Temperature最新文献

{"title":"About the cover.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1972637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1972637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 3","pages":"W1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8409748/pdf/KTMP_8_1972637.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39453111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposed framework for forecasting heat-effects on motor-cognitive performance in the Summer Olympics.","authors":"Jacob Feder Piil,&nbsp;Boris Kingma,&nbsp;Nathan B Morris,&nbsp;Lasse Christiansen,&nbsp;Leonidas G Ioannou,&nbsp;Andreas D Flouris,&nbsp;Lars Nybo","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1957367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1957367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heat strain impairs performance across a broad spectrum of sport disciplines. The impeding effects of hyperthermia and dehydration are often ascribed to compromised cardiovascular and muscular functioning, but expert performance also depends on appropriately tuned sensory, motor and cognitive processes. Considering that hyperthermia has implications for central nervous system (CNS) function and fatigue, it is highly relevant to analyze how heat stress forecasted for the upcoming Olympics may influence athletes. This paper proposes and demonstrates the use of a framework combining expected weather conditions with a heat strain and motor-cognitive model to analyze the impact of heat and associated factors on discipline- and scenario-specific performances during the Tokyo 2021 games. We pinpoint that hyperthermia-induced central fatigue may affect prolonged performances and analyze how hyperthermia may impair complex motor-cognitive performance, especially when accompanied by either moderate dehydration or exposure to severe solar radiation. Interestingly, several short explosive performances may benefit from faster cross-bridge contraction velocities at higher muscle temperatures in sport disciplines with little or no negative heat-effect on CNS fatigue or motor-cognitive performance. In the analyses of scenarios and Olympic sport disciplines, we consider thermal impacts on \"motor-cognitive factors\" such as decision-making, maximal and fine motor-activation as well as the influence on central fatigue and pacing. From this platform, we also provide perspectives on how athletes and coaches can identify risks for their event and potentially mitigate negative motor-cognitive effects for and optimize performance in the environmental settings projected.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 3","pages":"262-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4b/69/KTMP_8_1957367.PMC8409751.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39389504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bracing for heat and humidity amidst new challenges in Tokyo: Comment on: Vanos JK, Thomas WM, Grundstein AJ, Hosokawa Y, Liu Y, Casa DJ. A multi-scalar climatological analysis in preparation for extreme heat at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Temperature 2020;7(2):191-214, DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1737479.","authors":"Jennifer K Vanos,&nbsp;Wendy Marie Thomas,&nbsp;Andy Grundstein,&nbsp;Yuri Hosokawa,&nbsp;Doug Casa","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1960104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1960104","url":null,"abstract":"After a year-long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Tokyo 2020 is set to begin. Extreme heat in Tokyo and its impending challenges to athletes, volunteers, and spectators has been covered extensively in the literature in recent years [1,2]. Among these studies, few have drawn upon large-scale atmospheric patterns and intraurban climatology that help us answer the question “just how hot and humid could it be across and within the city?” compared to the climatological “normal” for Tokyo. Our recent article published in Temperature [3] focused on the multi-scalar heat challenges that will impact Tokyo’s weather at the Games––planetary atmospheric dynamics to intra-urban temperature variability––for the year 2020. However, with the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic and one-year postponement of the Games, we would like to take this opportunity to provide an update on the atmospheric-ocean dynamics affecting Tokyo in summer 2021, and what these changes (as well as new COVID-precautions) mean for preparedness efforts for the athletes, coaches, clinicians, and volunteers (note: spectators are not allowed and are therefore not a concern). With a focus on the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), our 2020 paper assessed how summertime ENSO conditions affected Tokyo’s summertime wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) using 35 years of data from 1981–2016. Depending on the atmospheric patterns within/over the Pacific Ocean, the summertime WBGT levels in Tokyo can vary by 3.95°C [3]. In late summer 2020, neutral ENSO conditions were present; last summer was warmer than average by +0.27°C across Japan according to the Japan Meteorological Association (https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/ products/gwp/temp/jun_wld.html). These neutral conditions were followed by a negative phase La Niña throughout the boreal autumn and winter. The ENSO pattern shifted back to a neutral phase in summer 2021, which is favored to remain all summer in the northern hemisphere [4]. Based on our work, there was only one year (1986, Quartile 3) where La Niña preceded a neutral year. This quartile represents WBGT levels in the second-highest quartile, with an average daytime WBGT of 28.1°C (range: 29.7–28.2°C) [3]. Moreover, this occurred in a period (pre-1990s) when the ENSO teleconnections (ability to influence weather in other areas) differed. Thus, there is no climatological analogy from which to extrapolate a possible pattern. In this case, standard local climatology may be the best guide, particularly because neutral conditions cause temperatures, winds, and rainfall in the tropical Pacific region to be near their long-term averages. With respect to sea surface temperatures in the Tokyo region, these temperatures are expected to be 0.5–1.0°C (July–Sept) above normal based on the APEC climate center multi-model deterministic forecast (www.apcc21.org/main.do) (note: for the Tokyo area, average water temperatures are 25.7°C for August). Hence, water temperatures for water events should remai","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 3","pages":"206-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478335/pdf/KTMP_8_1960104.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39474666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and thermoregulation of Dutch Olympic and Paralympic athletes exercising in the heat: Rationale and design of the Thermo Tokyo study: The journal <i>Temperature</i> toolbox.","authors":"Johannus Q de Korte,&nbsp;Coen C W G Bongers,&nbsp;Maria T E Hopman,&nbsp;Lennart P J Teunissen,&nbsp;Kaspar M B Jansen,&nbsp;Boris R M Kingma,&nbsp;Sam B Ballak,&nbsp;Kamiel Maase,&nbsp;Maarten H Moen,&nbsp;Jan-Willem van Dijk,&nbsp;Hein A M Daanen,&nbsp;Thijs M H Eijsvogels","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1925618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1925618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The environmental conditions during the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games are expected to be challenging, which increases the risk for participating athletes to develop heat-related illnesses and experience performance loss. To allow safe and optimal exercise performance of Dutch elite athletes, the Thermo Tokyo study aimed to determine thermoregulatory responses and performance loss among elite athletes during exercise in the heat, and to identify personal, sports-related, and environmental factors that contribute to the magnitude of these outcomes. For this purpose, Dutch Olympic and Paralympic athletes performed two personalized incremental exercise tests in simulated control (15°C, relative humidity (RH) 50%) and Tokyo (32°C, RH 75%) conditions, during which exercise performance and (thermo)physiological parameters were obtained. Thereafter, athletes were invited for an additional visit to conduct anthropometric, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and 3D scan measurements. Collected data also served as input for a thermophysiological computer simulation model to estimate the impact of a wider range of environmental conditions on thermoregulatory responses. Findings of this study can be used to inform elite athletes and their coaches on how heat impacts their individual (thermo)physiological responses and, based on these data, advise which personalized countermeasures (i.e. heat acclimation, cooling interventions, rehydration plan) can be taken to allow safe and maximal performance in the challenging environmental conditions of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 3","pages":"209-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2021.1925618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39389501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers.","authors":"Beau R Yurkevicius,&nbsp;Billie K Alba,&nbsp;Afton D Seeley,&nbsp;John W Castellani","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1903145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1903145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Habituation is an adaptation seen in many organisms, defined by a reduction in the response to repeated stimuli. Evolutionarily, habituation is thought to benefit the organism by allowing conservation of metabolic resources otherwise spent on sub-lethal provocations including repeated cold exposure. Hypermetabolic and/or insulative adaptations may occur after prolonged and severe cold exposures, resulting in enhanced cold defense mechanisms such as increased thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction, respectively. Habituation occurs prior to these adaptations in response to short duration mild cold exposures, and, perhaps counterintuitively, elicits a reduction in cold defense mechanisms demonstrated through higher skin temperatures, attenuated shivering, and reduced cold sensations. These habituated responses likely serve to preserve peripheral tissue temperature and conserve energy during non-life threatening cold stress. The purpose of this review is to define habituation in general terms, present evidence for the response in non-human species, and provide an up-to-date, critical examination of past studies and the potential physiological mechanisms underlying human cold habituation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in this area of study and promote further experiments to understand this physiological adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":" ","pages":"122-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2021.1903145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40358852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the cover.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1922246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1922246","url":null,"abstract":"The famous painting by Henry Fuseli portrays a dreaming (in REM sleep) woman and also the content of her nightmare: a demonic, apelike incubus crouched on her abdomen... What are the functions of REM sleep? What happens if a person (or an animal) is deprived of REM sleep? Samuel Wanner (corresponding author) and his colleagues at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, studied the effect of selective deprivation from REM sleep on aerobic exercise performance in rats; the authors’ report concludes this issue of Temperature.","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 2","pages":"W1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2021.1922246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39000592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot head-out water immersion does not acutely alter dynamic cerebral autoregulation or cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia.","authors":"Morgan L Worley,&nbsp;Emma L Reed,&nbsp;Paul J Kueck,&nbsp;Jacqueline Dirr,&nbsp;Nathan Klaes,&nbsp;Zachary J Schlader,&nbsp;Blair D Johnson","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1894067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1894067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurring hot head-out water immersion (HOWI) enhances peripheral vascular function and cerebral blood velocity during non-immersion conditions. However, it is unknown if an acute bout of hot HOWI alters cerebrovascular function. Using two experimental studies, we tested the hypotheses that dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) are improved during an acute bout of hot (HOT; 39 °C) vs. thermoneutral (TN; 35 °C) HOWI. Eighteen healthy participants (eight females) completed the dCA study, and 14 participants (6 females) completed the CVR study. Both studies consisted of two randomized (TNdCA vs. HOTdCA; TNCVR vs. HOTCVR) 45minute HOWI visits. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAvmean) was continuously recorded. dCA was assessed using a respiratory impedance device and analyzed via transfer gain and phase in the low-frequency band. CVR was assessed using stepped hypercapnia. Assessments were completed PRE and 30 minutes into HOWI. Values are reported as a change (Δ) from PRE (mean ± SD). There were no differences at PRE for either study. ΔMCAvmean was greater in TNdCA (TNdCA: 4 ± 4 vs. HOTdCA: -3 ± 5 cm/s; P < 0.01) and TNCVR (TNCVR: 5 ± 4 vs. HOTCVR: -1 ± 6 cm/s; P < 0.01) during HOWI. ΔGain was greater in HOTdCA during HOWI (TNdCA: -0.09 ± 0.15 vs. HOTdCA: 0.10 ± 0.17 cm/s/mmHg; P = 0.04). ΔPhase (P > 0.84) and ΔCVR (P > 0.94) were not different between conditions. These data indicate that hot and thermoneutral water immersion do not acutely alter cerebrovascular function in healthy, young adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 4","pages":"381-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2021.1894067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39721983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the cover.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2021.1875177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1875177","url":null,"abstract":"Géricault chose to paint a scene from a recent tragedy, the sinking of the French ship Méduse in 1816, and the plight of the survivors, who, left to their own devices, succumbed to cannibalism, dehydration, and insanity as their numbers shrunk from an initial 150 passengers to the final fifteen who were discovered by accident two weeks later. The finished canvas measured a giant 16’ by 23.5’ and was eventually purchased by the Louvre shortly after the artist’s death in 1824. The community of 100 Mile House has been ravaged itself, if somewhat slower and less dramatically than the passengers of the raft, by downturns in the cattle and forestry industries.","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 1","pages":"W1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2021.1875177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25344684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of sweat sample storage condition on sweat content.","authors":"Lisa Klous,&nbsp;Mireille Folkerts,&nbsp;Hein Daanen,&nbsp;Nicola Gerrett","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2020.1867294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2020.1867294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to time and logistical constraints sweat samples cannot always be analyzed immediately. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of storage temperature and duration on sweat electrolyte and metabolite concentrations. Twelve participants cycled for 60 min at 40 W.m^-2 in 33°C and 65% RH. Using the absorbent patch technique, six sweat samples were collected from the posterior torso. Sweat from the six samples was mixed, divided again over six samples and placed in sealed vials. Sweat sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and urea concentrations in one sample were determined immediately. Two samples were stored at room temperature (~25°C, 42% RH) for 7 and 28 days respectively. The remaining samples were frozen at -20°C for 1 h, 7 or 28 days respectively before analysis. Sweat sodium, chloride, potassium and urea concentrations were not affected by storage temperature and duration. Sweat lactate decreased (-1.8 ± 1.8 mmol.L^-1, P = 0.007) and ammonia concentrations increased (5.1 ± 3.9 mmol.L^-1, P = 0.017) after storage for 28 days at 25°C only. The storage temperature and duration did not affect sodium, chloride, potassium and urea concentrations. However, sweat samples should not be stored for longer than 7 days at 25°C to obtain reliable sweat lactate and ammonia concentrations. When samples are frozen at -20°C, the storage duration could be extended to 28 days for these components.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 3","pages":"254-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2020.1867294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39389502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American football uniforms elicit thermoregulatory failure during a heat tolerance test.","authors":"Ethan D Launstein,&nbsp;Kevin C Miller,&nbsp;Paul O'Connor,&nbsp;William M Adams,&nbsp;Megan L Abrego","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2020.1855958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2020.1855958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Israeli Defense Force's heat tolerance test (HTT) helps clinicians make return-to-activity decisions following exertional heatstroke. Participants fail the test and are \"heat intolerant\" if rectal temperature (T_REC) or heart rate (HR) exceed 38.5°C or 150 bpm, respectively. Ideally, tests assessing athlete heat tolerance would incorporate sport-specific factors (e.g., protective equipment). Because few clothes are worn during a HTT, its ability to assess American football players' heat tolerance may be limited. We hypothesized wearing an American football uniform (PADS) during a HTT would lead to more classifications of heat intolerance. In this randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study, 10 men without recent exertional heat illness (age: 23 ± 3 y; mass: 78.5 ± 10.3 kg; height: 179.6 ± 7.6 cm) completed a standard HTT (CONTROL) or an HTT with PADS donned. T_REC and HR were monitored continuously for 2 hours or until T_REC reached 39.5°C. We noted when HTT failure criteria occurred. All participants failed the HTT in PADS (n = 2, T_REC >38.5°C; n = 8, HR >150 bpm); 5 failed in CONTROL (n = 1, T_REC >38.5°C; n = 4, HR >150 bpm). Participants completed more of the HTT before failure in CONTROL than PADS (61.7 ± 23.5 min vs. 43.4 ± 14.2 min; t₉ = 1.9, <i>P</i> =.04). The HTT cannot be made more sport-specific by simply donning PADS because PADS impaired thermoregulatory ability and produced more false positive HTT results. Consequently, the HTT should not be the sole determinant of an American football players return-to-activity following heat illness. New methods of testing heat tolerance in American football players are needed since the existing HTT is not sport specific.ABBREVIATIONS: EHS: exertional heatstroke; HR: heart rate; HTT: The Israeli Defense Force's heat tolerance test; PADS: full American football uniform consisting of a helmet; shoulder, knee, thigh, hip and tailbone pads; a jersey top; undergarments; and half-length pants; PHT: probability of heat tolerance; RMANOVA: repeated measures analysis of variance; RPE: rating of perceived exertion; RTP: return to play; TCR: thermal-circulatory ratio; T_REC: rectal temperature; VO_2max: maximal oxygen consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"8 3","pages":"245-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23328940.2020.1855958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39453112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}