Evolutionary Human Sciences最新文献_第3页

Infant-carrying mechanisms in a natural environment: the case of Qashqai nomad. 自然环境中的婴儿携带机制：卡什卡伊游牧民的案例。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-30 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.25

Zohreh Anvari, Gilles Berillon, Kristiaan D'Août, Dominique Grimaud-Hervé, Mahtab Rezaei

{"title":"Infant-carrying mechanisms in a natural environment: the case of Qashqai nomad.","authors":"Zohreh Anvari, Gilles Berillon, Kristiaan D'Août, Dominique Grimaud-Hervé, Mahtab Rezaei","doi":"10.1017/ehs.2024.25","DOIUrl":"10.1017/ehs.2024.25","url":null,"abstract":"Infant carrying and more generally load carrying may impact bipedal locomotion and thus the energy cost of the daily activities, in living people but also in our ancestors. In order to improve our knowledge of infant carrying strategies we investigate the biomechanics of infant carrying in a non-mechanised group. The Qashqai are nomadic people who still carry loads and infants habitually without any daily assistance in varied natural environments. Our analysis focuses on the sagittal kinematics using a high-speed camera (joint angles, speed, position of the centre of mass) and kinetics (ground reaction forces and displacement of the centre of mass) using a six-degree of freedom force plate. We assessed the unloaded and loaded (infant) walking of 26 Qashqai women, living in the Fars province (Iran). The results demonstrate that different mechanisms of walking exist that are related to the mode of carrying and the weight of the infant, by which step length, walking speed and the lower limb angles are not affected. The displacement of the total centre of mass remains unchanged. This supports the hypothesis that the Qashqai have developed mechanisms of load carrying that limit the increase in energy consumption. This could be related to the usual high level of daily activity.","PeriodicalId":36414,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","volume":"6 ","pages":"e36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11588558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reputation-surveillance model of mate guarding: community size and religious veiling. 配偶保护的声誉监督模型：社区规模和宗教面纱。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-30 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.40

Farid Pazhoohi

{"title":"Reputation-surveillance model of mate guarding: community size and religious veiling.","authors":"Farid Pazhoohi","doi":"10.1017/ehs.2024.40","DOIUrl":"10.1017/ehs.2024.40","url":null,"abstract":"The mate guarding theory of conservative clothing posits that veiling reduces women's physical allure and sexual attractiveness, thereby diminishing men's attraction towards them and deterring potential rivals for a woman's partner. This theory argues that the importance of veiling is influenced by ecological factors in a way that it is of higher importance to control women's sexuality in harsher environments to secure paternal investment. A prediction of this theory is that the importance of veiling should be influenced by community size, where individuals' reputations, specifically men's, might have different weightings, and their perceived sense of controlling a partner's activity may differ. Using pre-existing data from seven countries encompassing over 9000 individuals, the current study explored the association of town size and importance of veiling for women. Results showed a U-shaped relationship where in small towns and large cities, individuals, specifically men, give more importance to the veiling of women. This finding not only has multiple implications in terms of the effect of community size on male policing behaviours of women and sexual restrictions, but it also might point to a wider relationship regarding the association of community size and moral values.","PeriodicalId":36414,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","volume":"6 ","pages":"e37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11588552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Socioeconomic status and sex ratio in the contemporary Hungarian population. 当代匈牙利人口的社会经济地位和性别比例。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-30 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.39

Fanni Sarkadi, Eszter Szász, Balázs Rosivall

{"title":"Socioeconomic status and sex ratio in the contemporary Hungarian population.","authors":"Fanni Sarkadi, Eszter Szász, Balázs Rosivall","doi":"10.1017/ehs.2024.39","DOIUrl":"10.1017/ehs.2024.39","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (TWH), when the mother's condition around conception influences the future reproductive success of male and female offspring differently, the adjustment of offspring sex ratio (SR) to maternal condition will increase the parents' fitness. The TWH has been tested in several taxa, including humans where socioeconomic status as an index of condition has been widely used. The results are inconsistent, possibly because the preconditions of the TWH are not always met. To investigate the preconditions and prediction of the TWH in the contemporary Hungarian population, we collected data by an online questionnaire on self-perceived childhood living standard, the number of children and the sex of the respondents' siblings. We found no sex-specific relationship between reproductive success and childhood living standards, thus the precondition of the TWH was not met. We found no relationship between socioeconomic status and offspring SR when data from the whole country was used, but there was a tendency in the predicted direction when we used data from Budapest and considered the SR of only those family members who were born under similar conditions. Similar approaches should be preferred in the future to avoid noise caused by changing status during the reproductive lifespan.","PeriodicalId":36414,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","volume":"6 ","pages":"e38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11658934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coevolution of norm psychology and cooperation through exapted conformity. 规范心理的共同进化和通过外显一致性进行的合作。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-24 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.37

Yuta Kido, Masanori Takezawa

{"title":"Coevolution of norm psychology and cooperation through exapted conformity.","authors":"Yuta Kido, Masanori Takezawa","doi":"10.1017/ehs.2024.37","DOIUrl":"10.1017/ehs.2024.37","url":null,"abstract":"People willingly follow norms and values, often incurring material costs. This behaviour supposedly stems from evolved norm psychology, contributing to large-scale cooperation among humans. It has been argued that cooperation is influenced by two types of norms: injunctive and descriptive. This study theoretically explores the socialisation of humans under these norms. Our agent-based model simulates scenarios where diverse agents with heterogeneous norm psychologies engage in collective action to maximise their utility functions that capture three motives: gaining material payoff, following injunctive and descriptive norms. Multilevel selective pressure drives the evolution of norm psychology that affects the utility function. Further, we develop a model with exapted conformity, assuming selective advantage for descriptive norm psychology. We show that norm psychology can evolve via cultural group selection. We then identify two normative conditions that favour the evolution of norm psychology, and therefore cooperation: injunctive norms promoting punitive behaviour and descriptive norms. Furthermore, we delineate different characteristics of cooperative societies under these two conditions and explore the potential for a macro transition between them. Together, our results validate the emergence of large-scale cooperative societies through social norms and suggest complementary roles that conformity and punishment play in human prosociality.","PeriodicalId":36414,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","volume":"6 ","pages":"e35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11503932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Salience of infectious diseases did not increase xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic. 在 COVID-19 大流行期间，传染病的显著性并没有增加仇外心理。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.28

Lei Fan, Joshua M Tybur, Paul A M Van Lange

引用次数: 0

Testing the expensive-tissue hypothesis' prediction of inter-tissue competition using causal modelling with latent variables. 利用潜变量因果模型检验 "昂贵组织假说 "对组织间竞争的预测。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-14 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.26

Meghan Shirley Bezerra, Samuli Helle, Kiran K Seunarine, Owen J Arthurs, Simon Eaton, Jane E Williams, Chris A Clark, Jonathan C K Wells

{"title":"Testing the expensive-tissue hypothesis' prediction of inter-tissue competition using causal modelling with latent variables.","authors":"Meghan Shirley Bezerra, Samuli Helle, Kiran K Seunarine, Owen J Arthurs, Simon Eaton, Jane E Williams, Chris A Clark, Jonathan C K Wells","doi":"10.1017/ehs.2024.26","DOIUrl":"10.1017/ehs.2024.26","url":null,"abstract":"The expensive-tissue hypothesis (ETH) posited a brain-gut trade-off to explain how humans evolved large, costly brains. Versions of the ETH interrogating gut or other body tissues have been tested in non-human animals, but not humans. We collected brain and body composition data in 70 South Asian women and used structural equation modelling with instrumental variables, an approach that handles threats to causal inference including measurement error, unmeasured confounding and reverse causality. We tested a negative, causal effect of the latent construct 'nutritional investment in brain tissues' (MRI-derived brain volumes) on the construct 'nutritional investment in lean body tissues' (organ volume and skeletal muscle). We also predicted a negative causal effect of the brain latent on fat mass. We found negative causal estimates for both brain and lean tissue (-0.41, 95% CI, -1.13, 0.23) and brain and fat (-0.56, 95% CI, -2.46, 2.28). These results, although inconclusive, are consistent with theory and prior evidence of the brain trading off with lean and fat tissues, and they are an important step in assessing empirical evidence for the ETH in humans. Analyses using larger datasets, genetic data and causal modelling are required to build on these findings and expand the evidence base.","PeriodicalId":36414,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","volume":"6 ","pages":"e33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11514623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142523270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Methods in causal inference. Part 2: Interaction, mediation, and time-varying treatments. 因果推论方法。第 2 部分：交互、中介和时变处理。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.32

Joseph A Bulbulia

引用次数: 0

Methods in causal inference. Part 3: measurement error and external validity threats. 因果推断方法。第 3 部分：测量误差和外部有效性威胁。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.33

Joseph A Bulbulia

{"title":"Methods in causal inference. Part 3: measurement error and external validity threats.","authors":"Joseph A Bulbulia","doi":"10.1017/ehs.2024.33","DOIUrl":"10.1017/ehs.2024.33","url":null,"abstract":"The human sciences should seek generalisations wherever possible. For ethical and scientific reasons, it is desirable to sample more broadly than 'Western, educated, industrialised, rich, and democratic' (WEIRD) societies. However, restricting the target population is sometimes necessary; for example, young children should not be recruited for studies on elderly care. Under which conditions is unrestricted sampling desirable or undesirable? Here, we use causal diagrams to clarify the structural features of measurement error bias and target population restriction bias (or 'selection restriction'), focusing on threats to valid causal inference that arise in comparative cultural research. We define any study exhibiting such biases, or confounding biases, as weird (wrongly estimated inferences owing to inappropriate restriction and distortion). We explain why statistical tests such as configural, metric and scalar invariance cannot address the structural biases of weird studies. Overall, we examine how the workflows for causal inference provide the necessary preflight checklists for ambitious, effective and safe comparative cultural research.","PeriodicalId":36414,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","volume":"6 ","pages":"e42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11588564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expanding the causal menu: An interventionist perspective on explaining human behavioural evolution. 扩大因果菜单：解释人类行为进化的干预主义视角。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-01 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.27

Ronald J Planer, Ross Pain

引用次数: 0

Methods in causal inference. Part 4: confounding in experiments. 因果推理的方法。第四部分：实验中的混淆。

IF 2.2

Evolutionary Human Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-27 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.34

Joseph A Bulbulia

引用次数: 0