Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of Educational Programmes on Knowledge and Practice Related to Diabetic Foot Care Among Nurses: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Mohammad Al-Me'ani, Omar Alqaisi, Mohammed Dibas, Heyam Al-Aaraj, Yousef Rubbai","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70324","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus is a leading global non-communicable disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare burden. Diabetic foot complications represent a leading cause of hospitalization and lower-limb amputation in this population.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To systematically evaluate the effects of educational programmes on nurses' knowledge and practice regarding diabetic foot care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of quasi-experimental studies from 2015 to 2024 was performed. Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched using a comprehensive search strategy. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies was used to evaluate methodological quality. The results were summarized narratively due to variations in study designs, interventions and outcome measures. The GRADE approach was used for assessment of the evidence certainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Educational interventions were found to be consistently linked to enhanced knowledge and/or clinical practice concerning diabetic foot care among nurses in the included studies. Interactive and practical educational approaches appeared particularly promising; however, considerable heterogeneity existed in intervention content, duration, measurement instruments and follow-up periods. The overall certainty of evidence for both knowledge and practice outcomes was rated as very low.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Educational programmes were consistently associated with improvements in nurses' knowledge and practice regarding diabetic foot care. The findings suggest that healthcare training could be integrated with ongoing professional development programmes, emphasizing experiential learning. However, the very low certainty of evidence and predominance of non-randomized quasi-experimental designs limit causal inference. More rigorous randomized or cluster-randomized studies with standardized outcome measures, longer follow-up and patient-level outcomes are needed.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO: CRD420261404535.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13521569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on 'Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes'.","authors":"Héctor Fuentes-Barría","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70328","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13529260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148867003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher Post-Operative L-Thyroxine Dosage Needed After Right Compared to Left-Lobe Hemithyroidectomy.","authors":"Carola Deischinger, Michael Krebs, Thomas Scherer, Christian Scheuba, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Lana Kosi-Trebotic","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70345","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Usually, the right lobe of the thyroid gland is larger than the left lobe. Post hemithyroidectomy, the remaining lobe grows by up to 30% as compensation. Thyroxine replacement is still necessary for 22%-60% of all patients. We aimed at investigating whether a right-lobe hemithyroidectomy requires higher postoperative levothyroxine dosages.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>426 adult patients who received a hemithyroidectomy and a follow-up visit (median 9 months post-surgery) at the Medical University of Vienna between 1994 and 2018 were identified and investigated in this retrospective study with a weight and pre-surgery TSH-adjusted model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients required a higher mean levothyroxine dosage after right-lobe hemithyroidectomy (mean = 68.1 μg/day, p = 0.018) compared to the left lobe (mean = 60.2 μg/day).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients require roughly 13% more levothyroxine substitution after hemithyroidectomy of the right lobe compared to the left lobe, which should be considered in post-op care.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13597070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Semaglutide, Liraglutide and Tirzepatide on Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Comparative Narrative Review.","authors":"Hiba Bawadi, Haya Abuhijleh, Mamon Nofal, Zain Z Zakaria, Maha Al-Asmakh","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70338","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain major global health challenges. Incretin-based therapies, including the GLP-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide, and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide, are increasingly used to address hyperglycaemia and obesity, and have been evaluated for both cardiometabolic risk markers and selected cardiovascular and renal outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review summarizes and contrasts the pharmacology of semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide, distinguishing between surrogate cardiometabolic risk markers (e.g., glycaemic control, body weight and lipid parameters) and confirmed clinical outcomes, including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and renal endpoints.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Recent data were synthesized from pivotal randomized clinical trial programs, SUSTAIN and PIONEER (semaglutide), LEADER (liraglutide) and SURPASS and SURMOUNT (tirzepatide), as well as meta-analyses, post hoc analyses and observational studies addressing mechanistic and long-term cardiometabolic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All three agents improved HbA1c, weight and cardiometabolic outcomes, with tirzepatide generally showing greater reductions across clinical trials. Semaglutide and liraglutide consistently improved BMI, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk, while tirzepatide shows promise pending CVOT data. Renal outcomes were favourable across the class, though results varied by baseline characteristics and trial design.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide are key therapies for type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Tirzepatide's dual activity may enhance metabolic and lipid outcomes, while semaglutide and liraglutide have strong evidence for cardiovascular and renal safety. However, comparisons are based on indirect evidence and should be interpreted cautiously.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13580159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148978319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of Key Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care Behaviours Are Associated With Psychological Flexibility, Distress and Glycaemic Outcome.","authors":"Jennifer A Nicholas, Bu B Yeap, Donna Cross, Natasha Bear, Melanie S Burkhardt","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70336","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Living with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires multiple daily self-care behaviours. Identifying important self-care behaviours associated with health and wellbeing has the potential to support a goal-focussed and person-centred consultation. We describe diabetes self-care behaviours and their associations with clinical outcomes including glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and diabetes distress, and characterise key behavioural measures associated with poorer outcomes that could be targeted via behavioural intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study involving 105 adults with T1D attending a tertiary diabetes outpatient clinic. Self-report questionnaires administered during routine appointments assessed diabetes self-care behaviours, measures of distress and psychological flexibility. Associations between behaviours, HbA1C and distress were examined. Cluster analysis identified subgroups of participants with similar profiles, providing insights into frequency of self-care behaviours, HbA1C and distress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Half the participants reported lower frequencies of some key behaviours than generally considered necessary to manage day-to-day glucose variations. HbA1C less than 64 mmol/mol (< 8%) was associated with higher frequency of glucose checks, frequency of insulin administration, less prandial insulin omission, and days having hypoglycaemia treatment food available. Clinically significant distress was associated with less frequent insulin administration and less frequent glucose checks before administering insulin. Higher perceived attainment of diabetes self-care goals and psychological flexibility were associated with lower HbA1C and distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A point of care self-reported questionnaire can identify the frequency of clinically meaningful self-care behaviours, particularly those most strongly associated with glycaemia and/or distress. This could inform targeted strategies to enhance health outcomes. A prospective study is necessary to test whether routine collection of behavioural information would enhance personalised approaches to diabetes care.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13589303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149008914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gonadotropin Suppression During Mini-Puberty as an Early Biomarker of Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.","authors":"Ryosei Iemura, Yuri Suzuki, Maki Gau, Ryuta Orimoto, Haruki Yamano, Hisae Nakatani, Shizuka Kirino, Yoko Saito, Eriko Adachi, Atsumi Tsuji-Hosokawa, Kenichi Kashimada, Kei Takasawa","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70317","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Newborn screening (NBS) for congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) relies on elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) levels but is limited by a high false-positive rate and difficulty in distinguishing classic from non-classic forms. To evaluate whether the suppression of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during mini-puberty can serve as an early biomarker of classic 21OHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 37 infants evaluated for suspected 21OHD between 2013 and 2025. Subjects were classified as classic (C), non-classic (NC), or false-positive (FP) based on biochemical and genetic confirmation. Neonatal serum LH and FSH levels were compared among groups, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LH and FSH levels were significantly suppressed in classic 21OHD compared with NC and FP cases (p < 0.001). Gonadotropin concentrations demonstrated a stepwise pattern (C<NC<FP), although overlap limited the discrimination of non-classic disease. ROC analyses identified optimal cutoff values of 0.3 mIU/mL for LH (sensitivity 89.5%, specificity 83.3%) and 1.3 mIU/mL for FSH (sensitivity 94.7%, specificity 100%) for identifying classic 21OHD. Suppression was observed in both sexes and was particularly informative in male neonates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Suppressed LH and FSH levels during the neonatal period reflect the attenuation of mini-puberty and represent a characteristic endocrine feature of classic 21OHD. Gonadotropin measurement may provide a clinically accessible adjunct to NBS for the early identification of severe disease, particularly in male neonates and in the evaluation of 46,XX disorders/differences in sex development.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13535671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148876078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Type 1 Diabetes Pregnancy: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Glycaemic, Perinatal, Psychosocial and Implementation Outcomes.","authors":"Jieli Li, Elahe Sheklabadi, Rebecca F Goldstein, Ashley H Ng, Helena Teede, Negar Naderpoor","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70309","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Commercial automated insulin delivery (AID) systems are increasingly used in pregnancies complicated by Type 1 diabetes, but the evidence is dispersed across trials, observational studies, case series and qualitative research. Existing syntheses have largely emphasised glycaemic efficacy and selected perinatal outcomes, with less attention to device platform, timing of initiation, psychosocial burden, clinician workload and implementation context.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To describe the protocol for a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness, safety, feasibility, acceptability and implementation of commercial AID systems in Type 1 diabetes pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Emcare, the Cochrane Library, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov will be searched from 1 January 2010, with an update search before final synthesis. Eligible evidence will include randomised and non-randomised comparative studies, observational cohorts, case series, qualitative studies and mixed-methods studies involving pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes using commercial AID systems, including off-label pregnancy use. Two reviewers will independently screen, extract and appraise studies and inter-rater agreement will be reported. Randomised and non-randomised comparative evidence will be synthesised separately and, where studies are sufficiently comparable, meta-analysed within study-design and comparator strata. Quantitative outcomes will include pregnancy-specific time in range, other continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, maternal and neonatal outcomes, diabetes-specific adverse events, psychosocial measures, cost, resource use, feasibility, implementation and early postpartum outcomes. Qualitative evidence will be synthesised thematically and integrated with quantitative findings using a convergent segregated approach.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The review will clarify what is known about commercial AID use in Type 1 diabetes pregnancy and identify patient-, device-, clinician- and service-level factors relevant to implementation.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This systematic review protocol is registered with PROSPERO: CRD420251025194.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13546029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148897772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insulin Prescribing Challenges and Physician-Suggested Interventions: Evidence From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Aamir, Bazila Nafeesa, Adeel Aslam, Asma Ghulam Mustafa, Mateen Elahi, Amin Elahi, Kashif Barkat, Muhammad Umer Ashraf, Mohd Shahezwan Abd Wahab, Sumera Saeed Akhtar","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70337","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus is a major global health challenge that is controlled through insulin therapy; however, its use is limited by several barriers. This study assessed physicians' perceptions of insulin use, associated barriers and suggested improvements in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted at a tertiary care public sector hospital of Lahore, Pakistan, from September 2024 to February 2025. A total of 808 physicians participated. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni post hoc tests and binary logistic regression were applied using IBM SPSS Version 27.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 808 physicians, 369 were males, and 439 were females. Most had 5-10 years of clinical experience, with medicine as the largest speciality. Common barriers to insulin therapy included patient resistance, hypoglycaemia, regimen complexity, cultural beliefs and limited resources. Male physicians were more likely to report barriers in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses (OR = 1.414, p = 0.015; AOR = 1.392, p = 0.024). MRCP-qualified physicians also had higher odds of reporting barriers (OR = 1.642, p = 0.034; AOR = 1.657, p = 0.042). Physicians with 5-10 years' experience were less likely to report barriers than those with < 5 years (OR = 0.557, p < 0.001; AOR = 0.588, p < 0.001). Physicians recommended that diabetes educators and regular follow-up can improve adherence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Major barriers to insulin therapy included patient resistance, inadequate education, cultural beliefs, financial constraints and fear of hypoglycaemia. Physicians emphasized the need for better patient education, regular follow-up and improved communication to enhance insulin adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13568601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Shared IL-12/IL-35 p35 Subunit Is Associated With Heightened Atherogenic Risk in African Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Tawanda M Nyambuya, Edwig Shingenge, Fransina Ndevahoma, Bongani B Nkambule","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70306","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-35 are heterodimeric cytokines that share the p35 subunit and have opposing inflammatory roles. Dysregulated IL-12/IL-35 p35 may reflect an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways linking metabolic dysfunction to cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the clinical significance of circulating IL-12/IL-35 p35 levels remains unclear. This study investigated the association between IL-12/IL-35 p35 levels and metabolic and atherogenic risk markers in T2D.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study stratified 80 patients with T2D into Low and High IL-12/IL-35 p35 groups (n = 40/group) using a median split of plasma IL-12/IL-35 p35 (18.48 pg/mL). Laboratory parameters were measured using standard methods, and IL-12/IL-35 p35 concentrations were quantified by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with High IL-12/IL-35 p35 had significantly elevated fasting glucose (p = 0.0318), triglycerides (p < 0.0001), triglyceride/HDL ratio (p < 0.0001), Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) (p < 0.0001), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (p < 0.0001). Circulating IL-12/IL-35 p35 levels positively correlated with triglycerides, AIP, Trig/HDL ratio and TyG index (all p < 0.0001), and negatively correlated with HDL (p = 0.0466). In the multiple linear regression analysis, IL-12/IL-35 p35 levels and TyG index (all p < 0.05) independently predicted atherogenicity after adjusting for glycaemic control. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that IL-12/IL-35 p35 discriminated participants with high-risk AIP (AUC = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68-0.89, p < 0.0001) and elevated TyG index (AUC = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.93, p = 0.0147).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated circulating IL-12/IL-35 p35 in T2D is associated with suboptimal glucose control and pronounced atherogenicity, suggesting altered activity within this immunoregulatory axis. These findings highlight the shared p35 subunit as a marker of immune imbalance and support its potential utility in identifying heightened atherogenic risk in T2D beyond the traditional markers. Future studies should directly quantify intact IL-12 and IL-35 to elucidate their individual contributions to the alteration of this immunoregulatory axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":"e70306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148892234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes Type 2 in Women: The Impact of EndogenousOestrogen, A Population-Based Study With About 2 Decades of Follow-Up","authors":"Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani,&nbsp;Maryam Mousavi,&nbsp;Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar,&nbsp;Fatemeh Mahboobifard,&nbsp;Fereidoun Azizi,&nbsp;Maryam Farahmand","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70267","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The role of endogenous oestrogen exposure (EEE) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains understudied despite its potential importance. This study aimed to assess T2D incidence in women with different endogenous oestrogen durations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At the initiation of the study, 6273 post-menarche women above 20 years were included. After applying the exclusion criteria, 3,411 women remained (2,754 premenopausal and 657 menopausal). Each woman's EEE was determined, and they were monitored for the incidence of T2D. Based on the EEE duration, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the T2D event were reported using Cox proportional hazards regression models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mean age and menarcheal age (standard deviation) of participants were 39.3(12.5) and 13.5(1.5) years, respectively. Finally, 30.9% (1053) of the women developed diabetes (819 (29.7%) premenopausal and 234 (35.6%) menopausal). The age and BMI-adjusted model's findings indicated that, overall, the EEE z-score was inversely associated with T2D incidence in postmenarcheal women [HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85–0.97], meaning that the risk of T2D decreased by 9% for every 1-SD increase in the EEE z-score. Furthermore, after full adjustment for potential confounders, the association remained statistically significant (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84–0.96).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings suggest that longer EEE duration may reduce the risk of T2D, emphasising the importance of reproductive history in health assessments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13529318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148867020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}