Global Bioethics最新文献

{"title":"Organization of ethnoecological systems by the East Slavic settlers in the south of Western Siberia","authors":"E. Fursova","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1039814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039814","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the sources of the author's field research, revealing the mechanisms of development of Siberian, Russian, and other Slavic peoples. Settlers in new ethnoecological systems changed the tradition of life support as well as the spiritual component of life: new places were assigned new geographical names (toponyms), and the old Turkic or Ugric names were conceptualized in terms of the Russian language and national outlook. In the process of the development of Siberia, East Slavic peoples and ethnic groups used their adaptive capabilities and their defense mechanisms. In order to harmonize the interaction between man and nature they used the rational and irrational knowledge of astronomical phenomena, flora and fauna, weather, and other natural phenomena which the settlers brought with them from Russia, and which were in demand in the new environment. However, the apocalyptic notions of doomsday as a grand environmental and spiritual catastrophe of humanity seems to remain consistently among the Siberian peasantry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"171 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science in society: challenges and opportunities for indigenous knowledge in the present-day context","authors":"B. Chaudhuri","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037140","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, when we talk or think about science, we refer to that of Western or industrialized societies, assuming that science is only there in those societies and quite often implying that scientific rigour or interest is absent in other societies. The role of science is to help mankind meet the various demands for exploiting natural resources in the best possible way without adversely affecting the environment. In most societies, there exists a rich body of knowledge based on how to meet the demands of that particular society but quite often these are ignored. We need to look at indigenous science and technology particularly when an existing body of knowledge is available. Perhaps it is better to develop it instead of disregarding it in the name of scientific progress. The prevailing health and medical system, the Western system, has unfortunately failed to meet the needs of all. In most countries, frightening policy changes place less and less emphasis on the social and welfare sectors and higher emphasis on the economic and infrastructure sectors. As such, funds allocated to health are going down. The implications of such a trend in countries where health insurance is unaffordable for the majority, is unimaginable. In this changing situation, the conditions of the poor, particularly the indigenous people, have become critical. In this paper, challenges and opportunities for indigenous health practices are examined in the context of forest situations, forest policy and related environmental issues.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"78 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Views on potential methods for raising environmental awareness in developing countries: a study on social responsibility engagement in Liberia","authors":"Khalid M. Younis","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1031469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1031469","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining environmental standards is a challenging task that requires knowledge and an understanding of the impacts of unethical decisions on human well-being, especially in developing countries. Lack of knowledge, the pursuit of profits, and other factors are preventing leaders from making ethical decisions, which could have a direct and indirect influence on health, technology, and the economy – problems that are particularly acute in poor and developing countries. Some progress can act as a smokescreen for managers or leaders, who fail to see the general environmental issues that still exist and that should be of primary concern for governments, policymakers, and local communities. Climate change and some of the other major environmental challenges that have emerged over the past few decades represent major social responsibility concerns for developing communities. Abuses of power by key decision-makers have been and continue to be an endemic problem in many developing countries and beyond. The present study seeks to understand what affects the thought processes of leaders who make environmental management decisions, using Liberia as an example.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"128 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1031469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archaeological data as evidence of sustainable development: cases from the Gulf Coast of Mexico","authors":"A. Daneels","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional knowledge as a source of sustainable development is a research topic that generally falls in the realm of ethnology and social anthropology. Archaeology, on the other hand, can provide the longue durée perspective on past and sometimes lost traditions that may be significant as modern sustainable strategies. This paper presents archaeological cases of long-standing traditional knowledge in agriculture and construction in the humid tropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast, which were lost about ad 1000 through episodes of cultural conflict. The first case concerns the agricultural use of wetlands for the intensive production of commercial and subsistence crops (cotton and maize). The second case is monumental earthen architecture, including pyramids and palaces, apparently achieved by using petroleum derivatives as an earth stabilizer. Besides evidencing sustainable practices, archaeology also provides the economical and socio-political context in which such labor-intensive strategies evolved and thrived for centuries. This context analysis allows cost–benefit concerns to be approached, if the reintroduction of such alternative technologies were contemplated in a modern market-oriented world.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"106 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Alpine population of Argentera Valley, Sauze di Cesana, Province of Turin, Italy: vestiges of an Occitan culture and anthropo-ecology","authors":"R. Freccero","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1034473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1034473","url":null,"abstract":"The mountain community of the Argentera Valley, in the Sauze di Cesana municipal district, Province of Turin, Italy, stands as a simple world within the rationale of the evolution of living beings, blending biological development and genetics. This agro-pastoral population is a microcosm that has worked for millennia to improve its conditions and survival, by protecting pasturelands and raising livestock, determined by a sense of morality. Hence, the preliminary indication of the health of the territory: clean air, pure water, healthy soil, a limpid light because the air is free from pollution. Over the millennia, this community has maintained, as its central approach, consideration for its roots, feeding themselves and achieving an equilibrium in the process, thanks to the honest use of resources. Human life, the earth, water, livestock, are material goods, but at the same time are considered spiritual goods, hence the concept of “prioritising the territory” and with hard work, producing dairy products, the result of an expert balance of human practices, blessed by their Patron Saint Restituto, Martyr of the Theban Legion. This “path of milk and cheese” is the result of a history of five millennia that continues to keep the economy of this Alpine area alive. A knowledge of the good practices of the Argentera Valley is useful for creating public awareness and supporting ethical principles and good health.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"159 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1034473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the papers","authors":"D. Billings","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037552","url":null,"abstract":"The global community has become increasingly concerned about the future of life on earth. Anthropologists have been among those who have seen the problems in remote places, but they have not been leading political actors among the many people and organizations that have worked to educate the public about the dangers to the environment. Following the United Nations conference in 1992 in Rio, Viacheslav Rudnev began his work to promote research papers on the contributions that the knowledge developed over generations among indigenous people has made, and could make, to sustainable development. He has worked to organize scholars in ethnology and in other disciplines who have done research that contributes to solving the problems of balancing the needs of humans, other living things, and nature so that we can develop sustainable ways to survive. He invited Dorothy Billings to join him as Co-Chair of the Commission on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, a Commission which he successfully proposed to the International Union for Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) in 1998, and which has regularly organized panels for international congresses since then. Dr Rudnev reports the history of this work in his introductory article for this Special Issue. Researcherswho have presented theirwork at IUAESmeetingswere invited to give their papers at the 117thAmericanAnthropological AssociationAnnualMeeting inWashington, DC inDecember 2014. It is those papers, as well as some papers that had been given at recent meetings of the IUAES, that we have gathered together in this Special Issue of Global Bioethics. Anthropologists have been focused on the ethnography of indigenous peoples: their cultures, their values, and their knowledge. Our sojourn with “development” has been more recent; with “sustainable development” more recent still. After World War II, colonial governments began to leave their colonies, having prepared, more or less, the local people to take over their own governments. Neo-colonialism, largely of economic enterprises, began everywhere: developers moved in to remove resources needed by the industrialized world, and newly formed local governments needed the economic foundations they provided. The authors here have looked at what these outside “developers” have done that profoundly affects the lives of indigenous peoples and their ability to sustain and develop themselves. Ethel Vesper reports her research in Micronesia, islands that have been colonized by various European governments for centuries and have, since World War II, lost much of their land base to occupation by the US military. She focuses on Guam and the island of Bikini, which is no longer habitable.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"43 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1037552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous knowledge: searching for a model of sustainable development for humankind","authors":"V. Rudnev","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1038099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1038099","url":null,"abstract":"Many people are now searching for a way to sustain development while balancing the relationships between humans, society and nature. The Commission on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, a group within the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, has been searching for solutions to this problem in the knowledge and wisdom of indigenous people. A history of the work of this panel shows that scholars from all over the world have presented different perspectives and studies of peoples of many times and places who have found ways to sustain their lives and their environments.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"46 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1038099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untangling the religious features of the Johnson Cult of New Hanover Island in the New Ireland province: anthropology and indigenous societies since Charles Darwin and others","authors":"Tukul Walla Kaiku","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1039801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039801","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to trace the religious aspects of the Johnson Cult as they were conceived and have undergone change and diffusion since 1963. In highlighting the religious aspects of the Johnson Cult, it is intended to make reference to several issues. First, this paper compliments the political, economic, and social aspects of the movement which were covered by Billings (Cargo Cult as Theater: Political Performance in the Pacific. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002) and others. The religious aspects of the Johnson Cult, some of which the adherents held back from disclosing to Billings for a number of reasons, were not captured in the study. This study highlights how in the religious aspects of the Johnson Cult are contained a continued search for sustainable and modern technological development for an indigenous Lavongai society, a Lavongai dream of a transformation of New Hanover into a Garden of Eden paradise as portrayed by Christianity. Second, as can be seen from the study by Billings, it is shown that anthropology can benefit from taking on a new approach in the study of indigenous societies, with more collaboration between outsider scientists and indigenous society insider scientists.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"73 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1039801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a new ethics for bioculture","authors":"F. Manti","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1024947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1024947","url":null,"abstract":"The ethics of bioculture deals with moral questions raised by the cultivation and farming of living things. P. W. Taylor believes that they have an inherent worth just like animals and wild plants. Therefore, judgment about how they should be treated cannot be limited to the principle of greater efficiency for the benefit of humans. Taylor developed a comprehensive theory that is founded on the symmetry between human and environmental ethics. He believes that every living thing is teleologically oriented and a member of the earth's biotic community. A systemic and hologrammatic approach is the alternative to Taylor's ethics of bioculture. Each component of an ecosystem characterised by contingency, plays a role in co-evolution. Therefore, as moral agents, we must take historical responsibility for domesticating and employing other living things, and we should reconsider the emerging model of economic development and define criteria of ethical sustainability for bioculture companies. Such an ethics of bioculture can contribute to oriented decision-making to ensure that an increase in well-being for all living things is an economically and environmentally sustainable and political perspective.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"177 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1024947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-political and moral issues concerning land rights of two Pacific island indigenous cultures","authors":"E. Vesper","doi":"10.1080/11287462.2015.1023999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2015.1023999","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on bioethical issues related to the land rights of two Pacific Island indigenous cultures from the Guam and Bikini islands. It is based on the author's field experiences, documented public facts about these situations, and the experiences of the Guamanian (Chamorro) and Bikini people. The data for this paper was gleaned from extensive interviews with cultural informants living on Guam, as well as with the descendants of the original people who were forced to migrate from Bikini Atoll.","PeriodicalId":36835,"journal":{"name":"Global Bioethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"52 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/11287462.2015.1023999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59807281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}