistant <i>E. faecium</i> bacteraemia isolates in Australia remains substantially higher than that recorded in most European countries. The <i>E. faecium</i> isolates consisted of 58 multi-locus sequence types (STs); 85.7% of isolates were classified into seven major STs, each containing ten or more isolates. All major STs belonged to clonal complex (CC) 17, a global hospital-adapted polyclonal <i>E. faecium</i> CC. The major STs (ST78, ST1424, ST17, ST80, ST796, ST1421 and ST555) were found across most regions of Australia, with ST78 identified in all regions. Overall, 58.3% of isolates belonging to the seven major STs harboured the <i>vanA</i> or <i>vanB</i> gene. AESOP 2023 has shown that enterococcal bacteraemia episodes in Australia continues to be frequently caused by polyclonal ampicillin-resistant high-level gentamicin-resistant <i>vanA</i>- or <i>vanB</i>-positive <i>E. faecium</i> which have limited treatment options.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Program (ASSOP) Bloodstream Infection Annual Report 2023.","authors":"Geoffrey W Coombs, Denise A Daley, Princy Shoby, Sruthi Mamoottil Sudeep, Shakeel Mowlaboccus","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.57","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract: &lt;/strong&gt;From 1 January to 31 December 2023, fifty-seven institutions across Australia participated in the Australian &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; Surveillance Outcome Program (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2023 was to determine the proportion of &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on methicillin resistance, and to characterise the methicillin-resistant &lt;i&gt;S. aureus&lt;/i&gt; (MRSA) molecular epidemiology. A total of 3,422 SAB episodes were reported, of which 77.0% were community-onset. Overall, 16.1% of &lt;i&gt;S, aureus&lt;/i&gt; were methicillin resistant. The 30-day all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-resistant SAB was 14.8%, which was not significantly different to the 16.5% all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-susceptible SAB (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.44). With the exception of the β-lactams and erythromycin, antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-susceptible &lt;i&gt;S, aureus&lt;/i&gt; (MSSA) was infrequent. However, in addition to the β-lactams, approximately 33% of MRSA were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 30% to erythromycin; 13% to tetracycline; 13% to gentamicin; and 3% to co-trimoxazole. Two New South Wales daptomycin-resistant MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.0 and 4.0 mg/L, were identified as ST22-IV, with a V351E &lt;i&gt;mprF&lt;/i&gt; mutation, and ST45-V with a T345I &lt;i&gt;mprF&lt;/i&gt; mutation respectively. Three daptomycin-resistant MSSA were identified. One from Tasmania, with a daptomycin MIC of 1.5 mg/L, identified as ST9295 with a L341I &lt;i&gt;mprF&lt;/i&gt; mutation; one from New South Wales, with a daptomycin MIC of 3.0 mg/L, identified as ST97 with a L776S &lt;i&gt;mprF&lt;/i&gt; mutation; and one from Western Australia, with a daptomycin MIC of 2.0 mg/L, identified as ST5. No previously reported mutations in known loci were detected in the Western Australian isolate. When applying the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoints, teicoplanin resistance was detected in three MSSA isolates and one MRSA isolate. Vancomycin or linezolid resistance was not detected. Resistance to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was largely attributable to the healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clone ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15), and the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone ST45-V [5C2&5] which has acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15) was the predominant HA-MRSA clone in Australia. Overall, 85% of methicillin-resistant SAB were caused by community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clones. Although polyclonal, approximately 70.3% of CA-MRSA clones were characterised as ST93-IV [2B] (Queensland clone); ST5-IV [2B]; ST1-IV [2B]; ST45-V [5C2&5]; ST30-IV [2B]; ST8-IV [2B]; ST6-IV [2B]; ST97-IV [2B]; and ST953-IV [2B]. As CA-MRSA is well established in the Australian community, it is important to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in commu","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An outbreak of dengue virus type 3 on Mer Island in the Torres Strait, Australia in 2024.","authors":"A Hempenstall, A Pyke, C Taunton, U Sabatino, S Kaigey, E Pickering, G Ehlers, M O Muzari, J Davis, C Paton, C Taylor, A van den Hurk, G Hewitson, S Schlebusch, J Hanson","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.63","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In early 2024, there were eight confirmed cases of locally acquired dengue on Mer Island in the Torres Strait. This dengue outbreak prompted an in-community public health response which included active case finding, health promotion and vector control. This was the first detected dengue outbreak in the Torres Strait since 2017. It highlights the importance of testing in primary healthcare, vector control and ongoing public health surveillance to minimise the risk of local transmission and establishment of endemic viruses which may cause significant and potentially life-threatening disease within populations in northern Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2023.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, C R Robert George, Sebastiaan van Hal, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.52","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In Australia, both probable and laboratory-confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) are reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). When compared to 2022, the number of IMD notifications in 2023 increased by 14% to 143. Laboratory confirmation of IMD occurred in 140/143 (98%) of these cases, with 64% (90/140) diagnosed by bacterial culture and 36% (50/140) by nucleic acid amplification testing. The serogroup was determined for 96% of laboratory-confirmed cases (134/140): serogroup B (MenB) accounted for 84% of infections (112/134); MenW for 8% (11/134); MenY for 8% (11/134). There were no infections attributed to MenC disease. Fine typing was available on 75% of the cases for which the serogroup was determined (100/134). In MenB isolates, 25 <i>porA</i> types were detected, the most prevalent of which were P1.7-2,4 (32%; 26/82), P1.7,16-26 (16%; 13/82) and P1.22,14 (9%; 7/82). All eight typed MenW infections identified as <i>porA</i> type P1.5,2, with two different multi-locus sequence types (MLST) present: ST-11 (5) and ST-1287 (3) from the clonal complex 11, the hypervirulent strain reported in outbreaks in Australia and overseas. In MenY, the predominant <i>porA</i> type was P1.5-1,10-1 (90%; 9/10), ST-1655 and from clonal complex 23. Peaks of IMD occurred in children aged less than 5 years and in those aged 15-24 years, accounting for 21% (30/140) and 26% (37/140) of laboratory-confirmed cases respectively. In children aged under 5 years, 93% of IMD (27/29) was MenB; in those aged 15-24 years, 97% of IMD (36/37) was MenB, with serogroup not determined for one case in each of these age groups. Of note, 14-15% of IMD occurred in each of the older age groups reported: adults 25-44 years (14%, 19/140), 45-64 years (14%, 20/140), and in those aged 65 years and older (15%, 21/140). Whilst MenB predominated in all age groups, the majority of MenY and MenW IMD cases were reported in adults aged 45 years and older. All cultured IMD isolates (n = 90) had antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were reported using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) interpretative criteria: 9% (8/90) were defined as penicillin resistant (MIC value: ≥ 0.5 mg/L); 71% (64/90) had intermediate susceptibility to penicillin (MIC values: 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L) and 20% (18/90) were susceptible to penicillin (MIC values: ≤ 0.064 mg/L). All isolates tested susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measles secondary vaccine failure in a childcare setting: an outbreak report.","authors":"Donna Barnekow, Debbie Neucom, Wendy Tout, Dustylee Williams, Michael J Thomas, Sanmarié Schlebusch, Alyssa Pyke, Madisen S Roser, Isaac Tranter, Amalie Dyda, Colleen L Lau, Nicolas R Smoll","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Sunshine Coast Public Health Unit (SCPHU) identified a measles case in a childcare educator (CE) with secondary vaccine failure (SVF). The CE had been exposed to a confirmed measles case in a hospital emergency department and later developed symptoms including fever, cough, malaise, and a rash. Diagnostic tests confirmed measles virus infection. Sunshine Coast Public Health Unit (SCPHU) implemented control measures including contact tracing, vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, and quarantine for susceptible contacts. Out of 372 identified contacts, 72 were identified as susceptible, all of whom were infants and children. Despite the CE having close contact to all susceptible infants and children, no onward transmission occurred. This suggests that SVF cases pose a lower risk of spreading measles compared to immunologically naïve individuals. This report highlights the importance of prioritising immunologically naïve cases in outbreak responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 April to 30 June 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sonya Natasha Hutabarat, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) report data on the number of cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and molecular based techniques. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of case numbers of IMD by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known and expanded in 2024 to include antimicrobial resistance data for ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. A full analysis of laboratory confirmations of IMD in each calendar year is contained in the AMSP annual reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Never waste a measles outbreak.","authors":"David N Durrheim","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.62","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This editorial focuses on the instructive value of carefully investigated measles outbreaks with reference to the outbreak report, also published today in CDI (doi: /10.33321/cdi.2024.48.61), documenting an apparent measles secondary vaccine failure affecting a Sunshine Coast childcare facility with no ongoing transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Surveillance Australia: Reporting period 1 January to 31 March 2024.","authors":"Monica M Lahra, Sonya Natasha Hutabarat, Tiffany R Hogan","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2024.48.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2024.48.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) report data on the number of cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and molecular based techniques. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of case numbers of IMD by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known and expanded in 2024 to include antimicrobial resistance data for ceftriaxone, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. A full analysis of laboratory confirmations of IMD in each calendar year is contained in the AMSP annual reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":36867,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)","volume":"48 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}