Asterios Papamichail, Georgios Tsoumanis, S. Sioutas, K. Oikonomou
{"title":"A Performance Evaluation of Flooding Methods on Real Network Topologies","authors":"Asterios Papamichail, Georgios Tsoumanis, S. Sioutas, K. Oikonomou","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167956","url":null,"abstract":"In order to ensure the efficient distribution of information, routing protocols, data collection and dissemination mechanisms are essential. Flooding is a commonly used method to broadcast information to all nodes in a network, with various algorithms having different advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, an evaluation of three flooding methods is presented: (i) blind flooding; (ii) probabilistic flooding; and (iii) m-Probabilistic flooding. The analysis focuses on the achieved coverage and the number of messages, showing the performance of each flooding method on these aspects. Findings in this paper reveal that, in certain cases, m-Probabilistic flooding achieves better coverage than the other considered methods and significantly reduces the number of exchanged messages. Along with the comparison results, a metric that is based on binomial approximation with respect to topologies is also investigated to shed further light on the particulars of probabilistic flooding.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115185652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"It Is Rude to Ask a Sensor Its Age-of-Information: Status Updates Against an Eavesdropping Node","authors":"Laura Crosara, N. Laurenti, L. Badia","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167914","url":null,"abstract":"We consider periodical status updates between a transmitter and a legitimate receiver, in the presence of an eavesdropper that is sometimes able to capture pieces of information. We assume that, in the absence of such a threat, the connection between the transmitter and the receiver is controlled by the transmitter with the aim to minimize the age of information at the receiver’s side. However, if the presence of an eavesdropper is known, the transmitter may further tune the generation rate of status updates to trade off the age of information values acquired by the eavesdropper and the receiver, respectively. To analyze this problem, we first propose a metric that combines both objectives according to a Bergson social welfare framework, and then we solve the problem of finding the optimal generation rate as a function of the probability of data capture by the eavesdropper. This enables us to derive notable and sometimes counter-intuitive conclusions, and possibly establish an extension of the age of information framework to security aspects from a performance evaluation perspective.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123160073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Learning based Low Complexity Relay Selection for Wireless Powered Cooperative Communication Networks","authors":"Aysun Gurur Onalan, S. Coleri","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167900","url":null,"abstract":"Energy harvesting relays significantly improve network performance in Wireless Powered Cooperative Communication Networks (WPCCNs). The relay selection problem in WPCCNs is commonly solved by iterative algorithms with high runtimes, which is unpractical for real-life applications. This paper proposes a low complexity solution based on deep learning to solve the relay selection problem with the objective of minimum schedule length in multi-source-multi-relay WPCCNs. We formulate the relay selection problem as a novel multi-class classification problem whose classes represent all possible relay selection combinations for all sources. To solve this classification problem, a feed-forward deep neural network (DNN) architecture is designed. The inputs are the channel gains and parameters derived from these gains based on the optimality conditions of the problem. The output is the relay selection for all sources represented by a class. Conventional supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, including Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbour, are also implemented for benchmark comparisons. The proposed network outperforms the benchmark ML algorithms and previous iterative heuristic algorithms regarding precision, recall, fl-score, accuracy, and optimality gap in schedule length with lower runtime.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":" 46","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120828154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remote Monitoring and Control of Refrigerators Through MQTT Protocol with AES Encryption","authors":"Ümit Güler, R. Sokullu","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167993","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency is one of the most popular topics of today. There are many studies on issues such as instantaneous energy consumption and the detection of devices that consume more energy than necessary. This study focuses on refrigerators that we have at least one in every home and workplace. This number increases even more when other public areas such as hospitals and markets are considered. Refrigerators are one of the devices that have to be constantly connected to power supply and whose energy consumption changes periodically according to the preset temperature value. In this paper we present a system which will provide refrigerator manufacturers with the opportunity to remotely monitor the temperature, humidity, current, voltage and power consumption of refrigerators connected to WiFi in various locations. By using the PZEM-004T module, variables such as temperature and power values as well as energy consumed and power factor can be monitored. Thus, according to the data obtained by refrigerator manufacturers from different points and regions, significant improvements can be made in terms of energy efficiency. In addition, refrigerator users will be able to monitor the operation through a mobile application using BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) connection, owing to the ESP32 (Hybrid WiFi and BLE) module. Both sides will be able to detect fault conditions such as energy fluctuations, power cuts, temperature rises, and open door in a refrigerator containing critical materials. Furthermore the designed system allows also remote intervention and corrections of certain problematic situations. On the other hand, the sensitive issue of user privacy is also taken into consideration. User privacy is maximized by adding Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption to the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication, which is frequently used in Internet of Things (IoT) systems but does not have in-built security.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114956432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leila Tlebaldiyeva, S. Arzykulov, T. Tsiftsis, G. Nauryzbayev
{"title":"Full-Duplex Cooperative NOMA-based mmWave Networks with Fluid Antenna System (FAS) Receivers","authors":"Leila Tlebaldiyeva, S. Arzykulov, T. Tsiftsis, G. Nauryzbayev","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167904","url":null,"abstract":"The high-penetration path loss and distance are the major limiting factors of the millimeter wave (mmWave) technology. It consequently requires a line-of-sight environment to accommodate the source and destination nodes, while the presence of in-between obstacles becomes inevitable due to the ever-increasing densification of modern wireless networks. Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and fluid antenna system (FAS) can play important roles in expanding the range of communication. We propose an N-user NOMA network that utilizes the base station’s resources efficiently and implements cooperative full-duplex communication. Furthermore, the considered L-port FAS technique improves the quality-of-service by designing a flexible and low-profile antenna for mobile users. Simulation results reveal that 10-port FAS outperforms the selection combining technique while requiring around 600 ports to beat the performance of a four-antenna maximum-ratio-combining scheme. Finally, we formulate the outage probability expressions considering residual self-interference and interference, which are validated through Monte Carlo simulations.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124989291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy consumption optimization in a smart university campus microgrid","authors":"G. Marinova, V. Guliashki, E. Hajrizi","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167883","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers energy consumption optimization in a university campus smart microgrid environment. A model, including photovoltaic panels, battery energy storage system, reformer for low-cost Bio-Hydrogen production, and PEM fuel cells, is proposed. The objective of the study is to calculate the parameters of the reformer and PEM fuel cells, the optimal schedule of the battery energy storage system, and the necessary Hydrogen production to cover the loads in the smart microgrid, for achieving full energy independence from the main grid. The fmincon solver from the Optimization toolbox in MATLAB was used to solve the formulated optimization problem. The test experiments show that the project can be realized at a reasonable cost.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130276612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supervised Wireless Communication: An Analytic Framework for Real-Time Model Inference in the 5G Core Network","authors":"Rekha Reddy, Yorman Munoz, C. Lipps, H. Schotten","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167924","url":null,"abstract":"The base for providing intelligent management is evolving towards Beyond 5G (B5G) and Sixth Generation (6G) networks. The increasing demand for data traffic, and the deployment of a significant number of network slices, create an essential need to improve the performance of resource utilization and allocation. Deployment strategies for real-time network optimization become challenging with the trends in heterogeneity and diversity. This work proposes the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication’s real-time prediction framework by analyzing the traffic of each Network Function (NF) in the Core Network (CN) architecture, simulated in a containerized infrastructure. Based on a varying range of hyperparameters, regressive training is conducted, and an optimal model is chosen for the inference phase through model tracking and registry support. During the real-time prediction stage, if the comparison results in a larger difference, a messaging system is implemented to notify a specific authority for further investigation. Finally, the experimental result shows the feasibility of this proposal to forecast with high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133694223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Status Update Scheduling in Remote Sensing Under Variable Activation Delay","authors":"L. Badia, A. Munari","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167877","url":null,"abstract":"Sensor data exchanges in IoT applications can experience a variable delay due to changes in the communication environment and sharing of processing capabilities. This variability can impact the performance and effectiveness of the systems being controlled, and is especially reflected on age of information (AoI), a performance metric that quantifies the freshness of updates in remote sensing. In this paper, we discuss the quantitative impact of a variable activation delay on AoI. We consider an offline scheduling over a finite horizon, and we show the main role of the first and second order moments of the activation delay. Our analysis gives a quantitative boundary on when such term can be neglected and also prompts possible further investigations that can be used to mitigate the increase of AoI and improve the overall performance.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134363472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gokce Duzyol, Merve Gorkem Durmaz, Oguzhan Yetimoglu, Abdurrahman Dilmac, Zeliha Cansu Canbek Ozdil, A. E. Pusane, T. Tuğcu
{"title":"A Microfluidic Platform for Modeling Molecular Communication","authors":"Gokce Duzyol, Merve Gorkem Durmaz, Oguzhan Yetimoglu, Abdurrahman Dilmac, Zeliha Cansu Canbek Ozdil, A. E. Pusane, T. Tuğcu","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167928","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular communication (MC) exploits the opportunities to build up a communication link at a small scale to improve the capabilities of nanomachines by forming a network between multiple machines. Even though there are significant theoretical and conceptual frameworks for the further advancement of MC, only a few studies seem to deal with more practical aspects of communication theory, especially on a micro-scale. To this extent, this paper presents an experimental platform based on microfluidics to investigate the physical response of MC environments to enable practical applications. In this communication scenario, polystyrene microbeads are used to convey the information in a controlled microenvironment to transmit encoded data under continuous pressure-driven background flow. The observation is performed with an integrated optical setup. The resulting videos are processed by an image processing algorithm for automated particle recognition and counting. Outcome data are decoded to reproduce the transmitted bit sequences. By adopting the number of microbeads as the information carrier, signals are modulated via on-off keying and demodulated in the same way. As a result, we achieve information transmission and particle detection in a microenvironment. The proposed experimental model’s behavior is also verified by simulations utilizing the COMSOL software.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130929533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel Scalable DNN-based Relay Selection Scheme for Wireless Powered Communication Networks","authors":"Gulnur Tolebi, Y. Amirgaliyev, G. Nauryzbayev","doi":"10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167964","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose an optimal relay selection scheme based on a deep neural network (DNN) to evaluate and minimize the outage probability (OP) in cooperative wireless powered communication networks (WPCNs). We explicitly split the relay selection problem into two parts: OP estimation and relay selection itself. We first consider the task from the perspective of the supervised learning regression problem. We train offline the DNN-based model on synthetic data. The proposed model is easy to scale for a network of any size since it predicts OP for each relay separately. Then, based on the results obtained in the previous step, the node with a minimum OP value is selected. Simulation results show that the proposed DNN-based relay selection scheme achieves minimum OP and exhibits the lowest mean square error than the models based on the state-of-the-art machine learning approaches.","PeriodicalId":363999,"journal":{"name":"2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121471754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}