{"title":"Molecular Arithmetic Coding (MoAC) and Optimized Molecular Prefix Coding (MoPC) for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication","authors":"Melih Şahin;Beyza Ezgi Ortlek;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3476197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3476197","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular communication (MC) enables information transfer through molecules at the nano-scale. This paper presents new and optimized source coding (data compression) methods for MC. In a recent paper, prefix source coding was introduced into the field, through an MC-adapted version of the Huffman coding. We first show that while MC-adapted Huffman coding improves symbol error rate (SER), it does not always produce an optimal prefix codebook in terms of coding length and power. To address this, we propose optimal molecular prefix coding (MoPC). The major result of this paper is the Molecular Arithmetic Coding (MoAC), which we derive based on an existing general construction principle for constrained arithmetic channel coding, equipping it with error correction and data compression capabilities for any finite source alphabet. We theoretically and practically show the superiority of MoAC to SAC, our another adaptation of arithmetic source coding to MC. However, MoAC’s unique decodability is limited by bit precision. Accordingly, a uniquely-decodable new coding scheme named Molecular Arithmetic with Prefix Coding (MoAPC) is introduced. On two nucleotide alphabets, we show that MoAPC has a better compression performance than optimized MoPC. MC simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"66-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"QBaN: Quantum Bacterial Nanonetworks for Secure Molecular Communication","authors":"Nabiul Islam;Saswati Pal;Sudip Misra","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3476192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3476192","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial networks-based novel healthcare applications integrated with the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) have been on the rise, particularly due to their high efficacy in delivering drugs at targeted sites. Nevertheless, these networks are vulnerable to various cyber security risks such as unauthorized access, data tampering, and malicious attacks from internal and external intruders. By leveraging the property of quantum entanglement, we propose a security protocol, QBaN, to detect and thwart security breaches posed by intruders and securely send the information to the intended receiver. We use the von Neumann entropy metric to detect changes in the entangled quantum states. We evaluate the QBaN’s capability of detecting eavesdropping events by varying threshold values. Simulation results demonstrate the protocol’s efficacy in intrusion detection with an AUC of 0.78 on the ROC curve. The energy consumption for quantum entanglement is approximately 66.82% and 98.86% less than that for the bacterial propagation and DNA replication, respectively.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 4","pages":"633-641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modulating Tumor Cell Extracellular Vesicle Signaling for Therapeutic Intervention and Monitoring","authors":"Milica Lekić;Mladen Veletić;Martin Damrath;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Ilangko Balasingham","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3473694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3473694","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery that tumor cells discharge vast quantities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain functional molecules which promote immune modulation and drug resistance, urges the need for novel therapeutic interventions. Here we take an approach based on the EV-release-modulation strategy to treat tumors, suppress their spread, and monitor the therapy efficacy. We propose a molecular communication (MC)-based system model to implement the oncogenic EV release modulation and monitor the EV spatiotemporal biodistribution. The proposed system uses drugs which target the tumor cell pH regulatory biochemical mechanisms. We develop a comprehensive computational framework where we integrate adapted and extended versions of the biophysical model of tumor cell pH regulation, the tumor cell proliferation model, and our previously developed MC model of pHe-dependent EV biodistribution. We fix specific parameter values of the system model by combining available experimental data performed in diverse tumor cell systems. Using the developed system, we analyse the dynamics of intracellular pH (pHi), extracellular pH (pHe), tumor cell growth pattern, and EV release and biodistribution. Our proposed system and computational framework can be used as a tool to track the oncogenic EV biodistribution, which can be used as a biomarker to monitor the tumor and optimize anticancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"51-65"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Tunneling With Linear Potential: Case Studies in Biological Processes","authors":"Phuong-Nam Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3471189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3471189","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum biology, at the intersection of quantum mechanics and biology, investigates the involvement of quantum phenomena in biological processes. A pivotal focus is quantum tunneling, wherein particles traverse energy barriers, a phenomenon with potential significance in various biological contexts. This article introduces a new class of linear potential functions for studying quantum tunneling in biological processes. The simplicity of linear potentials enables analytical solutions to the Schrödinger equation, offering efficiency compared to more complex numerical methods. The proposed linear potential functions are derived using parabolic curves, providing an analytical form with physical interpretations. The corresponding energy function and transmission coefficients are presented, facilitating a simplified understanding of tunneling behavior. Theoretical implications of the proposed model are discussed, emphasizing the ease of parameter variation and its applicability to diverse biological scenarios. In the numerical demonstration, two case studies are presented: (1) examining proton tunneling in DNA point mutations and (2) exploring electron tunneling in biological receptors, specifically the ACE2 receptor in the context of SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 4","pages":"623-632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Noel;Andrew W. Eckford;Radek Erban;Matteo Icardi;Gregory Reeves
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Feature on Seeing Through the Crowd: Molecular Communication in Crowded and Multi-Cellular Environments","authors":"Adam Noel;Andrew W. Eckford;Radek Erban;Matteo Icardi;Gregory Reeves","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463128","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"422-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chun Tung Chou;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Ozgur B. Akan;Mladen Veletic;Ilangko Balasingham
{"title":"Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Feature on the 8th Workshop on Molecular Communications","authors":"Chun Tung Chou;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Ozgur B. Akan;Mladen Veletic;Ilangko Balasingham","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"455-457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3458333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10694704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical Polarization Evolution and Transmission in Multi-Ranvier-Node Axonal Myelin-Sheath Waveguides","authors":"Emily Frede;Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi;Christoph Simon","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3464415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3464415","url":null,"abstract":"In neuroscience, it is of interest to consider all possible modes of information transfer between neurons in order to fully understand processing in the brain. It has been suggested that photonic communication may be possible along axonal connections, especially through the myelin sheath as a waveguide, due to its high refractive index. There is already a good deal of theoretical and experimental evidence for light guidance in the myelin sheath; however, the question of how the polarization of light is transmitted remains largely unexplored. It is presently unclear whether polarization-encoded information could be preserved within the myelin sheath. We simulate guided mode propagation through a myelinated axon structure with multiple Ranvier nodes. This allows both to observe polarization change and to test the assumption of exponentiated transmission loss through multiple Ranvier nodes for guided light in myelin sheath waveguides. We find that the polarization can be well preserved through multiple nodes and that transmission losses through multiple nodes are approximately multiplicative. These results provide an important context for the hypothesis of neural information transmission facilitated by biophotons, strengthening the possibility of both classical and quantum photonic communication within the brain.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 4","pages":"613-622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Localization With Joint Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication and Sensing Systems: Fundamental Limits and Tradeoffs","authors":"Flavio Zabini","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3463672","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces and examines a novel joint communication and sensing system based on molecular diffusion. Using a configuration of at least four fully absorbing spherical receivers, the proposed system achieves precise 3D-localization of a pointwise transmitter by counting the same molecules emitted for communication purposes. We develop an analytical framework to explore the fundamental limits of communication and localization within this context. Exact closed-form expressions for the bit error probability and the Cramér-Rao bound on localization error are derived, considering both Poisson concentration and timing transmitter models, with and without accounting for molecule degradation. For the first time, theoretical trade-offs between communication and localization performance are established, taking inter-symbol interference and molecule degradation into account. In scenarios without molecule degradation, inter-symbol interference detrimentally affects communication but enhances localization. Conversely, the introduction of degradation improves communication performance but partially compromises localization effectiveness. These trade-offs are navigated by adjusting number of transmitted symbols or degradation rate, respectively. Furthermore, we compare communication and localization ranges, alongside the associated costs measured in terms of average emitted molecules required to meet performance requirements.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"13-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10684284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}