{"title":"Diabetic Retinopathy Features Segmentation without Coding Experience with Computer Vision Models YOLOv8 and YOLOv9.","authors":"Nicola Rizzieri, Luca Dall'Asta, Maris Ozoliņš","doi":"10.3390/vision8030048","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8030048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computer vision is a powerful tool in medical image analysis, supporting the early detection and classification of eye diseases. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a severe eye disease secondary to diabetes, accompanies several early signs of eye-threatening conditions, such as microaneurysms (MAs), hemorrhages (HEMOs), and exudates (EXs), which have been widely studied and targeted as objects to be detected by computer vision models. In this work, we tested the performances of the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 and YOLOv9 architectures on DR fundus features segmentation without coding experience or a programming background. We took one hundred DR images from the public MESSIDOR database, manually labelled and prepared them for pixel segmentation, and tested the detection abilities of different model variants. We increased the diversity of the training sample by data augmentation, including tiling, flipping, and rotating the fundus images. The proposed approaches reached an acceptable mean average precision (mAP) in detecting DR lesions such as MA, HEMO, and EX, as well as a hallmark of the posterior pole of the eye, such as the optic disc. We compared our results with related works in the literature involving different neural networks. Our results are promising, but far from being ready for implementation into clinical practice. Accurate lesion detection is mandatory to ensure early and correct diagnoses. Future works will investigate lesion detection further, especially MA segmentation, with improved extraction techniques, image pre-processing, and standardized datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142297469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Computerized Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test: Normative Data for School-Aged Children.","authors":"Daniela Protasevica, Evita Kassaliete, Anete Klavinska, Madara Alecka, Asnate Berzina, Viktorija Goliskina, Marija Koleda, Rita Mikelsone, Elizabete Ozola, Tomass Ruza, Evita Serpa, Aiga Svede, Daniela Toloka, Sofija Vasiljeva, Liva Volberga, Ilze Ceple, Gunta Krumina","doi":"10.3390/vision8030047","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8030047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to determine the normative data of the computerized DEM test for school-age children in Latvia. The study analyzed data on the performance (test execution time, duration, number of fixations, and number of errors) of 291 children while completing the computerized DEM test. Eye movement fixations were recorded with a Tobii Pro Fusion video-oculograph (250 Hz). According to the results of the study, the performance of the computerized DEM test is 77 %. For the study, 1 SD (one standard deviation) was chosen as a criterion for determining test norms. In the study, the norms of the computerized DEM test in Latvia were developed in class groups-from 1st to 6th grade (aged 7 to 12 years), the results were summarized in a table as the minimum performance values of the computerized DEM test.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cindy S Zhao, Karen Wai, Eubee B Koo, Ehsan Rahimy, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Vinit B Mahajan, Charles M T DeBoer
{"title":"Endogenous <i>Fusarium</i> Endophthalmitis after Bone Marrow Transplant: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Cindy S Zhao, Karen Wai, Eubee B Koo, Ehsan Rahimy, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Vinit B Mahajan, Charles M T DeBoer","doi":"10.3390/vision8030044","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8030044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We aim to present a case of disseminated fusariosis that occurred in the setting of immunosuppression and presented with bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis, along with a literature review of <i>Fusarium</i> endophthalmitis, highlighting management strategies.</p><p><strong>Observation: </strong>A 70-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who had recently undergone a bone marrow transplant noted bilateral floaters and decreased vision. He was found to have bilateral <i>Fusarium</i> endophthalmitis, with subsequent evidence of fungemia and fusariosis in his skin and joints. Despite aggressive local and systemic treatment, he succumbed to the disease. Endophthalmitis was initially stabilized with pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal amphotericin and voriconazole until the patient transitioned to comfort measures. A review of 31 cases demonstrates that outcomes are poor and that the disease must be treated aggressively, often both systemically and surgically.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the recalcitrance of <i>Fusarium</i> bacteremia and <i>Fusarium</i> endophthalmitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulo Ventura, Isabel Leite, Alexandre Pereira, Francisco Cruz
{"title":"Learned Attentional Strategies in Word Holistic Processing.","authors":"Paulo Ventura, Isabel Leite, Alexandre Pereira, Francisco Cruz","doi":"10.3390/vision8030041","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8030041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research has shown that, like faces, words are processed either holistically or through the automatic representation of their parts combined. The automaticity assumed to underlie the holistic processing of words presupposes that individuals have a relatively low level of control over these processes. However, they may also be capable of learning from their environments whether processing words as a whole is the most efficient processing strategy-which would require at least some control over the corresponding processes. In fact, previous research supports this latter account in the context of the holistic processing of faces: when provided a task in which participants should ignore half of a stimuli (the irrelevant part) and pay selective attention to the other half (the target part), the participants become better at ignoring the irrelevant part when it is commonly misleading (i.e., this suggests a response that is different from that of the relevant part in the context of the task). In the present work, we extend these considerations to holistic word processing. Our results support a learned attentional account in the context of holistic word processing. When an irrelevant word part is systematically helpful for the judgment of a target word half, participants engage more in holistic processing (vs. when the irrelevant word half is misleading). This reflects an incidental statistical learning process in which individuals identify the irrelevant word half as either providing helpful or misleading information about the target half.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aiga Svede, Svetlana Semjonova, Angelina Ganebnaya, Liga Puhova, Kulsum Fatima Baig, Alina Kucika, Gatis Ikaunieks, Karola Panke, Dmitry Gromov
{"title":"Application of a New Device for Vision Relaxation in Computer Users.","authors":"Aiga Svede, Svetlana Semjonova, Angelina Ganebnaya, Liga Puhova, Kulsum Fatima Baig, Alina Kucika, Gatis Ikaunieks, Karola Panke, Dmitry Gromov","doi":"10.3390/vision8030040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8030040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to explore the potential of a novel EYE ROLL device designed to facilitate guided vision relaxation exercises in an open space. A prospective study was performed on 89 participants who perform screenwork for at least four hours daily. All participants were randomly divided into three groups: a Control group with no exercising, a Manual group undertook manual vision relax ation exercises, and an Eyeroll group engaged in EYE ROLL device-assisted vision relaxation exercises. Each participant underwent three evaluations (an initial baseline assessment, a 4-week follow-up, and an 8-week follow-up) with four assessment tools: a comprehensive vision examination, an in-depth questionnaire, saccadic eye movement recordings, and objective accommodation measurements. There was a statistically significant decrease (35% and above) in complaint scores at the 4-week follow-up in both training groups. Although statistically insignificant, complaints continued to decrease after an 8-week period. No significant changes were observed in clinical or objective accommodative parameters. Some variation of visual functions was observed in all groups due to repeated measures. Vision relaxation exercises combined with proper vision ergonomics and working habits can reduce asthenopic complaints. The EYE ROLL device presents a promising tool for integrating these exercises into the working environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling Visual Acuity in 58,712 Four-Year-Olds: Standardized Assessment Defined Normative Visual Acuity Threshold.","authors":"Mirjana Bjeloš, Mladen Bušić, Benedict Rak, Ana Ćurić, Biljana Kuzmanović Elabjer","doi":"10.3390/vision8020039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8020039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose was to define the threshold of normal visual acuity (VA), mean monocular and binocular VA, and interocular difference in the uniform cohort of healthy four-year-old children. All the children were recruited from the Croatian National Registry of Early Amblyopia Detection database. LEA Symbols<sup>®</sup> inline optotypes were used for VA testing at near and distance, binocularly and monocularly. The pass cut-off level was set to ≤0.1 logMAR. The final sample consisted of 58,712 four-year-old children. In total, 83.78% of the children had unremarkable results, and 16.22% of the children were referred to examination. Of those, 92% of the children were referred due to binocular, and 8% of the children due to monocular causes. The children referred due to binocular causes demonstrated a VA of 0.3 ± 0.24, while the children referred due to monocular causes 0.6 ± 0.21. The ROC curve analysis defined the uniform cut-off value for a normative VA of 0.78. We analyzed the largest uniform cohort of 58,712 children, and have determined normative data for binocular and monocular VA tested with gold standard logMAR chart in four-year-old children. The results presented here established no reasoning to further utilize historical protocols in testing VA in preschool children aged ≥ 4 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11209505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141451765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevalence of Near-Vision-Related Symptoms in a University Population.","authors":"Jessica Gomes, Sandra Franco","doi":"10.3390/vision8020038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The university population has high visual demands. It is therefore important to assess the prevalence of symptoms in these subjects, which may affect their academic performance. In this cross-sectional study, a randomized sample of 252 subjects from a university answered the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) questionnaire. In addition, questions were asked about blurred vision during and after near tasks, the number of hours per day spent in near vision, and whether or not they wore glasses. Furthermore, 110 subjects underwent an eye exam, including a refraction and accommodation assessment. The mean age of the subjects was 28.79 ± 11.36 years, 62.3% reported wearing glasses, and on average 7.20 ± 2.92 hours/day was spent in near vision. The mean of the CISS score was 18.69 ± 9.96, and according to its criteria, 38% of the subjects were symptomatic. Some symptoms were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) more frequent in subjects wearing glasses. Accommodative dysfunctions were present in 30.9% of the subjects, the most common being insufficiency of accommodation. We emphasise the importance of assessing symptomatology during the clinical examination in this group of subjects, as they spend many hours a day in near vision, as well as assessing accommodation, binocular vision, and the ergonomic work environment, which may be at the origin of the symptoms, in addition to the need to wear glasses.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11209145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141451764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Further Examination of the Pulsed- and Steady-Pedestal Paradigms under Hypothetical Parvocellular- and Magnocellular-Biased Conditions.","authors":"Jaeseon Song, Bruno G Breitmeyer, James M Brown","doi":"10.3390/vision8020028","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8020028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pulsed- and steady-pedestal paradigms were designed to track increment thresholds (Δ<i>C</i>) as a function of pedestal contrast (C) for the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) systems, respectively. These paradigms produce contrasting results: linear relationships between Δ<i>C</i> and <i>C</i> are observed in the pulsed-pedestal paradigm, indicative of the P system's processing, while the steady-pedestal paradigm reveals nonlinear functions, characteristic of the M system's response. However, we recently found the P model fits better than the M model for both paradigms, using Gabor stimuli biased towards the M or P systems based on their sensitivity to color and spatial frequency. Here, we used two-square pedestals under green vs. red light in the lower-left vs. upper-right visual fields to bias processing towards the M vs. P system, respectively. Based on our previous findings, we predicted the following: (1) steeper Δ<i>C</i> vs. <i>C</i> functions with the pulsed than the steady pedestal due to different task demands; (2) lower Δ<i>C</i>s in the upper-right vs. lower-left quadrant due to its bias towards P-system processing there; (3) no effect of color, since both paradigms track the P-system; and, most importantly (4) contrast gain should not be higher for the steady than for the pulsed pedestal. In general, our predictions were confirmed, replicating our previous findings and providing further evidence questioning the general validity of using the pulsed- and steady-pedestal paradigms to differentiate the P and M systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11130818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John M Joyce, Mark J Campbell, Fazilat Hojaji, Adam J Toth
{"title":"Less Is More: Higher-Skilled Sim Racers Allocate Significantly Less Attention to the Track Relative to the Display Features than Lower-Skilled Sim Racers.","authors":"John M Joyce, Mark J Campbell, Fazilat Hojaji, Adam J Toth","doi":"10.3390/vision8020027","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision8020027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Simulated (sim) racing is an emerging esport that has garnered much interest in recent years and has been a relatively under-researched field in terms of expertise and performance. When examining expertise, visual attention has been of particular interest to researchers, with eye tracking technology commonly used to assess visual attention. In this study, we examined the overt visual attention allocation of high- and low-skilled sim racers during a time trial task using Tobii 3 glasses. In the study, 104 participants were tested on one occasion, with 88 included in the analysis after exclusions. Participants were allocated to either group according to their fastest lap times. Independent <i>t</i>-tests were carried out with sidak corrections to test our hypotheses. Our results indicate that when eye tracking metrics were normalised to the lap time and corner sector time, there was a difference in the relative length of overt attention allocation (fixation behaviour) as lower-skilled racers had significantly greater total fixation durations in laps overall and across corner sectors when normalised (<i>p</i> = 0.013; <i>p</i> = 0.018). Interestingly, high- and low-skilled sim racers differed in where they allocated their attention during the task, with high-skilled sim racers allocating significantly less overt attention to the track relative to other areas of the display (<i>p</i> = 0.003). This would allow for higher-skilled racers to obtain relatively more information from heads-up display elements in-game, all whilst driving at faster speeds. This study provides evidence that high-skilled sim racers appear to need significantly less overt attention throughout a fast lap, and that high- and low-skilled sim racers differ in where they allocate their attention while racing.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11130932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Lorenceau, Suzon Ajasse, Raphael Barbet, Muriel Boucart, Frédéric Chavane, Cédric Lamirel, Richard Legras, Frédéric Matonti, Maxence Rateaux, Jean-François Rouland, José-Alain Sahel, Laure Trinquet, Mark Wexler, Catherine Vignal-Clermont
{"title":"Method to Quickly Map Multifocal Pupillary Response Fields (mPRF) Using Frequency Tagging.","authors":"Jean Lorenceau, Suzon Ajasse, Raphael Barbet, Muriel Boucart, Frédéric Chavane, Cédric Lamirel, Richard Legras, Frédéric Matonti, Maxence Rateaux, Jean-François Rouland, José-Alain Sahel, Laure Trinquet, Mark Wexler, Catherine Vignal-Clermont","doi":"10.3390/vision8020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8020017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a method for mapping multifocal Pupillary Response Fields in a short amount of time using a visual stimulus covering 40° of the visual angle divided into nine contiguous sectors simultaneously modulated in luminance at specific, incommensurate, temporal frequencies. We test this multifocal Pupillary Frequency Tagging (mPFT) approach with young healthy participants (N = 36) and show that the spectral power of the sustained pupillary response elicited by 45 s of fixation of this multipartite stimulus reflects the relative contribution of each sector/frequency to the overall pupillary response. We further analyze the phase lag for each temporal frequency as well as several global features related to pupil state. Test/retest performed on a subset of participants indicates good repeatability. We also investigate the existence of structural (RNFL)/functional (mPFT) relationships. We then summarize the results of clinical studies conducted with mPFT on patients with neuropathies and retinopathies and show that the features derived from pupillary signal analyses, the distribution of spectral power in particular, are homologous to disease characteristics and allow for sorting patients from healthy participants with excellent sensitivity and specificity. This method thus appears as a convenient, objective, and fast tool for assessing the integrity of retino-pupillary circuits as well as idiosyncrasies and permits to objectively assess and follow-up retinopathies or neuropathies in a short amount of time.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11036301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140866088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}