BMC Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Long-term survival after therapeutic failure during hospitalization for severe acute malnutrition: Lwiro cohort follow-up in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.","authors":"Jean Corneille Lembebu, Amani Ngaboyeka Gaylord, Ghislain Bisimwa, Anouk Neven, Samuel Lwamushi Makali, Christine Chimanuka, Christian Zalinga Chiribagula, Bony Bonane Bugugu, Rosine Bigirinama, Philippe Donnen, Pacifique Mwene-Batu","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01173-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01173-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the association between therapeutic failure during hospitalization for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and long-term survival of children, 11 to 30 years after nutritional rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Referring to the data collected from December 2017 to November 2018 from the Lwiro cohort; we updated this database with additional data. Records of subjects admitted for SAM between 1988 and 2007 were extracted from the archives of the pediatric hospital in Lwiro, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Therapeutic failure was defined as a hospitalization duration > 45 days and/or edema resolution time > 30 days. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the impact of therapeutic failure on long-term mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 812 subjects were found to be alive and 118 died. The mean age at admission to nutritional rehabilitation was 46 months. Around two third of the subjects had edema, and in 5,6% of these subjects, edema resolutions took more than thirty days in hospital. Almost one in ten (9.4%) cases of SAM resulted in therapeutic failure. The risk of death was significantly higher in subjects with a hospital stay ≥ 45 days (HR = 1.98 and 95%CI: 1.07; 3.67). In the subgroup of subjects with edema, in those whose edema had was resolved late (≥ 30 days) during their hospitalization had a poorer prognosis compared to those whose edema resolved during the first 30 days, with a risks of HR = 2.81 (1.14; 6.95).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Improving the initial treatment of SAM is essential to reduce therapeutic failure rates. However, good follow-up after hospital discharge is also imperative to ensure the success of SAM management in the medium and long term.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional education interventions on the components of metabolic syndrome in the North-Western Bangladeshi adults.","authors":"Shammy Akter, Bably Sabina Azhar, Md Kamruzzaman, Md Hasan Al Banna, Hasibul Hasan, Md Mamunur Roshid","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01121-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01121-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and disturbed glucose metabolism. The main objective was to explore the effects of nutritional interventions on participants with MetS. The quasi-experimental design was carried out on 500 Bangladeshi adults (30 to 69 years; both males and females) who provided informed consent. Modified NCEP ATP III criteria for Asians were used to diagnose the subjects. This study revealed that the overall percentages of men and women with MetS were 59.6% and 59.1%, respectively. The study suggested a 2.69 cm reduction (p < 0.05) in waist circumference in females after 4 months of in-depth nutritional counseling and a 0.24 cm reduction after 4 months of single-intervention nutritional counseling. Similarly, a 2.64 cm reduction (p > 0.05) in males after 4 months of in-depth nutritional counseling and a 1.57 cm increase after a single intervention of nutritional counseling were found to be significant (p < 0.05). A 1.08 mmol/L decrease in FBG was found after in-depth nutritional counseling for 4 months, while no significant difference was detected after a single intervention. A 9.37 mg/dl increase in HDL-C was found (p < 0.05) for females, but for males, the levels of HDL-C remained nearly the same in both intervention groups. A reduction in the MetS proportion was found in the intervention groups (p < 0.05). The loads of MetS components 3, 4, and 5 were 44-23.5%, 47.1-11.8%, and 8.8-5.9% (p > 0.05), respectively, in the in-depth intervention group, whereas in the single intervention group, these were 50.0-32.3%, 41.9-35.5%, and 9.7-22.6%, respectively. Thus, community-based in-depth nutritional counseling reduced the proportion of individuals with MetS and significantly improved several metabolic parameters in Bangladeshi adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can a vegan diet help people with type 1 diabetes save on insulin? A secondary analysis of a 12-Week randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Hana Kahleova, Cristina Maracine, Tatiana Znayenko-Miller, Shihchen Kuo, William H Herman, Richard Holubkov, Neal D Barnard","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01175-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01175-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims/hypothesis: </strong>This secondary analysis compared the effect of a vegan to a portion-controlled diet on insulin use and insulin costs in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-eight adults with T1D were randomly assigned to a vegan (n = 29) or a portion-controlled group (n = 29) for 12 weeks. Federal Supply Schedule pharmaceutical pricing was used to assess insulin costs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total dose of insulin decreased by 12.1 units/day in the vegan group (p = 0.007), compared to no significant change in the portion-controlled group (treatment effect - 10.7 units/day [95% CI, -21.3 to -0.2]; p = 0.046). Total insulin costs decreased by 27% ($1.08/day; p = 0.003) in the vegan group, compared to no significant change in the portion-controlled group (-$0.38/day [95% CI, -$2.13 to +$1.38]; p = 0.66).</p><p><strong>Conclusions/interpretation: </strong>This study shows that a low-fat vegan diet could reduce insulin use and insulin costs in people with T1D. Larger trials are needed to confirm these findings.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04944316, registered on June 29, 2021.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives of individuals on reducing meat consumption to mitigate climate change - a scoping review.","authors":"Ramona Moosburger, Almut Richter, Gert B M Mensink, Kristin Manz, Julia Wagner, Katharina Heldt, Julika Loss","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01171-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01171-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As high meat consumption is detrimental to both individual health and the climate, many international organizations recommend a reduction in meat consumption among populations. This scoping review aims to synthesize the evidence on individuals' perspectives on reducing meat consumption to mitigate climate change. The three research questions focus on (1) the individuals' awareness of the link between meat consumption and climate change, (2) individuals' willingness to reduce their meat consumption to mitigate climate change, and (3) individuals who have already reduced their meat consumption for this purpose.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This scoping review follows the extended PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. A systematic search was conducted in five databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, Greenfile and PsynDex/CurrentContent/Agris via Livivo). Only peer-reviewed original studies, published since 2015, in English, German, Danish or Dutch were included. Two researchers performed all screening procedures. Data from included studies were summarized in a narrative and descriptive synthesis of evidence, separately for quantitative and qualitative studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 93 studies were included. The majority of studies were published since 2019, had a quantitative study design, and were conducted in Europe. Awareness of the link between meat consumption and climate change is low in most studies, and many people underestimate the climate change mitigation potential of meat consumption. Women and people with lower current meat consumption are more willing to reduce their meat consumption. Health and animal welfare are often the main reasons for reducing meat consumption, with climate change being a secondary motivation for most. However, studies varied in the questionnaires used, and many had small sample sizes, limiting comparability and generalizability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Further research using nationwide samples and standardized, validated instruments would improve insight into individuals' perspectives on reducing meat consumption to mitigate climate change and is crucial to understanding of how to effectively promote a more plant-based diet. As media and political attention to climate change mitigation is increasing, it will be valuable to monitor changes in individual awareness, willingness and motivation to reduce meat consumption across populations worldwide.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This scoping review has been registered at Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MWB85 ) and the review protocol has been published in BMJ Open.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145287419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the quality and pattern of diet in relation to eating disorder among Bengalee adolescent girls.","authors":"Shaonee Saha, Reetapa Biswas","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01166-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40795-025-01166-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145245383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary inflammatory potential exacerbates sleep disturbances in hyperlipidemia: mediation by BMI and neuro-metabolic pathways.","authors":"Yueyu Zhang, Xinyi Chen, Yi Tang, Yu Wang, Kangrui Zhang, Juncang Wu","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01157-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40795-025-01157-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperlipidemia is closely associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) reflects the pro-inflammatory potential of the diet, but its association with sleep disorders among individuals with hyperlipidemia remains unclear. This study aims to explore the association between DII and sleep disorders in adults with hyperlipidemia and analyze the mediating effect of body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 13,195 participants with hyperlipidemia from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States (2007-2018) were included. Sleep disorders were defined based on self-reported physician diagnosis. DII scores were calculated based on 22 dietary components. Weighted multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, curve fitting models, and threshold analysis were used to evaluate the association between DII and sleep disorders. Finally, the mediating effect of BMI was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 13,195 participants were included, of whom 1,598 reported sleep disorders. After adjusting for all covariates using weighted logistic regression, each 1-unit increase in DII was associated with a 5.7% higher prevalence of sleep disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 1.057, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.012-1.105). When DII was categorized into four groups, the OR for Q4 versus Q1 was 1.295 (95% CI: 1.039-1.614, P = 0.0269), with a significant trend (trend test P < 0.05). Restricted cubic spline and curve fitting models showed a linear relationship between DII and sleep disorder prevalence. Subgroup analysis indicated a stronger association between DII and sleep disorders among participants with hyperlipidemia who were under 60 years old. Mediation analysis further revealed that BMI mediated 26.07% of the association between DII and sleep disorders (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this cross-sectional study show a positive association between pro-inflammatory diets and the risk of sleep disorders in patients with hyperlipidemia. A significant trend was observed across the quartiles of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the highest quartile (Q4) compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) was 1.295 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.039-1.614, P = 0.0269), which was particularly evident in the young and middle-aged population (< 60 years old). Reducing the dietary inflammatory index may improve sleep health through weight loss (mediated by BMI) and direct anti-inflammatory effects. Future interventional studies are needed to clarify the causal impact of dietary inflammation regulation on sleep quality and the underlying molecular mechanisms, so as to provide a scientific basis for precision nutritional intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple physiological and behavioural parameters identification for dietary monitoring using wearable sensors: a study protocol.","authors":"Mayue Shi, Jiaying Zhou, Mingzhu Cai","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01168-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40795-025-01168-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Traditional dietary intake assessment is labour- and time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies and biases. Emerging wearable sensing technology may offer a promising solution. This protocol paper describes a study investigating the physiological responses to energy intake utilising a customised wearable multi-sensor band, which is specifically designed to monitor multiple physiological and behavioural responses related to eating and digestion events for dietary monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This study will recruit 10 healthy volunteers from databases and public advertisements, with informed consent required prior to participation. Participants will attend two main study visits at a clinical research facility, consuming pre-defined high- and low-calorie meals in a randomised order. Wearable sensors will be worn throughout the eating episodes to track hand-to-mouth movements and physiological changes, including skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO₂). These sensor readings will be validated against a traditional bedside monitor which additionally measures blood pressure. Blood samples will be collected via intravenous cannula to measure blood glucose, insulin, and hormone levels. Relationship between eating episodes (e.g., occurrence, duration, use of cutlery, high- vs. low-calorie) with hand movement patterns, as well as physiological and blood biochemical responses, will be analysed.</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>Ethical approval has been granted by London - Westminster Research Ethics Committee. REC reference: 23/PR/1379. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and seminar presentations. Protocol V.5. Protocol date: 16 January 2024.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT06398340 in ClinicalTrials.gov, registration date 03 May 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between famine exposure during early life and the risk of hyperuricemia in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Xiaodan Zhang, Ting Liu, Jielin Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01172-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40795-025-01172-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12492828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleolithic diet fraction and score in post hoc data analysis of a randomized controlled trial with lifestyle interventions for abdominal obesity.","authors":"Björn Rydhög, Pedro Carrera-Bastos, Yvonne Granfeldt, Kristina Sundquist, Tommy Jönsson","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01165-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40795-025-01165-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paleolithic Diet Fraction (PDF) and Paleolithic Diet Score (PDS) are both measures of how closely a food intake conforms to a Paleolithic dietary pattern. PDF is calculated directly from an individual's absolute food intake and PDS is an aggregated score based on an individual's food intake relative to a population. Both are inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality, coronary events and cancer. Here, for the first time, both measures are calculated in the same population and compared in a post hoc data analysis of a two-year-long randomized controlled trial (RCT) examining effects of lifestyle changes on waist circumference.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-three participants with increased waist circumference and at least one additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease were randomized to a diet based on current dietary guidelines with or without grains and with or without physical exercise or controls. Of these, this post hoc analysis included the 57 participants (36 women and 21 men, aged 31-79 years) who completed the study per protocol with dietary data. Mean daily PDF and PDS were calculated using four-day weighed food records at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Correlations between PDF and PDS, and their respective associations with cardiometabolic outcomes were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean daily PDF for energy at baseline, 12, and 24 months was 36%, 44%, and 42%, respectively. The absolute values of PDF and PDS, and their relative changes, demonstrated moderate to strong correlations during the study (r_s​(55) = 0.38-0.75, p < .001-0.004). No significant associations were found between changes in absolute or relative measures of PDF or PDS and changes in cardiometabolic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were moderate to strong correlations between PDF and PDS and no associations between PDF or PDS and cardiometabolic outcome measures, with the latter result possibly due to only modest changes in diet and an absence of outcome effects.</p><p><strong>Registry: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov, TRN: NCT01208558, Registration date: 24 September 2010. Retrospectively registered.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marketing of ultra-processed foods on popular radio channels in Kenya.","authors":"Caroline H Karugu, Milkah N Wanjohi, Veronica Ojiambo, Sharon Mugo, Michelle Holdsworth, Amos Laar, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Gershim Asiki, Charles Agyemang","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01164-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40795-025-01164-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a dearth of information on the extent of marketing of ultra-processed foods on traditional media such as radio in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases such as overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to examine the marketing of ultra-processed foods on the most widely accessed radio stations across three counties in Kenya.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in three counties: Nairobi, Mombasa, and Baringo counties in the period between December 2021 to February 2022. We purposively selected 5 radio stations based on their popularity in different counties according to the Communications Authority of Kenya ratings. Using stratified sampling, we selected 8 recording days: 4 weekdays and 4 weekend days for three months. The recorded data were coded using a structured questionnaire. The key variables included the food and non-food and beverage products advertised on the radio stations, categorization of the food, non-food beverage products, time slots of the advertisements, promotional strategies, and premium offers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 1499 advertisements on the radio, 15.7% (n = 235) were food and beverage products. The most advertised food categories were sugar-sweetened beverages (44.7%) and alcoholic drinks (23.4%). Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) accounted for 58.3% of the non-alcoholic food and beverage product advertisements on the radio. There was a significantly higher level of UPFs during the weekdays (58.3%) compared to weekend days (39.0%) (p < 0.001), school holiday seasons (73.4%) compared to non-school holiday seasons (46.5%) (p < 0.001), and in urban areas (70.1%) compared to rural areas (34.5%) (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We observed a high level of UPF marketing across both rural and urban settings, with higher proportions recorded in urban areas and during school holiday periods. To support healthier food environments, there is a need for regulatory action targeting radio advertising of unhealthy foods. This may include restrictions during peak child listening hours, regulation of persuasive content, and clear identification of sponsored food promotions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36422,"journal":{"name":"BMC Nutrition","volume":"11 1","pages":"176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}