Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology最新文献_第2页

Educator Knowledge of Childhood Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits. 教育工作者对儿童行为问题和冷酷无情特征的了解。

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01230-9

Georgette E Fleming, Antonia L Boulton, Ashneeta H Prasad, Kelly A Kershaw, Eva R Kimonis

{"title":"Educator Knowledge of Childhood Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits.","authors":"Georgette E Fleming, Antonia L Boulton, Ashneeta H Prasad, Kelly A Kershaw, Eva R Kimonis","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01230-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10802-024-01230-9","url":null,"abstract":"Research evaluating mental health literacy (MHL) of adults who support children with mental health difficulties is relatively scarce. To date, no studies have investigated educator knowledge of conduct problems and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. This is a significant gap in the literature since conduct problems are among the most prevalent childhood mental disorders, while CU traits are associated with poor academic, behavioral, and social outcomes in school settings. In the current study, we assessed educators' knowledge of the characteristics and management of conduct problems and CU traits. Participants were N = 390 preschool and primary/elementary school educators (Mage = 38.62 years, SD = 11.66; 91% woman-identifying; 71% White) who completed a Knowledge Test and survey assessing educator characteristics and various student-educator outcomes. Averaged across items, educators scored 57.1% on the Knowledge Test. We identified gaps in educator knowledge with respect to identifying characteristics associated with distinct domains of externalizing difficulties and evidence-based management strategies. Educators' years of experience and accreditation status were not associated with knowledge. Paraeducators had significantly lower knowledge scores than teachers and leadership. Unexpectedly, greater knowledge was not associated with better student-teacher relationship quality or more positive perceptions of students with conduct problems. Findings support the need for universal MHL programs focused on conduct problems and CU traits, especially among paraeducators, while also suggesting that more intensive interventions may be required to improve educator-student relationship quality.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1693-1706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Entering the Classroom: Do Newcomers Experience More Peer Victimization than Their Established Peers? 进入教室：新生是否比老生更容易遭受同伴伤害？

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01225-6

Essi-Lotta Tenhunen, Sarah Malamut, Patricia McMullin, Tiina Turunen, Takuya Yanagida, Christina Salmivalli

{"title":"Entering the Classroom: Do Newcomers Experience More Peer Victimization than Their Established Peers?","authors":"Essi-Lotta Tenhunen, Sarah Malamut, Patricia McMullin, Tiina Turunen, Takuya Yanagida, Christina Salmivalli","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01225-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10802-024-01225-6","url":null,"abstract":"Students changing classrooms or schools may face challenges from entering a new peer context without friends and standing out from the crowd as newcomers. Two studies examined whether newcomer status predicts peer victimization at school, exploring several potential moderating factors (e.g., social anxiety, immigrant background and having good friends in the classroom) (Study 1: n = 6,199; Mage=12.53) and whether being victimized as a newcomer varied based on the different reasons for mobility (e.g., parental dissolution, residential move, previous victimization, changing into a more suitable school) (Study 2: n = 58,738). In both studies, newcomers reported higher peer victimization compared to established students. Having good friends in the classroom was found as a protective factor in Study 1, being the only statistically significant moderator. All reasons for mobility, except changing into a more suitable school, predicted slightly higher peer victimization in Study 2, with the highest risk for those changing schools due to previous peer victimization experiences.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1721-1736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Social Failure Model: Do Classroom Norms Play a Role in the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Depressive Symptoms? 社会失败模型：课堂规范在反社会行为和抑郁症状的发展中起作用吗？

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2

Amy Burningham, Mara Brendgen, Lyse Turgeon, Frank Vitaro

{"title":"The Social Failure Model: Do Classroom Norms Play a Role in the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Depressive Symptoms?","authors":"Amy Burningham, Mara Brendgen, Lyse Turgeon, Frank Vitaro","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the moderating role of descriptive and status norms in the stability of youth's antisocial behavior, and the link between initial antisocial behavior and the development of depressive symptoms over the course of one academic year, while controlling for initial depression levels. A total of 1081 students (51.06% girls; grades 4 through 6) in schools in low to average socio-economic status neighborhoods completed self-reports and a peer nomination inventory in the fall (T1) and spring (T2) of one year. Descriptive norms were operationalized as the classroom- and sex-specific mean level of antisocial behavior. Status norms were operationalized as the classroom- and sex-specific correlation between antisocial behavior and social preference. Descriptive norms moderated the link between T1 and T2 antisocial behavior, such that youth exhibiting high levels of antisocial behavior showed a greater increase in antisocial behavior in classrooms where descriptive norms strongly favored such behavior (i.e., + 1 SD) than in classrooms with neutral or weak descriptive norms (i.e., - 1 SD). Status norms moderated the association between T1 antisocial behavior and T2 depressive symptoms, such that youth with high levels of antisocial behavior had higher depressive symptoms in classrooms where status norms disfavored antisocial behavior than in classrooms with neutral or favorable norms. No moderating effects of sex or grade were observed. These results suggest that both descriptive norms and status norms play important, albeit distinct, roles in exacerbating youth's depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior, but they may also mitigate these same outcomes in favorable contexts.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1737-1751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Association Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopathic Traits Among Justice-Involved Adolescents. 涉法青少年中创伤性脑损伤与精神病态特质之间的关系》（Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopathic Traits Among Justice-Involved Adolescents）。

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01212-x

Michaela M Milillo, Craig S Neumann, J Michael Maurer, Christine Jin, Ella Commerce, Brooke L Reynolds, Carla L Harenski, Kent A Kiehl

{"title":"Association Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopathic Traits Among Justice-Involved Adolescents.","authors":"Michaela M Milillo, Craig S Neumann, J Michael Maurer, Christine Jin, Ella Commerce, Brooke L Reynolds, Carla L Harenski, Kent A Kiehl","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01212-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10802-024-01212-x","url":null,"abstract":"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health problem and is highly prevalent among justice-involved populations. Pediatric TBI is linked with long-term negative outcomes and is correlated with substance use, criminal behavior, psychiatric disorders, and disruptions in neurocognition. These same TBI correlates are evident among youth with psychopathic traits. Given ongoing neurobiological and social development in adolescence, understanding the link between psychopathic traits and TBI in justice-involved youth is critical. A sample of 263 male adolescents were recruited from a maximum-security juvenile justice facility. Using a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, measurement invariance of psychopathic traits (TBI ±) was tested, and psychopathy scores were accounted for in terms of TBI variables (severity, age of first TBI, total number), participant's age, IQ, substance use, and internalizing psychopathology. There was evidence of strong invariance across TBI status and those with TBI had higher affective and impulsive lifestyle psychopathic traits than adolescents without TBI. The SEM indicated that TBI severity was associated with lower IQ scores, which in turn were associated with increased lifestyle/antisocial (Factor 2) psychopathic traits. Total number of TBIs was associated with higher substance use, which was associated with both increased interpersonal/affective (Factor 1) and Factor 2 psychopathic traits. These TBI variables also had indirect associations with psychopathic traits through IQ and substance use. The findings indicate that TBI is associated with psychopathic traits and suggest that disturbances in cognition and substance use may be treatment targets for youth with TBI and psychopathic traits.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1707-1719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11563895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141451760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The General Psychopathology 'p' Factor in Adolescence: Multi-Informant Assessment and Computerized Adaptive Testing. 青春期的一般精神病理学 "p "因子：多信息评估和计算机适应性测试

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01223-8

Jason D Jones, Rhonda C Boyd, Akira Di Sandro, Monica E Calkins, Andres De Los Reyes, Ran Barzilay, Jami F Young, Tami D Benton, Ruben C Gur, Tyler M Moore, Raquel E Gur

{"title":"The General Psychopathology 'p' Factor in Adolescence: Multi-Informant Assessment and Computerized Adaptive Testing.","authors":"Jason D Jones, Rhonda C Boyd, Akira Di Sandro, Monica E Calkins, Andres De Los Reyes, Ran Barzilay, Jami F Young, Tami D Benton, Ruben C Gur, Tyler M Moore, Raquel E Gur","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01223-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10802-024-01223-8","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulating evidence supports the presence of a general psychopathology dimension, the p factor ('p'). Despite growing interest in the p factor, questions remain about how p is assessed. Although multi-informant assessment of psychopathology is commonplace in clinical research and practice with children and adolescents, almost no research has taken a multi-informant approach to studying youth p or has examined the degree of concordance between parent and youth reports. Further, estimating p requires assessment of a large number of symptoms, resulting in high reporter burden that may not be feasible in many clinical and research settings. In the present study, we used bifactor multidimensional item response theory models to estimate parent- and adolescent-reported p in a large community sample of youth (11-17 years) and parents (N = 5,060 dyads). We examined agreement between parent and youth p scores and associations with assessor-rated youth global functioning. We also applied computerized adaptive testing (CAT) simulations to parent and youth reports to determine whether adaptive testing substantially alters agreement on p or associations with youth global functioning. Parent-youth agreement on p was moderate (r =.44) and both reports were negatively associated with youth global functioning. Notably, 7 out of 10 of the highest loading items were common across reporters. CAT reduced the average number of items administered by 57%. Agreement between CAT-derived p scores was similar to the full form (r =.40) and CAT scores were negatively correlated with youth functioning. These novel results highlight the promise and potential clinical utility of a multi-informant p factor approach.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1753-1764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141311889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to: Longitudinal Relations Between Childhood Maltreatment, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Suicidal Ideation and Non‑Suicidal Self‑Injury: An 18‑Month Investigation of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents. 更正：童年虐待、情绪调节障碍与自杀意念和非自杀性自伤之间的纵向关系：对住院精神病青少年为期 18 个月的调查。

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01234-5

Jennifer A Poon, Roberto López, Lynne Marie-Shea, Richard T Liu

引用次数: 0

Potential Harms of Responding to Youth Suicide Risk in Schools. 学校应对青少年自杀风险的潜在危害。

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01261-2

Erik J Reinbergs, Lora Henderson Smith, Josephine S Au, Marisa E Marraccini, Sarah A Griffin, Megan L Rogers

引用次数: 0

Punishment and Reward Sensitivity in Risk-Taking as Potential Mechanisms Explaining the Relationships Between Childhood Callous-Unemotional Traits and Adolescent Substance Use in a Longitudinal Cohort Study Sample. 在一个纵向队列研究样本中，冒险中的惩罚和奖赏敏感性是解释童年冷酷无情特质与青少年药物使用之间关系的潜在机制。

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01255-0

Hanna Sakki, Michelle C St Clair, Yiyun Shou, Jennifer L Allen

{"title":"Punishment and Reward Sensitivity in Risk-Taking as Potential Mechanisms Explaining the Relationships Between Childhood Callous-Unemotional Traits and Adolescent Substance Use in a Longitudinal Cohort Study Sample.","authors":"Hanna Sakki, Michelle C St Clair, Yiyun Shou, Jennifer L Allen","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01255-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01255-0","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood callous-unemotional (CU) traits are associated with a neurocognitive response style of high reward and low punishment sensitivity, which may make these children particularly vulnerable to substance misuse. However, the mechanisms explaining the link between CU traits and substance use are poorly understood. This study investigated the mediating influences of reward and punishment sensitivity on the association between childhood CU traits and adolescent substance use. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the potential indirect effects of age 14 reward and punishment sensitivity in risk-taking on the relationships between age 11 CU traits and alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drug use at age 17. No direct effects of CU traits on substance use were found when accounting for gender, baseline alcohol use, poverty, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and verbal ability at age 11. Indirect effects of increased reward sensitivity on the relationship between CU traits and increased use were seen for alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs. There was a significant indirect effect of reduced punishment sensitivity on the relationship between CU traits and increased alcohol use, but not cannabis or other substance use. Findings suggest that reward and punishment sensitivity may have independent effects on decision-making processes contributing to adolescent substance use. Prevention and early intervention for substance use should consider modifying intervention strategies to fit the needs of adolescents with a callous interpersonal style and a neurocognitive profile characterized by a high drive for rewards and low risk aversion.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Pilot Controlled Trial of Relaxation Training Combined with a Video Game Reinforcing Emotional Regulation to Improve Anger Management in Children and Adolescents. 放松训练与强化情绪调节的视频游戏相结合以改善儿童和青少年愤怒管理的试点对照试验。

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01259-w

Carrie Vaudreuil, Madelaine R Abel, Yvonne Barnett, Maura DiSalvo, Dina R Hirshfeld-Becker

{"title":"A Pilot Controlled Trial of Relaxation Training Combined with a Video Game Reinforcing Emotional Regulation to Improve Anger Management in Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Carrie Vaudreuil, Madelaine R Abel, Yvonne Barnett, Maura DiSalvo, Dina R Hirshfeld-Becker","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01259-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01259-w","url":null,"abstract":"Untreated anger and aggression in youth confer heightened risk for subsequent psychosocial problems. However, engaging youth in treatment for anger can be difficult given barriers to accessing care and high rates of attrition. This study examined whether learning relaxation skills and practicing them using a videogame, whose operation was contingent upon keeping heart rate close to baseline levels, could help children learn to manage anger and aggression. Youth ages 7-17 with elevated levels of anger (N = 39) were randomized to receive the active video game condition or a control game that displayed heart rate but did not stop the game if heart rate became elevated. Youth underwent baseline screening, 6 treatment sessions, and follow-up assessments at 2-weeks and 3-months. Compared to the control condition, children in the active condition demonstrated significantly greater improvements in clinician-rated aggression severity (d = 1.48) and youth-rated emotion dysregulation (d = 3.46) at 2-weeks post-treatment. The active group maintained these improvements at 3-month follow-up, but no longer significantly differed from the control group. Intervention effects were nonsignificant for parent-reported emotion dysregulation and aggression. In addition, the intervention group youth, but not control group, experienced increased time with heart rate below baseline over the course of the 6 sessions. Findings suggest a promising brief intervention for reducing aggression and emotion dysregulation in children while they are waiting for longer-term outpatient therapy. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03270813.","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Late Adolescents' Early Maladaptive Schemas: Are They Longitudinally Linked with Middle Childhood Temperament Over and Above Attachment? 晚期青少年的早期适应不良模式：除了依恋之外，它们还与中年期气质有纵向联系吗？

IF 2.9 2区心理学

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01256-z

Kexin Li, Theodore E A Waters, Guy Bosmans

{"title":"Late Adolescents' Early Maladaptive Schemas: Are They Longitudinally Linked with Middle Childhood Temperament Over and Above Attachment?","authors":"Kexin Li, Theodore E A Waters, Guy Bosmans","doi":"10.1007/s10802-024-01256-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01256-z","url":null,"abstract":"Temperament is thought to influence the development of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). However, whether temperament is longitudinally related to EMSs beyond attachment, the best known predictor of EMSs, has been underexplored. Hence, this study investigated (1) Whether middle childhood temperament is longitudinally related to late adolescent EMSs, (2) To what extent temperament explains EMSs beyond middle childhood attachment, and (3) Whether attachment moderates this temperament-EMSs link. In total, 157 children (Mage = 10.91 in middle childhood, Mage = 16.71 in late adolescence) participated in this study. Adolescent EMSs were assessed along with middle childhood temperamental negative affect, affiliation, surgency, and effortful control, and attachment at both explicit and implicit levels. Results indicated that all temperamental features were longitudinally related to later EMSs; the majority of the temperament-EMSs links did not survive after controlling for attachment, except for some limited correlations between EMSs and negative affect and effortful control; and an inconsistent moderating effect for attachment on the temperament-EMSs link. This study provides further insight into the role of child factors (middle childhood temperament and late adolescent attachment) in understanding EMSs variability in late adolescence. It suggests that EMSs are informed more by past relational experiences (attachment) than children's inborn tendencies (temperament).","PeriodicalId":36218,"journal":{"name":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0