Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science最新文献

{"title":"Evolutionist conception in the series La lucha por la vida [The struggle for life] from anarchist journal Estudios (1936)","authors":"Gilson Leandro Queluz","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017v20;p1-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017v20;p1-17","url":null,"abstract":"The present study intends to analyze some imagistic strategies used to formulate a conception of science and technology in the anarchist journal Estudios , published in Valencia, Spain, from 1928 to 1937. This journal was the most successful anarchist editorial experience of the period, and encompassed topics as disparate and controversial as: naturalist medicine, sex education, neo-Malthusianism, scientific and technological divulgation, eugenics, pacifism, anticlericalism, feminism, literature and arts, among others. For Javier Navarro, this editorial line was in accordance with an anti-dogmatic eclecticism, the libertarian tradition of autodidacticism and the intention to disseminate and establish an emancipatory culture that would lead to a possibility of a society alternative to capitalism. In this regard, the journal, according to Xavier Diez, continued and gave new meanings to the anarchist tradition of reverence of science and technical progress, especially in biology. We briefly describe some of the main sections of the journal and its graphic design, especially for the phase in which graphic artists Manuel Moleon and Josep Renau collaborated, from 1931 onwards. We gave greater emphasis to the analysis of La lucha por la vida [The struggle for life] series, published from February through September 1936, within the context of the Spanish Civil War, in which evolutionary theory was summarized in short texts, illustrated by Renau and which occupied one full page. We discuss how the relationship between text and image constituted different layers of meaning on evolutionism in its imbrication with human development via science, technique, philosophy and art.","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"42 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114102221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Images as documents for the history of science: some remarks concerning classification","authors":"M. Beltran, V. C. Machline","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V20;P112-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V20;P112-119","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on history of science are increasingly emphasizing the important role that, since ancient times, images have had in the processes of shaping concepts, as well as registering and transmitting knowledge about nature and the arts. In the past years, we have developed at Center Simao Mathias of Studies on the History of Science (CESIMA) inquiries devoted to the analysis of images as forms of registering and transmitting knowledge about nature and the arts – that is to say, as documents pertaining to the history of science. These inquiries are grounded on the assumption that all images derive from the interaction between the artistic technique used in their manufacture and the concept intended to be expressed by them. This study enabled us to analyze distinct roles that images have had in different fields of knowledge at various ages. Some of the results obtained so far are summarized in the present article.","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131537903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entre o saber e o fazer: Vredeman de Vries e os artesãos de ofícios no contexto luso-brasileiro do século XVIII.","authors":"Angela Brandão","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V20;P43-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V20;P43-60","url":null,"abstract":"O trabalho artesanal em Portugal, assim como no Brasil Colonial, foi emoldurado por uma serie de leis, provenientes das corporacoes de oficio medievais, compiladas em 1572 no Livro dos Regimentos dos Oficiais Mecânicos . Embora este conjunto de regras para a atuacao dos artifices no contexto luso-brasileiro tenha sofrido alteracoes ao longo do tempo, de modo geral, manteve-se vigente ate a segunda metade do seculo XVIII, quando modificacoes mais profundas no sistema artesanal comecaram a demonstrar o esgotamento do sistema, diante do inicio da industrializacao. O Livro dos Regimentos permite reconhecer que, alem do conhecimento pratico, os artesaos deveriam controlar um conhecimento teorico e erudito, baseado em Tratados de Arquitetura do Renascimento, onde o dominio das ordens arquitetonicas classicas era exigido. No entanto, entre os tratados que teriam circulado no ambiente dos artesaos portugueses estariam obras como as de Hans Vredeman de Vries, autor conhecido como o “Vitruvio Flamengo”. Este artigo procura reconhecer elementos do Tratado de Vredeman de Vries como parte dos “saberes” que teriam demarcado as praticas artesanais no ambiente das oficinas portuguesas do seculo XVIII, bem como seus limites.","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126719168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Volume 19 (2017)","authors":"L. Thomaz, Raphael Uchôa","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;A1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;A1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124163781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The studies on cancer aetiology in the 19th century and the Brazilian physicist Alfredo Leal Pimenta Bueno","authors":"R. Andrade","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P54","url":null,"abstract":"The 19th century was a period of strong incidence of researches on cell functioning. The advent of new microscopy techniques allowed for a more comprehensive study of the cells behavior, and thus for a better understanding of the conditions likely to trigger the development of tumors. From that moment on, several scientists suggested conceptual, medical and institutional pathways of research on and treatment of disease. Here I analyzed the studies on the aetiology of cancer developed along the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. I sought to understand how the concepts related to the mechanisms of disease were constructed and reinterpreted along this period worldwide and also in Brazil. In this regard, I focused on the work by the Brazilian physician Alfredo Leal Pimenta Bueno*, who described his ideas on the biochemical phenomena that could trigger cancer in a series of scientific articles published in the scientific journal O Brasil Médico between 1926 and 1928. I could establish that cancer became increasingly more discussed and studied in the mid-19th century. This phenomenon seems to relate to an increase in the research focusing on cell functioning headed by scientists such as Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), whose work allowed for better understanding of the conditions likely to trigger the development of tumors. In Brazil, the perception of cancer as a public health problem began to change in the early decades of the 20th century, mostly based on the work by physicians Antônio Augusto de Azevedo Sodré (1864-1929) and Olympio Viriato Portugal (1862-1934). As I further point out, this development occurred within a context in which the medical attention still focused on diseases with greater social impact, such as tuberculosis. At the same time, I found that Pimenta Bueno developed his theory on the aetiology of cancer based on the writings of several scientists — mainly Italian, French and German —, having resource to them whenever it was necessary to justify his own points of view. By doing so, Pimenta Bueno concluded that different agents could cause cancer by producing irritation, which resulted in overhydration inside cells that would thus return to their embryonic stage and, finally, reacquire their proliferation capacity.","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"11 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125765894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"John Banks: an independent and itinerant lecturer of natural and experimental philosophy at the threshold of the English industrial revolution","authors":"Luiz Carlos Soares","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P18-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P18-33","url":null,"abstract":"In eighteenth-century England, courses of natural and experimental philosophy delivered by independent and/or itinerant lecturers, whose textbooks and syllabi were based on Newtonian physics, became the main instruments for spreading and popularizing the idea of applied science. This effectively represented the application of the results of scientific knowledge to the population’s needs and to the production of the material components of life. Thus, the activities of independent and/or itinerant lecturers, with their courses and publications, helped to spread knowledge on the principles of mechanical and experimental science among the men who became protagonists of their country’s transformation into the first industrial power in the world. One among those lecturers was John Banks (1740–1805), who offered courses and specialized knowledge on mechanical physics and machinery to many manufacturers, engineers and mechanics, who stood at the forefront of England’s industrial transformation and was himself one of the main intellectual exponents of this process.","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"160 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132789112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A classificação das ciências na biblioteca do Conde da Barca","authors":"M. Ferraz","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P134-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P134-49","url":null,"abstract":"Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo (1754-1817), Conde da Barca, ocupou diversos cargos junto ao governo portugues, aproveitando para aprofundar seus conhecimentos em ciencia moderna e ampliar a sua biblioteca. Em 1807, a biblioteca chegou ao Brasil, onde continuou a crescer. Apos a morte do Conde da Barca, a biblioteca foi posta a venda, para o qual era essencial a elaboracao de um catalogo, atualmente depositado na Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil. No presente estudo abordamos as possiveis fontes do catalogo da biblioteca do Conde da Barca e reconstruimos a arvore bibliografica da mesma. O nosso estudo sugere que os livros do Conde da Barca nao foram classificados de acordo com Jean Garnier. A classificacao de Jacques C. Brunet, ao menos quanto as grandes classes, seria a que mais se aproxima do caso aqui estudado. Importante ressaltar que se trata de um periodo de transicao, em que alguns ramos relativos as ciencia, na arvore do conhecimento desaparecem, enquanto outros, representando novas especialidades vao surgindo e se fortalecendo. Assim, nao seria de se esperar que um modelo unico fosse seguido. De qualquer forma, essa colecao e sua classificacao refletem nao so a forma de pensar daquele momento como tambem da pessoa que esta fazendo uso dos livros.","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131039247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protestantism and the new science in Jan Amos Comenius’ Via lucis","authors":"Vítor Albiero","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017v19;p56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017v19;p56","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike the researches on the pedagogical principles of Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670), few studies have been produced about the author's involvement with the purpose and usefulness of the new science. However, based on Via lucis, which Comenius wrote when he was in England invited by Samuel Hartlib (1600-1662), between 1641 and 1642, and which he dedicated to the Royal Society of London in 1668, the present study sought to assess the interrelationship between some assumptions of Protestantism and 17th century natural philosophy. The first chapter approaches the life and training of the author, as well as the cultural and religious sources to which he had resource in the construction of the theoretical basis of his conception of knowledge and his idea of universal knowledge (pansophical thought). These aspects were related to the social, cultural and religious conditions that contributed to the formation and performance of the so-called Hartlib group, which corresponded to the concerns of the English General Reformation. The second chapter discusses the relationship between theology and the new science in Via lucis, where Comenius’ theological assumptions, which legitimized the Protestant participation in the development of the new philosophy are described. It highlights the concept of revelation (as knowledge) and its relationship to the construction of the new natural philosophy, in addition to approaching the biblical-theological principle of the Fall and the mitigating action of the new science on the deleterious effects of sin. The identification of the Comenian millennial eschatology related to efforts for the spread of knowledge and the advance of the new science is also discussed. The last chapter describes the relationship of the pan-harmony in Via lucis with the new science. Through the pan-harmonic system elaborated by Comenius, one might understand how the apprehension, organization and diffusion of universal knowledge was related to the establishment and advance of the new science. Pan-harmony is presented as a way to reach the Universal Reformation, and based on the pan-harmonic concept, examples of attempts by the author to cooperate with the method, organization, and production of the new science are provided. Finally, it is exposed the Comenian expectation that the Via lucis would aid the work of the Royal Society, as well as contribute with the efforts for the sake of Universal Reformation. Seemingly, this seldom approached work by Comenius does not only concentrate his dream of Universal Reformation, but also the expectations aroused during his stay in London with the promoters of the new science. Such expectations also seem to reveal that both Protestantism and the new science yearned for universal knowledge, based on the investigation of nature, educational development, social apparatus and the advancement of a useful science. Thus the present study hopes to contribute to the studies in history of science by proposing a salutar","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128997213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentation in Thomas Willis’ works (1621-1675)","authors":"N. Silva","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017V19;P150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133947842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A produção de daguerreótipos no Rio de Janeiro (1840-1850)","authors":"S. Silva","doi":"10.23925/1980-7651.2017v19;p55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23925/1980-7651.2017v19;p55","url":null,"abstract":"O objetivo dessa pesquisa e identificar e analisar as especificidades da producao de daguerreotipos no rio de Janeiro entre 1840-1850. O daguerreotipo foi o primeiro processo fotografico reconhecido e patenteado pelo governo frances em agosto de 1839. No Brasil, foi apresentado em janeiro de 1840, pelo abade Louis Compte na cidade do Rio de Janeiro na presenca do futuro imperador d. Pedro II. Para realizacao dessa pesquisa, utilizamos como documento os anuncios dos daguerreotipistas nos jornais do periodo em circulacao na corte e o manual de como produzir daguerreotipos. A partir das informacoes contidas nos anuncios estabelecemos categorias objetivando sistematizar os dados; sao essas: professores, comercio, moldura, acessorios, formatos, tempo, horario, cor, detalhes e novidades. Dessa forma, foi possivel comparar as informacoes gerais com relacao a producao de daguerreotipos e as particularidades apresentadas pelos fotografos relacionando os dados e possibilitando mapear o processo de conhecimento nesse periodo","PeriodicalId":366399,"journal":{"name":"Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115222344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}