Global Bioethics最新文献

{"title":"Disclosure of insurability risks in research and clinical consent forms","authors":"S. Salman, Ida Ngueng Feze, Y. Joly","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2016.1183442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2016.1183442","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Genetic testing results and research findings raise concerns about access to genetic information by insurers. Recently, the Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association reaffirmed its prerogative to request, for underwriting purposes, the disclosure of clinical and research genetic test results if the participant/patient or his physician has knowledge of the results. Studies have shown that access to genetic information to determine insurability can, in limited instances, lead to actual, or fear of, genetic discrimination, result in individuals refusing to undergo testing or declining participation in genomic research, and being asked to pay higher premiums or denied access to certain types of insurance. Obtaining informed consent for genetic testing and genomic research is crucial and should take into account the potential need to disclose possible insurability risks to patients and participants. Our study analyzed clinical and research consent forms, templates and guidelines from Quebec to investigate two questions: (1) whether consent forms include clauses providing information on potential insurability risks and (2) when such potential risks are included, what information is provided and how it is formulated. Our findings show that current information on insurability risks in Quebec’s forms/guidelines lack coherence, potentially resulting in patients/participants receiving inconsistent information.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"27 1","pages":"38 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2016.1183442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“There are many eggs in my body”: medical markets and commodified bodies in India","authors":"Sunita Reddy, T. Patel","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1112625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1112625","url":null,"abstract":"With breakthroughs in science and reproductive technologies, “natural” birthing has undergone change due to the “assisted” use of conceptive technologies. Bodies and their parts have become commodities, to be sold and purchased in medical markets. In the literature, there have been numerous debates on commercialization and commodification, which have addressed the biopolitical and bioethical aspects of organ, egg and sperm donations, and gestational commercial surrogacy. This paper examines the everyday experiences of surrogates and egg donors, coerced and enticed into selling their reproductive services (for familial and socio-economic reasons), which become commodities for the larger medical markets of India's In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) industry. Based on a qualitative study of 4 IVF clinics and 28 surrogates in a state capital city of a southern state in India, this paper addresses the issue of commodification of women's bodies, where the women from lower socio-economic families are either lured or pushed to respond to the demands of reproductive markets. However, legal gestational commercial surrogacy in India, without clear laws and regulations to guide it, is a complex issue and raises many bioethical concerns. This paper limits itself to addressing the commodification of surrogates’ bodies.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"218 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1112625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social determinants of health inequalities: moving toward a socio-constructivist model supported by information and communication technologies","authors":"Ivana Matteucci","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1101213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1101213","url":null,"abstract":"There is a proven connection between an individual's social condition and his/her life expectancy and likelihood of contracting diseases. Indeed, a large body of scientific evidence shows that social inequalities, in particular, are the main “cause” of harm to health. The interpretation provided by the theory of specific determinants, according to which health inequalities are caused by lifestyles and a propensity for unhealthy behaviors, has contributed greatly to focusing scholars’ attention on social contexts, believed to influence an individual's inclination/exposure to risk, and therefore, health inequalities. Nevertheless, the theory of the social determinants of health provides a very rigid representation of the factors responsible for health, which are placed in categories with varying levels of centrality. In short, the theory sets out a hierarchy that goes from the general to the particular, with the more external layers (socio-cultural conditions and environmental context) influencing the internal layers (genetic and biological factors), but not vice versa. Reciprocal influences among the factors are excluded, as are interactions among the processes that put subjects at risk or protect them. The adopted explicative model is linear, reductionist, and based on a cause-and-effect relationship. However, today we know that interactions between the body, individual, and society are difficult to reconcile with a deterministic view of social inequalities in health; hence, there appears to be an urgent need to formulate hypotheses and develop approaches based on complex strategies regarding the construction of reality. This article sets out a pathway that, starting from the theory of the social determinants of health, goes on to show the necessity of a socio-constructivist approach supported by information and communication technologies. Moreover, it outlines the preconditions of a culture – and communication-based intervention model that can aid institutions in making choices in the field of social architecture that can reduce health inequalities.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"206 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1101213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial replacement therapy and parenthood","authors":"M. Garasic, D. Sperling","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1066082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1066082","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2015 has been a decisive year for the future of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) – at least in the Western world. Currently, the UK and the US governments are undergoing a process of ethical and scientific evaluation of the technique to decide whether to allow its implementation or not. MRT requires the fusion of the DNA of three parents (although of a minimal percentage in the case of one of the two female genitors) into an embryo – and this creates a number of worries as to what this scientific innovation will lead to. These worries might be well placed and worthy of consideration, but not on the grounds presented by some opponents. In this paper, we will analyse a recent European Union (EU) petition that urged the UK government (but which could be applied to the US government as well) to refrain from legalising MRT, stressing that other techniques, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), already have a more direct eugenic potential than MRT. Although the UK Parliament recently voted in favour of MRT, an analysis of the EU petition can nonetheless still contribute to understanding some of the key aspects of the debate. Our conclusion is that what seems to be really at stake, instead, is whether or not we are willing to reconceptualise our notion of parenthood as something not necessarily binominal and genetically related.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"198 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1066082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rediscovery of Potterian bioethics","authors":"Teodoro Brescia","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1034472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1034472","url":null,"abstract":"In 1927, Fritz Jahr coined the term “bioethics” to indicate an “environmental ethics based on biopsychics”. In 1970, Van Rensselaer Potter (without knowing Jahr) also coined the term “bioethics” to indicate a “new global ethics based on biology”. As the same Potter wrote, after 1971 “in the USA there was an immediate explosion of the use of the word bioethics” but with a completely different meaning which became dominant and spread worldwide. He went on to say, “their [the public's] image of bioethics delayed the [global] emergence of what now exists”. Elsewhere I have analyzed how this happened, here I analyze why.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"190 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1034472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where will I plant my potatoes? Development and the power to decide","authors":"D. Billings","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1035525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1035525","url":null,"abstract":"“Development” all over the world has been thrust upon unwilling victims. In some cases, well-meaning researchers have tried to engage local owners in “participatory” projects where indigenous knowledge is invited to lead efforts to increase a reliable food supply and provide some of the benefits of a cash economy. Unfortunately, the clear assertions of local people, anthropologists, nongovernmental organizations, and common sense have rarely held out against the power of corporations. In this paper I look at examples, some that bring despair and others that give hope to people trying to maintain not only their identities but also their lives.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"107 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1035525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban poor, economic opportunities and sustainable development through traditional knowledge and practices","authors":"S. Chaudhuri","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037141","url":null,"abstract":"The population of a city grows through birth as well as migration. The economy has not been able to provide employment and an income for the vast majority of rural migrants, including the urban poor. Significantly, a large number of urban poor work in the informal sector as they have less skill, less education and less capital. In many developing countries, including India, due to the fast pace of urbanization, many rural areas are gradually becoming part of urban areas, where urban amenities are lacking and open spaces, cultivable lands and water bodies remain, at least in the initial stages of urbanization. Due to growing environmental concerns, there is often a demand to preserve such open spaces to protect the environment. This provides an opportunity for some people to earn a livelihood by following traditional occupations like agriculture and thereby providing fresh vegetables for the urban population. However, these people do not enjoy some of the urban amenities and continue to be connected to the rural world through visits, remittances and social, cultural and economic networks, sometimes recruiting people from their rural areas. Thus, the indigenous, traditional knowledge of cultivation and its practice in urban areas, not only helps a group of people, the poor, to survive in urban situations but it also helps to achieve sustainable development with better environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"86 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rights of indigenous peoples under international law","authors":"J. S. Phillips","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1036514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1036514","url":null,"abstract":"International law guarantees rights to indigenous peoples regarding traditional lands, knowledge, cultural preservation, and human security. This paper will examine the sources of these rights and legal remedies for violations of law. Protection of indigenous peoples’ cultures and resources contribute to the protection of the global environment.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"120 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1036514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assertions of cultural autonomy: indigenous Maori knowledge in New Zealand's community-based Maungatautari Eco-island project","authors":"Matthew Harms","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1039249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039249","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes, situates and evaluates the use of indigenous knowledge by local Maori stakeholders in the Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust and project, a multi-stakeholder community-based biodiversity conservation project located on New Zealand's North Island. Local Maori groups known as Mana Whenua (subtribes with ancestral rights to certain lands) connect through ancestral and tribal ties to Maungatautari, a prominent mountain in the Waikato region and site of the project. They have with varying success asserted cultural rights and sought for inclusion of cultural protocols and indigenous knowledge. In conjunction with the pursuit of their Waitangi Treaty claim for lost land and rights, this has further (re)constructed and crystallised notions of culture and identity for them. These efforts have and will continue to provide leveraging power to Mana Whenua within the project, which enables them to implement their cultural knowledge and protocols in a “culturally safe” and inclusive multi-stakeholder partnership; accentuate their sociocultural uniqueness from other New Zealanders; and contribute on their own terms to the development of Maungatautari as a compelling ecotourism site and a globally significant biodiversity conservation reserve.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"145 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space and time in West Guadalcanal: a political economy","authors":"David C. Ryniker","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037079","url":null,"abstract":"In Guadalcanal, regular contact with European traders beginning in the early 1800s initiated a profound shift in the nature of settlement, a reconfiguration in the pattern of life and a reorientation of economic practices away from the bush and towards the coast. The Vaturanga have come to use directional markers to explain the changes they have experienced as a result of pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial processes. These include east and west, but are more pronounced in the usage of tasi (towards the sea) and longa (towards the bush). These directions have come to represent change not only in space but in understanding time. The main issues relevant to this are land claims, rights, exchange patterns and notions of identity. The Vaturanga assert ideas about space in order to resist and alter dominant hegemonic constructions made about them by others.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"58 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}