Global Bioethics最新文献

{"title":"Archaeological data as evidence of sustainable development: cases from the Gulf Coast of Mexico","authors":"A. Daneels","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional knowledge as a source of sustainable development is a research topic that generally falls in the realm of ethnology and social anthropology. Archaeology, on the other hand, can provide the longue durée perspective on past and sometimes lost traditions that may be significant as modern sustainable strategies. This paper presents archaeological cases of long-standing traditional knowledge in agriculture and construction in the humid tropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast, which were lost about ad 1000 through episodes of cultural conflict. The first case concerns the agricultural use of wetlands for the intensive production of commercial and subsistence crops (cotton and maize). The second case is monumental earthen architecture, including pyramids and palaces, apparently achieved by using petroleum derivatives as an earth stabilizer. Besides evidencing sustainable practices, archaeology also provides the economical and socio-political context in which such labor-intensive strategies evolved and thrived for centuries. This context analysis allows cost–benefit concerns to be approached, if the reintroduction of such alternative technologies were contemplated in a modern market-oriented world.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"106 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the papers","authors":"D. Billings","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037552","url":null,"abstract":"The global community has become increasingly concerned about the future of life on earth. Anthropologists have been among those who have seen the problems in remote places, but they have not been leading political actors among the many people and organizations that have worked to educate the public about the dangers to the environment. Following the United Nations conference in 1992 in Rio, Viacheslav Rudnev began his work to promote research papers on the contributions that the knowledge developed over generations among indigenous people has made, and could make, to sustainable development. He has worked to organize scholars in ethnology and in other disciplines who have done research that contributes to solving the problems of balancing the needs of humans, other living things, and nature so that we can develop sustainable ways to survive. He invited Dorothy Billings to join him as Co-Chair of the Commission on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, a Commission which he successfully proposed to the International Union for Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) in 1998, and which has regularly organized panels for international congresses since then. Dr Rudnev reports the history of this work in his introductory article for this Special Issue. Researcherswho have presented theirwork at IUAESmeetingswere invited to give their papers at the 117thAmericanAnthropological AssociationAnnualMeeting inWashington, DC inDecember 2014. It is those papers, as well as some papers that had been given at recent meetings of the IUAES, that we have gathered together in this Special Issue of Global Bioethics. Anthropologists have been focused on the ethnography of indigenous peoples: their cultures, their values, and their knowledge. Our sojourn with “development” has been more recent; with “sustainable development” more recent still. After World War II, colonial governments began to leave their colonies, having prepared, more or less, the local people to take over their own governments. Neo-colonialism, largely of economic enterprises, began everywhere: developers moved in to remove resources needed by the industrialized world, and newly formed local governments needed the economic foundations they provided. The authors here have looked at what these outside “developers” have done that profoundly affects the lives of indigenous peoples and their ability to sustain and develop themselves. Ethel Vesper reports her research in Micronesia, islands that have been colonized by various European governments for centuries and have, since World War II, lost much of their land base to occupation by the US military. She focuses on Guam and the island of Bikini, which is no longer habitable.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"43 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous knowledge: searching for a model of sustainable development for humankind","authors":"V. Rudnev","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1038099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1038099","url":null,"abstract":"Many people are now searching for a way to sustain development while balancing the relationships between humans, society and nature. The Commission on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, a group within the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, has been searching for solutions to this problem in the knowledge and wisdom of indigenous people. A history of the work of this panel shows that scholars from all over the world have presented different perspectives and studies of peoples of many times and places who have found ways to sustain their lives and their environments.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"46 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1038099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untangling the religious features of the Johnson Cult of New Hanover Island in the New Ireland province: anthropology and indigenous societies since Charles Darwin and others","authors":"Tukul Walla Kaiku","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1039801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039801","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to trace the religious aspects of the Johnson Cult as they were conceived and have undergone change and diffusion since 1963. In highlighting the religious aspects of the Johnson Cult, it is intended to make reference to several issues. First, this paper compliments the political, economic, and social aspects of the movement which were covered by Billings (Cargo Cult as Theater: Political Performance in the Pacific. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002) and others. The religious aspects of the Johnson Cult, some of which the adherents held back from disclosing to Billings for a number of reasons, were not captured in the study. This study highlights how in the religious aspects of the Johnson Cult are contained a continued search for sustainable and modern technological development for an indigenous Lavongai society, a Lavongai dream of a transformation of New Hanover into a Garden of Eden paradise as portrayed by Christianity. Second, as can be seen from the study by Billings, it is shown that anthropology can benefit from taking on a new approach in the study of indigenous societies, with more collaboration between outsider scientists and indigenous society insider scientists.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"73 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a new ethics for bioculture","authors":"F. Manti","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1024947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1024947","url":null,"abstract":"The ethics of bioculture deals with moral questions raised by the cultivation and farming of living things. P. W. Taylor believes that they have an inherent worth just like animals and wild plants. Therefore, judgment about how they should be treated cannot be limited to the principle of greater efficiency for the benefit of humans. Taylor developed a comprehensive theory that is founded on the symmetry between human and environmental ethics. He believes that every living thing is teleologically oriented and a member of the earth's biotic community. A systemic and hologrammatic approach is the alternative to Taylor's ethics of bioculture. Each component of an ecosystem characterised by contingency, plays a role in co-evolution. Therefore, as moral agents, we must take historical responsibility for domesticating and employing other living things, and we should reconsider the emerging model of economic development and define criteria of ethical sustainability for bioculture companies. Such an ethics of bioculture can contribute to oriented decision-making to ensure that an increase in well-being for all living things is an economically and environmentally sustainable and political perspective.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"177 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1024947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-political and moral issues concerning land rights of two Pacific island indigenous cultures","authors":"E. Vesper","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1023999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1023999","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on bioethical issues related to the land rights of two Pacific Island indigenous cultures from the Guam and Bikini islands. It is based on the author's field experiences, documented public facts about these situations, and the experiences of the Guamanian (Chamorro) and Bikini people. The data for this paper was gleaned from extensive interviews with cultural informants living on Guam, as well as with the descendants of the original people who were forced to migrate from Bikini Atoll.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"52 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1023999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotechnology in the face of conservatism and bad faith","authors":"L. Houdebine","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1005922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1005922","url":null,"abstract":"Science and technology continue to generate discoveries and innovations that provide the public with new knowledge, new drugs, and new products. A growing number of regulatory guidelines protect users from the deleterious side effects of these new processes and products. Lifespans are still increasing each year in rich countries. Nevertheless, a proportion of the people are worried and upset. The discovery that humans are not at the center of the world has destabilized the traditional belief in a benevolent Creator. The current economic crisis also reinforces a sense of instability. The majority of people are still waiting for improvements in their lives from innovation. Thus, a contrast between anxiety and hope remains dominant. Scientific and technological advances have led to growing protests, a mindset that seems disproportionate to the actual risks. Some environmentalists take advantage of the situation to artificially generate systematic fear in order to destroy, or at least block, the development of Western civilization, to prevent or delay the irreversible degradation of the planet. This is based on a strategy of conflict and intolerance. A new pact between citizens, science, technology, and industry remains to be found.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"14 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1005922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two kinds of globality: a comparison of Fritz Jahr and Van Rensselaer Potter's bioethics","authors":"A. Muzur, I. Rinčić","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1007616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1007616","url":null,"abstract":"Today, it is widely accepted that the first to conceive the term and the discipline of bioethics (Bio-Ethik) was the German theologian and teacher Fritz Jahr (1895–1953) from the city of Halle. Without knowing Jahr's ideas, the American oncologist Van Rensselaer Potter (1911–2001) from Madison, Wisconsin, (re-)invented the notion of bioethics which, unlike in the case of Fritz Jahr, had a deep impact and spread all over the world. Although Jahr's bioethics somehow differed from that of Potter, they did share many crucial aspects, one of which was their globality. Without explicit reference to it, nevertheless, Fritz Jahr's “globality” was based upon his broad readings including Far-Eastern sources and thinkers, while Van Rensselaer Potter explicitly formed his global bioethics, in the late 1980s, as a reaction to the narrowing-down of his earlier ideas (to medical ethics, principlism and American pragmatism). In that way, Jahr and Potter, like on many other points, came to the same result via different motives and pathways.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"23 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1007616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition impose biotechnology on smallholder farmers in Africa?","authors":"S. Vercillo, Vincent Z. Kuuire, F. Armah, I. Luginaah","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2014.1002294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.1002294","url":null,"abstract":"Almost one in three people who live in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are hungry, higher than anywhere else. This magnitude of food insecurity coupled with slow progress in regional integration, disease and epidemics, poor access to markets, gender disparities, lack of land tenure rights, and governance and institutional shortcomings on the continent have been used to justify a narrative for the inclusion of biotechnology in smallholder agriculture in SSA. The fact, however, suggests that even in the face of these challenges, smallholder farmers in SSA still produce 70% of the food on the continent. We critically examine the introduction of biotechnology in smallholder farming within the context of the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition and public–private partnerships in SSA. We explicitly address the bioethical concerns and implications for technology adoption goals in line with a neoliberal economic model that is encouraging smallholder farmers to adopt biotechnology as a way to secure more food for communities. This paper is not meant to pose a simplistic pro or anti stance on genetically modified (GM) crops or biotechnology, but rather to situate the debate about GM technology within issues of power, control in the global food agriculture systems, and point to the bioethical concerns that affect the lives of smallholder farmers and their families on a daily basis.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2014.1002294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59806914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islam and palliative care","authors":"K. Choong","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1008752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1008752","url":null,"abstract":"Palliative care is experiencing an upsurge in interest and importance. This is driven, paradoxically, by modern medicine's increased ability to provide effective pain relief on the one hand and an acknowledgement of its limitation in delivering a cure for certain diseases on the other. With many Muslims suffering from such incurable diseases worldwide, they too are now faced with the decision of whether to avail themselves of pain relief offered within the framework of scientific medicine. However, while the general ethos of palliative care which is to promote the quality of life of those facing life-limiting illnesses is consistent with Islamic values, this paper explores whether the same can be submitted for modern methods of pain control. The investigation will be steered by two overriding questions. First, if pain and suffering could, as highlighted in the primary sources of Islamic Law, lead to the expiation of sins, can pain relief be taken? Second, is it religiously permissible to choose pain treatment options that could bring about iatrogenic addiction, the hastening of death and the impairment or obliteration of consciousness?","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"28 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1008752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}