Cécile Exertier , Linda Celeste Montemiglio , Lorenzo Tognaccini , Carlotta Zamparelli , Beatrice Vallone , Teresa Olczak , Michał Śmiga , Giulietta Smulevich , Francesco Malatesta
{"title":"Gaseous ligand binding to Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY hemophore-like protein in complex with heme","authors":"Cécile Exertier , Linda Celeste Montemiglio , Lorenzo Tognaccini , Carlotta Zamparelli , Beatrice Vallone , Teresa Olczak , Michał Śmiga , Giulietta Smulevich , Francesco Malatesta","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em> is the main pathogenic player in the development of periodontitis. To acquire heme, being an essential source of iron and protoporphyrin IX, <em>P. gingivalis</em> utilizes TonB-dependent outer membrane heme receptor (HmuR) and heme-binding hemophore-like protein (HmuY) as the main system for heme uptake from host hemoproteins. In this work, we present an extensive spectroscopic characterization of the binding of exogenous gaseous ligands to the holo-form of the HmuY (HmuY-heme) to unravel the mechanistic basis of heme release. Our data are consistent with a scenario where heme release from HmuY-heme is a multistep process that requires the initial rupture of one of the two heme‑iron coordination bonds with endogenous histidines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 112879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wuyang Hua , Fenglin Li , Ping Yang , Zhongkui Lu , Yanxia Liu , Bao Zhong , Baoxing Shen
{"title":"Resveratrol derivative modified Ru(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anticancer study","authors":"Wuyang Hua , Fenglin Li , Ping Yang , Zhongkui Lu , Yanxia Liu , Bao Zhong , Baoxing Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diversification of ligands provides more opportunities to adjust the photophysical performance as well as the bio-function of Ru(II) complexes as novel photosensitizers. Herein, a kind of Ru(II) complexes carrying resveratrol derivative, amino-Res, as ligand was designed and synthesized. The representative complex (named <strong>Ru4</strong>) showed potent anticancer activity under the trigger of 520 nm-light. Lipophilicity and cellular accumulation experiments indicated that <strong>Ru4</strong> possessed higher Log<em>P</em><sub>O/W</sub> value and cell up-take than <strong>Ru1</strong>-<strong>Ru3</strong> and [Ru(bpy)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>. Mechanism study revealed that <strong>Ru4</strong> could inhibit cancer cell migration, invasion and cancer stemness. The bio-function of <strong>Ru4</strong> was mainly inherited from the amino-Res ligand. The <em>in vivo</em> study demonstrated that <strong>Ru4</strong> could inhibit the tumor growth without significant system toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mafalda R. Almeida , Marco A.M. Videira , João C. Lima , Lígia Saraiva
{"title":"Mechanistic insights into Staphylococcus aureus IsdG-Ferrochelatase interactions: A key to understanding haem homeostasis in pathogens","authors":"Mafalda R. Almeida , Marco A.M. Videira , João C. Lima , Lígia Saraiva","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we explore the molecular interactions between two <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> enzymes, the haem oxygenase IsdG and ferrochelatase CpfC. Based on our previous research showing that IsdG interacts specifically with ferrochelatase, we constructed several mutants of IsdG and determined by fluorescence anisotropy the kinetic and affinity parameters of the interaction between CpfC and IsdG mutants. Our data indicate that the interacting residues on CpfC are located on a surface region distant from the porphyrin binding pocket. The identified interactions suggest that the inhibition of CpfC's iron-coproporphyrin chelatase activity by IsdG arises from long-range interactions, rather than direct blocking of the active site. Altogether, the experimental data allowed defining the regions involved in the interaction between the two proteins. These findings illuminate the interplay between haem acquisition and biosynthesis in pathogens, emphasizing the importance of specific protein interactions in mitigating intracellular haem toxicity. By elucidating these molecular mechanisms, we advance our understanding of bacterial haem homeostasis and contribute to development of potential therapeutic targets for combating haem-dependent pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 112878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessio Trerotola , Giuseppe Gravina , Viktoriia Vykhovanets , Naym Blal , Daniela Guarnieri , Andrea Maranzana , Marina Lamberti , Mina Mazzeo , Maria Strianese
{"title":"Fluorescent half-salen phenoxy-imine zinc complexes to reveal exogenous and endogenous H2S","authors":"Alessio Trerotola , Giuseppe Gravina , Viktoriia Vykhovanets , Naym Blal , Daniela Guarnieri , Andrea Maranzana , Marina Lamberti , Mina Mazzeo , Maria Strianese","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this contribution, the synthesis and the reactivity with HS<sup>−</sup> of a family of half-salen Zn complexes are reported. We provide evidence that HS<sup>−</sup> binds the zinc center of all the complexes under investigation. DFT and CCSD(T) calculations were performed to model the reactivity of these complexes with HS<sup>−</sup>.</div><div>We successfully applied a homoleptic zinc complex bearing a Schiff-based ligand with pyridine pendant arms as a probe for the monitoring of exogenous and endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S levels in live cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probing the generation, reactivity, and kinetics of high-valent manganese-oxo phthalocyanines: Insights into oxidation mechanisms","authors":"Alexis Smith, Sobenna Onyeso, Tristan Skipworth, Candice Schlabach, Rui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, manganese(IV)-oxo phthalocyanines [Mn<sup>IV</sup>(Pc)(O)] (<strong>3</strong>) (Pc = phthalocyanine) were produced either through visible light photolysis of [Mn<sup>III</sup>(Pc)(ClO<sub>3</sub>)] or by chemical oxidation of [Mn<sup>III</sup>(Pc)Cl] (<strong>1</strong>) with iodobenzene diacetate. The manganese(IV)-oxo species under study include tetra-<em>tert</em>-butylphthalocyaine‑manganese(IV)-oxo (<strong>3a</strong>) and phthalocyanine‑manganese(IV)-oxo (<strong>3b</strong>). As anticipated, the generated <strong>3</strong> reacted with various organic substrates to yield the oxidized products and further proved to be a competent oxidant via an H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O isotope labeling experiment. The kinetics of oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions for these generated <strong>3</strong> species with a range of substrates were examined in CH<sub>3</sub>CN solutions unless other specified. Overall, the second-order rate constants under pseudo-first-order conditions for <strong>3a</strong> and <strong>3b</strong> with the same substrates display similar modest reactivity, with the nature of the substrate playing a major role in influencing the reactivity of species <strong>3</strong>. The phenol substrates, in particular, reacted the fastest. Of note, second-order rate constants determined for thioanisoles are comparable to those of alkene epoxidations and activated C<img>H bond oxidations. Conventional Hammett analyses of rate constants for substituted styrenes revealed a linear correlation with the σ constant, indicating minimal charge developed at the transition state during the oxidation process. Additionally, the competition product studies and the Hammett correlation analysis further suggested that the manganese(IV)-oxo species observed in those kinetic studies are unlikely to serve as the primary oxidant for the epoxidation reactions catalyzed by manganese(III) phthalocyanine with PhI(OAc)<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112872"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heme dependent activity of the Streptomyces c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzyme CdgA","authors":"Olaf Latta , Emily E. Weinert , Andreas Bechthold","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Streptomyces</em> species are vital for producing natural products like antibiotics, with <em>c</em>-di-GMP playing a key role in regulating processes such as differentiation. <em>C</em>-di-GMP metabolism is controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which synthesize and hydrolyze <em>c</em>-di-GMP, respectively, to modulate cellular levels. To improve our understanding of <em>c</em>-di-GMP-regulated processes in <em>Streptomyces</em>, we have characterized a <em>c</em>-di-GMP-metabolizing enzyme CdgA from <em>Streptomyces ghanaensis</em> that contains both a diguanylate cyclase and a phosphodiesterase domain. Our studies demonstrate that the enzyme is purified in a form without heme and is only able to degrade <em>c</em>-di-GMP. When reconstituted with heme, it enables <em>c</em>-di-GMP synthesis, and depending on the redox state the synthesis rate is changed. To our knowledge, this is the first heme-dependent activity reported for a <em>c</em>-di-GMP-metabolizing enzyme in <em>Streptomyces</em> and has major implications for understanding the way <em>c</em>-di-GMP is metabolized <em>in vivo</em> in <em>Streptomyces</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 112874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bishu Wang , Xingguo Tang , Chuntao Xiao , Zhijie Yu , Huaben Bo , Jie Wang , Jinquan Wang
{"title":"Nucleus-targeted ruthenium(II) complex triggers immunogenic cell death and sensitizes melanoma to anti-PD-1 therapy by activating cGAS–STING pathway","authors":"Bishu Wang , Xingguo Tang , Chuntao Xiao , Zhijie Yu , Huaben Bo , Jie Wang , Jinquan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A significant challenge in the treatment of melanoma with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) is the limited T cells response often observed in immunologically “cold” tumors. By leveraging the immunogenicity of immunogenic cell death (ICD), which increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to ICBs, this study investigated the potential of a nucleus-targeted ruthenium(II) complex (<strong>Ru1</strong>) as an inducer of ICD. Treatment with <strong>Ru1</strong> induced DNA damage in melanoma cells, activating the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of the interferon genes (cGAS–STING) pathway. This triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to ICD. <strong>Ru1</strong>-treated dying melanoma cells exhibited characteristics such as cell exposure of calreticulin (CRT) on the cell surface, release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Vaccination with <strong>Ru1</strong>-treated, dying melanoma cells elicited robust antitumor immune responses, as evidenced by CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells activation, reduced Foxp3<sup>+</sup> T cells count, and the development of a memory immune response that protected mice from subsequent melanoma challenges. Combining <strong>Ru1</strong> with anti-PD-1 therapy significantly promoted T cells infiltration, enhanced dendritic cell activation, and reduced tumor-associated immunosuppressive factors, indicating a reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that <strong>Ru1</strong> is a promising therapeutic agent for treating “cold” tumors in cancer chemoimmunotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janetsi Y. Caro-Ramírez , Leandro O. Bazán , Oscar E. Piro , Gustavo A. Echeverría , Khalil Jori , Martín Mizrahi , Carlos A. Franca , María Luz Lambrisca , Joaquín A. Bustos , Carlos H. Laino , María Varcalcel , Clarisa Salado , Luciana G. Naso , Patricia A.M. Williams , Evelina G. Ferrer
{"title":"Exploring Zn(II)-Acetyl l-carnitine complex for simultaneous management of depression, chronic pain, and neuroprotection","authors":"Janetsi Y. Caro-Ramírez , Leandro O. Bazán , Oscar E. Piro , Gustavo A. Echeverría , Khalil Jori , Martín Mizrahi , Carlos A. Franca , María Luz Lambrisca , Joaquín A. Bustos , Carlos H. Laino , María Varcalcel , Clarisa Salado , Luciana G. Naso , Patricia A.M. Williams , Evelina G. Ferrer","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acetyl-<span>l</span>-carnitine (ALC) is synthesized in the brain, liver, and kidneys and plays crucial roles in energy metabolism, acetylcholine production, protein synthesis, and neuronal protection, contributing to its antidepressant and neuroprotective properties. Zinc, a vital biometal, is essential for depression and neuroprotection, exhibiting antidepressive effects alone or combined with classical antidepressants. The pharmacological benefits of metal coordination complexes often result from synergistic or additive effects. In this study, we present a novel multifunctional zinc complex, Zn(<em>ALC</em>)Cl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O), which crystallizes in the monoclinic chiral space group <em>P</em>2<sub>1</sub>, featuring a distorted tetrahedral Zn(II) environment. This new compound demonstrates significantly higher antidepressant activity, reducing immobility in the forced swimming test by 54 % compared to commercial ALC. Additionally, it exhibits <em>in vivo</em> antinociceptive properties, increases latency time, and proves effective in a diabetic neuropathy model by preventing the glucose-induced decrease in intracellular GSH levels. <em>In vitro</em> studies indicate that the complex can cross the blood-brain barrier and offer neuroprotection against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxygen-glucose deprivation, with a drug classification of 10 <em>versus</em> 5 for ALC. Furthermore, under astrocytosis conditions, the Zn complex neutralizes the toxic effects of TGFβ-treated astrocytes. These findings highlight Zn(<em>ALC</em>)Cl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O) as a promising candidate for treating depression and neurodegenerative diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bio-inspired oxidation catalysis based on proton-coupled electron transfer: Toward efficient and selective oxidation of methane to methanol","authors":"Takahiko Kojima","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a trail of my research is described starting from oxidation of alkanes by Fe<sup>III</sup>-TPA (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) complexes with alkyl hydroperoxides to Ru-pyridylamine complexes which can be converted to Ru<sup>IV</sup>-oxo complexes in different spin states (<em>S</em> = 1 or 0) through proton-coupled electron-transfer oxidation of the corresponding Ru<sup>II</sup>-aqua complexes, clarifying that those spin states do not affect the reactivity in water. The introduction of strongly donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) moiety allows us to create a Ru<sup>III</sup>-oxyl complex showing different reactivity from that of Ru<sup>IV</sup>-oxo complexes. Manipulation of second coordination spheres (SCSs) of Ru-TPA complexes is also described, visualizing unique functionality. The introduction of hydrophobic SCS to a Fe<sup>II</sup>-NHC complex enables to catalyze selective oxidation of methane to form methanol in high selectivity in aqueous media based on the “catch-and-release” strategy, which can also allow us to achieve highly selective two-electron oxidation of aromatic compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamás Pivarcsik , Ferenc Kovács , Gabriella Spengler , Márta Nové , Bernhard K. Keppler , Wolfgang Kandioller , Éva Frank , Éva A. Enyedy
{"title":"Anticancer organometallic half-sandwich complexes of estrone-derived (N,N) donor ligands with enhanced aqueous solubility","authors":"Tamás Pivarcsik , Ferenc Kovács , Gabriella Spengler , Márta Nové , Bernhard K. Keppler , Wolfgang Kandioller , Éva Frank , Éva A. Enyedy","doi":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.112858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four steroidal derivatives (L<sup>1-4</sup>) bearing an (N,N) metal-chelating subunit on the D-ring, in addition to the organometallic [M(arene)(N,N)Cl]Cl complexes of L<sup>1,2</sup> were synthesized and characterized, in which M(arene) is Rh(III)(η<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>) or Ir(III)(η<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>) or Ru(II)(η<sup>6</sup>-<em>p</em>-cymene). The solution chemical properties of both the estrone-based ligands and selected complexes were investigated by spectroscopic methods. At pH = 7.4, the ligands are predominantly positively charged, moderately lipophilic (log<em>D</em><sub>7.4</sub> = +0.6 − +3.2), and exhibit low-to-medium micromolar solubility (<em>S</em><sub>7.4</sub> = 9–543 μM) and are more hydrophilic than estrone; however, complexation improved the aqueous solubility of the obtained organometallics. The Rh(η<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>) and Ru(η<sup>6</sup>-<em>p</em>-cymene) complexes of L<sup>1</sup> demonstrated high stability in solution (<1 % bidentate ligand dissociation at pH 7.4 for 48 h), forming a higher fraction of mixed hydroxido species [M(arene)(N,N)(OH)]<sup>+</sup> in the case of the Ru complexes. Both coordination and intermolecular interactions of the organometallic complexes with human serum albumin were observed. The ligands and their complexes were tested in human cancer cell lines to investigate their <em>in vitro</em> anticancer activity. Studies in Colo-205 and MCF-7 cells revealed the moderate-to-strong cytotoxicity of the ligands (IC<sub>50</sub> = 5–50 μM) with limited selectivity toward cancer cells over the non-cancerous CCD-19Lu fibroblast cell line. Complexation increased the cytotoxicity, especially for Rh(III)(η<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>) and Ir(III)(η<sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>) complexes in the MCF-7 cell line compared to the ligands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}