Global Bioethics最新文献

{"title":"The principle of «Integrity» and The Economy of the Earth","authors":"L. Westra","doi":"10.1080/11287462.1992.10800591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.1992.10800591","url":null,"abstract":"Binational legislation (U.S./Can.) posits the goal of “restoring integrity”, through the ecosystem approach. In essence, what is proposed is a concept which is philosophical, rather than purely scientific. It is also a holistic concept, intended to engender harmony among all parts of the biota (including humans). It represents a “vision”, or ideal embodying a value beyond the economic realm. From this starting point, based on the value of “integrity”, I propose a new principle for ethics which places life-support systems first in moral considerability.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.1992.10800591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59801954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etica della riproduzione e consulenza genetica: opinioni a confronto: Resoconto della tavola rotonda tenutasi a Firenze il 22 Settembre 1989","authors":"L. Sineo","doi":"10.1080/11287462.1990.10800531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.1990.10800531","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"3 1","pages":"59-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.1990.10800531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59801420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of genetically modified animals on the ecosystem and human activities","authors":"L. Houdebine","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.894709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.894709","url":null,"abstract":"The genetic modification of animals to obtain transgenic animals started in 1980. The first transgenic animals were mice, which are still the most frequently used transgenic species. About 20 transgenic species have been obtained and they are more or less currently used. Various methods are being implemented to transfer foreign genes to the different species. Transgenic animals are mostly used for basic research to study gene and biological functions. Transgenic animals may also be relevant models to study human and animal diseases as well as to test new medicaments. Transgenics may also be the source of organs and cells for humans as well as of medicaments. The impact of transgenesis to improve animals for food and feed production is still non-existent but is expected to become a reality in the coming months. A few transgenic pets have been obtained and commercialized. The use of transgenic animals raises some welfare problems and specific regulation has been defined by the EU. Transgenesis in animals already has an impact on human activities and on the perception of living organisms by humans. The available techniques make the generation of transgenic humans plausible. This has not been achieved or proposed so far. The impact of transgenesis in humans might be huge. Theoretical and ethical discussions on this topic are underway.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"25 1","pages":"18 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.894709","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The biopsychosocial model of human unsustainability: a move toward consilience","authors":"M. Pratarelli","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.894714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.894714","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces one type of comprehensive complex systems model to explain why humanity continues to be frustrated by its lack of progress toward sustainability. Human overconsumption has now raised concern over the depletion of resources and environmental decay to critical levels that threaten the integrity of the human species, the planet's biodiversity and the global ecosystem in general. The focus on biopsychosocial explanations of human unsustainability is framed to encourage an interdisciplinary approach to problem solving towards a global bioethics. This framework relies on three essential elements: the first concerns the notion that human overconsumption behavior is principally driven by an unconscious set of evolutionary (biological) predispositions to survive and prosper; the second element focuses on our unique psychological make-up, which at its core is universal and naturally selected over a geologic period that spans at least the 200–250 million-year natural history of mammals; the third component of the biopsychosocial model is the human evolutionary predisposition to seek out and participate in social behavior. This third element is selected because of the reciprocal benefits of cooperating with others for the purpose of enhancing everyone's survival. These three components have an evolved interrelationship and interdependence from which the full complement of human behavior emerges. Moreover, these three factors constitute the root causes of human overconsumption behavior and the basis for our unsustainable nature. This article argues that the biopsychosocial explanation of human unsustainability can adequately characterize virtually any kind of human and social phenomena that involve the exploitation of resources. Examples, such as the origins and effects of media and advertising, politics, education and religion on overconsumption, are discussed. The final section attempts to demonstrate that a comprehensive approach that unifies biological, psychological and social parameters toward solving the human unsustainability problem can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"25 1","pages":"56 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.894714","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A “global garden” is possible: urban and rural life, and forestry","authors":"G. Corinto","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.894704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.894704","url":null,"abstract":"“In the next 20 years, Homo sapiens, ‘the wise human’, will become Homo sapiens urbanus in virtually all regions of the planet.” UN-Habitat (2008) “Nature is not merely ‘nice.’ It is not just a matter of improving one's mood, rather it is a vital ingredient in healthy human functioning.” Kaplan (1992) “The sustainability of the Third Landscape, of diversity, of biological future, is connected to human number, mainly to practices utilized by humans.” Clément (2006) Not only is there empirical evidence of the nexus between forests and human life, but it is also the subject of multidisciplinary studies involving professionals from many different disciplines: foresters, architects, sociologists, urban planners, rural policymakers and even psychologists. If the human population continues to grow, the world's forests will exist only in the framework of societal needs. The world's forests play a multifaceted and fundamental role both in urban and rural areas, in productive and environmental realms. Thus, global attention is required for devising effective forestry policy, even if it appears utopian. Humans can cultivate the entire planet, but in the long term should support an intrinsic millennial perspective for nature and biology, in relation to both cultivated (urban and rural) and uncultivated lands. Ultimately, the globe is a small and fragile “garden” and sustainable development will be possible by embracing the “technocentric” vision of sustainability. The main forest product worldwide is still roundwood, which provides revenue for landowners and workers. However, the non-market benefits provided by forests are fundamental in both the country and the city, and could alleviate the dire environmental conditions in urban areas, where the majority of the world's people are already living. A global governance of sustainability can support the world's forests, and all natural resources, only by taking into account human numbers.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"25 1","pages":"71 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.894704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A geographic information system (GIS) with integrated models: a new approach for assessing the vulnerability and risk of desertification in Sardinia (Italy)","authors":"P. Molinari","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.894712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.894712","url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation assessment is a priority when making decisions for environmental protection, particularly so in the Mediterranean area. Among the various approaches adopted to monitor degradation processes and to formulate mitigation action plans, a model-based methodology would appear to be the most effective, because it synergically combines the indicators central to the DPSIR (Driving Forces, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) framework. The approach hereby presented has been applied to evaluate the vulnerability and risk of desertification in Sardinia (Italy). Assuming that desertification is the result of predisposing (geographic), triggering (climatic) and quickening (human impact) factors, a new methodology has been developed which combines, within an integrated model framework, a wide range of desertification indicators which have already been developed by various projects focusing on the Mediterranean area. The modelling procedure was applied to two different time periods (determined by the availability of data): the early 1990s and the present. Data have been compiled and rearranged in a geographic information system (GIS) context, thus facilitating input for the various models applied. This allowed us to highlight both the spatial and the temporal variabilities in the desertification phenomenon, and to estimate the susceptibility of land with regard to each of the degradation processes. The temporal variability was determined by past trends, and future simulations of land use, and climate change.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"60 1","pages":"27 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.894712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The progressive deregulation of fishery management in the Venetian Lagoon after the fall of the Repubblica Serenissima: food for thought on sustainability","authors":"T. Fortibuoni, R. Gertwagen, O. Giovanardi, S. Raicevich","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.894707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.894707","url":null,"abstract":"Since the origins of the first human settlements in the Venetian Lagoon, the exploitation of biological resources has represented the most important source of food for local communities. The Repubblica Serenissima strictly managed and controlled fishing activities because they were essential to the Venetian economy. Consequently, the Serenissima survived for over 1000 years in its lagoon, thanks to the numerous policies and regulations that were promulgated to enhance environmental quality, preserve biological resources and prevent degradation. An effective tool for assuring the sustainable use of resources was the establishment of fishermen's corporations called fraglie , which had the exclusive use of specific fishing grounds, introducing a sort of “restricted access” in lagoon resource management. Conversely, the fall of the Serenissima was followed by a progressive deregulation of fishing activities that was probably a consequence of the political instability of the area and the widespread poverty that afflicted local inhabitant, the priority being to allow open access to biological resources for subsistence fisheries (abolishing, for instance, the fraglie) at a time when there were few alternatives to fishing. In this paper we examine, via a collection of archival documents, grey literature and scientific papers, how changes in legislation impaired the sustainability of fisheries in the Venetian Lagoon, considering the effectiveness of those measures and how they jeopardized fishery resources.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"25 1","pages":"42 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.894707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why a journal on ‘global bioethics’?","authors":"B. Chiarelli","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.903080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.903080","url":null,"abstract":"In order to survive, every human individual on average requires 2,000 Kcal per day for the acquisition of the 3F: Food, Fuel and Fiber. From the origins of the human phylum (which came about through the centric fusion of two chromosomes 6–5 million years ago) to the Lower Pleistocene (2 million years ago), hunting and gathering activities in savannah environments had to cater for the subsistence of no more than 500 thousand individuals in the Earth’s ecosystem. It was during the “aquatic phase” of human evolution in Eastern Africa, around 1–2 million years ago, that our ancestors underwent considerable physical alterations (loss of fur, more streamlined bodies with subcutaneous fat, the development of the cartilaginous portion of the nose, differentiation in the facial hair of men and women, breasts in women, voluntary breath control and language, and cerebral increase from 800 to 1500 c.c.) with increased manual dexterity resulting in the production of tools. These were important triggers which boosted the survival of Hominids, leading to significant population growth and diffusion throughout the various continents. However, it was the innovations related to the discovery of agriculture, 8–6 thousand years BC, with the domestication of animals and the establishment of stable settlements, which occurred almost simultaneously in 8 different areas of the Earth’s ecosystem, which truly boosted and sustained further population increases. Culture, as the adaptive product of the human mind to different environmental situations and the sum of all previous experience, spanning the last 2 million years, has facilitated the survival of increasing numbers of individuals. The human population has increased enormously over the past few centuries. From the time of Christ, when the population was around 250 million, it took 15 centuries (to the discovery of America) for it to double. A further 3 centuries sufficed (in 1835) for it to reach the first billion. Then, only another 100 years (1925) to reach 2 billion, leading to today’s figure of 7 billion, after less than 90 years. Nevertheless, this increase is not distributed equally throughout the Planet. In the last century, this growth has been twofold in Europe, fourfold in North America and Asia, sixfold in Oceania, sevenfold in Africa, and tenfold in Latin America. The impact of our species on the ecosystem was naturally sustainable until 8,000 BC, in other words, until the end of the Pleistocene, with less than 10 million individuals spread throughout the entire ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"25 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.903080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The GECHH 2010 Symposium “Global Environmental Change and Human Health: Protecting Water Quality”","authors":"L. Spini, M. Rosenberg, S. Elliott","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2011.10800688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2011.10800688","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"24 1","pages":"3 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2011.10800688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme Precipitation and Public Health Consequences in Taiwan","authors":"H. J. Su","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2011.10800708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2011.10800708","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing intensity of tropical cyclones, including typhoons in Southeast Asia and hurricanes in southeast America, partly attributable to global climate disruption, is linked to greater probability of extreme precipitation. Taiwan has endured a nearly 2-fold rise in average temperature over the past century while an elevated trend of precipitation intensity is also observed. Extreme precipitation has brought about the direct significant loss of human life and indirect damage as a consequence of changing risk areas and distribution patterns for both infectious and chronic diseases. Public health impacts associated with extreme precipitation are herein elaborated.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"24 1","pages":"107 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2011.10800708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}