Journal of Hazardous Materials最新文献

{"title":"Chiral pesticide permethrin promotes the antibiotic resistance genes dissemination by transformation: Different chiral isomers engage in distinct regulatory pathways","authors":"Chenxi Li, Linjie Wang, Qi Dai, Yang Chong, Satoshi Utsunomiya, Honggui Wang, Ya Zhang, Jie Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137416","url":null,"abstract":"The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses an increasingly urgent threat to both environmental and human health. The extensive use of chiral permethrin (PM), the most popular synthetic type I pyrethroid insecticide worldwide, has led to its increased detection in aquatic environments. However, our understanding of PM's role in spreading ARGs is still limited. Here, we systematically assessed the effects of two chiral isomers of 1R-cis-PM (CPM) and 1R-trans-PM (TPM) on the dissemination of ARGs in the aquatic environments by using a natural transformation (NT) model comprising plasmid pWH1274 and <em>Acinetobacter baylyi</em> ADP1. It was found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) was the main factor facilitating the NT of ARGs mediated by CPM and TPM, although their respective production mechanisms exhibited distinct pathways: CPM generates ROS primarily through the primary electron transport chain (ETC), whereas TPM does so via a secondary ETC. Furthermore, CPM enhanced NT by improving bacterial competent state, while TPM promotes it by enhancing recombination. It was confirmed that both CPM and TPM have the potential to accelerate the spread of ARGs through distinct mechanisms. These findings will help us understand that different chiral isomers may pose risks through distinct mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a thiophene-based conjugated polymer/TP-PCN S-scheme to enhance visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity: promotion of wound healing in super-resistant bacterial infections","authors":"Xin Zhao, Simiao Wang, Jiayu Wang, Xinyue Bai, Zhongwei Yang, Haiyong Guo, Lina Wu, Chunbo Liu, Xin Yu, Juan Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137429","url":null,"abstract":"S-scheme heterojunctions have garnered significant attention in the field of photocatalytic antimicrobials due to their superior charge separation efficiency and higher redox capacity. In this study, an innovative linear conjugated polymer (PCO) was combined with fragmented carbon nitride (TP-PCN) to create PCO/TP-PCN organic-organic S-scheme heterojunctions, which markedly enhanced the photocatalytic antimicrobial performance. The composite (PCO-7/TP-PCN) demonstrated the ability to combat bacterial infections under visible light irradiation, effectively eradicating approximately 2.16 × 10⁷ cfu/ml MRSA within 6<!-- --> <!-- -->min. This exceptional photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the successful formation of an S-scheme heterojunction between PCO and TP-PCN, as well as the interaction of surface functional groups of PCO-7/TP-PCN with bacteria. Results from UV–Vis-NIR DRS and in <em>situ</em>-XPS experiments indicated a significant enhancement in carrier transport rate through the establishment of a built-in electric field and energy band bending at the interface. In vitro and in vivo experiments further demonstrated that PCO-7/TP-PCN not only exhibited potent antimicrobial activity under visible light irradiation but also promoted angiogenesis to inhibit inflammatory responses. Therefore, it can be concluded that this organic-organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst holds great potential for development as a promising new generation of efficient antimicrobial materials, which could aid in preventing bacterial infection of wounds and ensuring effective wound healing.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Chromium Potential Risk Stock in Karst Soils: Insights from Spatial and Depth Variations in Southwestern China","authors":"Xin Lei, Jie Li, Yingjie Chen, Huanfang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137449","url":null,"abstract":"Potential risk stock assessments of heavy metals are essential for informing management strategies and mitigating environmental and human health risks. This process enables cost-effective decision-making, supports regulatory compliance, and promotes sustainable land and ecosystem management; however, such studies remain limited. To investigate chromium (Cr) distribution and estimate its potential risk stock under varying soil layers, soil types, parent materials, and land-use conditions, a large dataset of surface soils, deep soils, and soil columns from a karst region in southwestern China was analyzed. The concentration of Cr in surface soils, deep soils, and soil columns was 23.3 – 1126.9, not detected – 315.6, and 36.9 – 684.0<!-- --> <!-- -->mg/kg, respectively. The consistency in the Cr distribution across the surface and deep layers, geological structures, and mine locations indicated a main geological origin for Cr rather than anthropogenic pollution. This was further supported by principal component analysis, which identified ore stockpiling and parent-rock weathering as the primary sources. Variance analysis showed significant influences of soil type, land-use type, parent rock, landform, soil pH, and SOC on spatial distributions. Cr exhibited exponential variations with depth. Using an exponential fitting model with multiple integrations, the Cr potential risk stock was estimated at 1.78 × 10⁵ tons with middle and deep layers accounting for the highest, underscoring the complexity and challenges of managing Cr risks. Given the limited soil resources in karst regions, it is crucial for local authorities to prioritize Cr risk management and implement targeted land-use strategies.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration and deposition characteristics of micro-dust in the human upper airway in dust-polluted tunnel environments","authors":"Haiming Yu, Yao Xie, Xianhang Yang, Yu Cheng, Yiwen Zhang, Lingkai Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137371","url":null,"abstract":"Dust pollution in coal mine tunneling environment can cause serious hazards. This study presents a numerical analysis of the migration, deposition and escape characteristics of micro-dust in the human upper airway (HUA) under different labor intensities. The maximum deviation between simulation and experimental results was 8.97 %. The findings reveal that the expiratory flow was affected by the secondary motion, and two secondary vortices were formed around the posterior pharyngeal wall, which was prone to dust deposition. As the expiratory intensity increased, a large amount of 1–15 μm small-sized dust was deposited in the pharynx, and the deposition fraction (DF_d) of 15 μm dust increased the most, reaching 77.13 %; 20–80 μm large-sized dust was difficult to exhale, and most were deposited near the nasal turbinate and nasopharynx. With the increase of density, the escape rate (ER_d) of 1–15 μm dust showed a decreasing trend. The deposition of large-sized dust over 20 μm in nasopharyngeal region was more affected by density changes, but this fluctuation was reduced with increasing particle size. The study will help assess the human health risks of dust environment, develop more effective dust monitoring and control technologies and strategies for a cleaner, safer working air environment.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost, multispectral machine learning classification of simulated airborne micro/nanoplastics","authors":"Yisha Tang, Darya Pershina, Safiyah Abdessalam, Liam Falk, Yan Liang, Sang Hee Hong, Un Hyuk Yim, Jeong-Yeol Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137443","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel smartphone-based, machine-learning-assisted multispectral classification method for identifying airborne micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs). Instead of commercial polymeric microspheres, coffee grinder-based cryogrinding generated nonuniform MNPs from real-world plastic products with highly irregular shapes and heterogenous size distributions. The low-cost handheld device comprises a smartphone, a spectral mask array made from plastic color films, and a discrete multiplexed illumination device. A stack of images was captured across multiple wavelength ranges, and the RGB ratios were extracted without using morphological information. An XGBoost model was trained on two datasets: dry and wet MNP samples passively collected on a glass slide, simulating two types of airborne MNPs. The model successfully distinguished plastics from clay with 89-99% accuracy and classified six plastic types with 79-87% accuracy for dry and wet MNPs. This method offers a promising toolkit for airborne MNP monitoring.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristic trends and source shifts of n-alkanes in a multi-year study: Insights from gas-particle partitioning in a central Chinese city","authors":"Mengdi Kong, Yanyan Hao, Ruixin Xu, Jing Guo, Xinfei Wei, Shasha Yin, Ruiqin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137445","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the carbon distribution and source shifts of n-alkanes, which have considerable environmental and public health implications, is vital for assessing the long-term atmospheric behaviour of organic compounds. Here, we combined seasonal data of PM_2.5 bounded n-alkanes (C₈-C₄₀) collected in a Chinese city across three time periods (2014–2015, 2019, 2022) to investigate their characteristics and source proportions over time. The annual average concentration of particulate n-alkanes in 2022 was 118 ng m⁻³ , showing a 41 % decline from 2019 and a 50 % reduction from 2014 to 2015. Diagnostic ratio analysis (carbon preference index and plant wax ratio) revealed that anthropogenic sources dominated in all three periods. Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) model of PM_2.5 bounded n-alkanes identified a shift from coal combustion to motor vehicle emissions as the primary source, while contributions from plant waxes increased in 2022 (22.6 %) compared to 2014–2015 (18.8 %) and 2019 (19.6 %). A comparative analysis of the source of intermediate and semi-volatile n-alkanes (C₁₆-C₂₉, including measured particle-phase and predicted gas-phase) against particle-phase n-alkanes (C₁₆-C₂₉) demonstrated notable discrepancies, highlighting the significant role of gas-particle partitioning in source attribution. These insights deepen the understanding of long-term n-alkane trends and are critical for designing effective air pollution control strategies.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of the emergence and dissemination of high-risk resistance genes in cattle farm","authors":"Yanxiang Jiao, Xingxing Zhang, Feifan Yang, Luchao Lv, Yingbo Gao, Zhongpeng Cai, Wenxian Pu, Guolong Gao, Dandan He, Fagang Zhong, Jian-Hua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137415","url":null,"abstract":"Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are recognized by WHO as critical concerns. The high cephalosporin resistance rate in a cattle farm in 2018 prompted us to conduct long-term (2019-2023) and extensive monitoring to explore risk factors for the import and transmission of ESBLs and CPE in this farm. Among 1288 samples from cattle, the environment, milk, and biological vectors, 48.8% carried <em>bla</em>_CTX-M-positive <em>Enterobacterales</em> with <em>bla</em>_CTX-M-55 being dominant (76.4%), and <em>bla</em>_NDM-5-positive strains emerged in 2022 with a 1.9% detection rate. <em>bla</em>_CTX-M-55 and <em>bla</em>_NDM-5 were likely introduced through various routes, especially wild birds, and have persisted due to overuse of cephalosporins in the farm. The spread of these genes was driven by the horizontal transmission of IncHI2 and IncX3 plasmids and clonal dissemination of certain clones. Cross-regional and cross-border transmission of <em>bla</em>_CTX-M-55- and/or <em>bla</em>_NDM-5-bearing bacteria and plasmids possibly occurred via wild birds, animal trade, and other means. Our findings suggest that the import, persistence, and dissemination of these genes within and beyond this farm, were fueled by suboptimal biosecurity practices and inadequate antibiotic stewardship, highlighting the urgency for integrated public and ecosystem health policies to prevent the spread of resistance genes as part of a holistic One Health strategy.<h3>Environmental implication</h3>The high prevalence and long-term persistence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and the emergence of carbapenemases in cattle and the environment signify a critical risk of transmitting high-risk resistance genes, posing a significant threat to human health. Consequently, bacteria carrying these genes in animal farms should be regarded as \"hazardous materials\". Import, persistence, and dissemination of these genes within and beyond this farm were exacerbated by suboptimal biosecurity practices and inadequate antibiotic stewardship, highlighting the urgency for integrated public and ecosystem health policies to mitigate the environmental risks associated with gene transmission as part of a comprehensive One Health strategy.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen gas oxidation-driven reductive dissolution of solid-phase arsenic contributing to arsenite pollution in groundwater: Insights from metagenomic and microcosm analyses","authors":"Yang Li, Linhai Xiao, Xian-Chun Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137444","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen gas (H₂) is naturally generated by biological and non-biological reactions in various environmental niches. However, the influence of H₂ on microbial processes that cause the mobilization and discharge of arsenic from solids into groundwater remains to be resolved. Given that As^V-respiring prokaryotes (ARPs) have been demonstrated to significantly contribute to the formation of As-polluted groundwater, our study specifically examined the interactions between H₂ and ARPs. We prepared an ARPs-enriched culture from As-polluted soils. Metagenomic analyses of the ARP population revealed that approximately 46.7% of the qualified ARPs' MAGs contain at least one type I Ni-Fe hydrogenase. The Ni-Fe hydrogenase proteins in ARPs show unique diversity. Functional assays indicate that the ARP population exhibited notable activity in oxidizing H₂ while concurrently reducing As^V under strictly anoxic conditions. Arsenic release assays indicate that the ARP population is highly proficient at catalyzing the reductive mobilization of arsenic in scorodite, utilizing hydrogen as the electron donor. These findings offer the initial evidence that H₂ can directly promote the formation of arsenic-polluted groundwater mediated by ARPs, a biogeochemical process that has long been overlooked. Therefore, this study enhances our insight into the microbial mechanisms involved in the generation of arsenic-polluted groundwater.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate and degradation of methoxychlor in a contaminated aquifer: Insights from dual carbon-chlorine isotope analysis and isomeric fraction","authors":"Martí Vinyes-Nadal, Sergio Gil-Villalba, Mònica Rosell, Albert Soler, Neus Otero, Clara Torrentó","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137447","url":null,"abstract":"The combined use of isomeric fraction (IF) and multi-element compound-specific isotope analysis (ME-CSIA) was evaluated for the first time to assess the fate and degradation of methoxychlor in the environment. The concentration and carbon and chlorine isotope composition of methoxychlor and its transformation products were monitored in water and solid phases of a fractured aquifer. The results from the interception trenches water samples demonstrated that induced alkaline conditions promoted alkaline hydrolysis. Natural attenuation of methoxychlor isomers was evidenced by carbon and chlorine isotopic fractionation. The field C-Cl isotope slope (Λ_C/Cl = 0.42 ± 0.06; R² = 0.98) was statistically indistinguishable (p &gt; 0.05) from that obtained in a previous experiment (0.44 ± 0.14), confirming the occurrence of reductive dechlorination of methoxychlor isomers. P,p’-methoxychlor <em>δ</em>¹³C values in groundwater samples revealed variations linked to rainfall patterns. The extent of p,p′-methoxychlor biodegradation was calculated to be greater than 89 % across the monitoring period. The combined use of CSIA and IF evidenced that alkaline hydrolysis and reductive dechlorination did not exhibit isomeric selectivity. Differences in IF values between slurry and water samples, as well as between upstream and downstream wells, suggested variations in the environmental behaviour of the p,p’ and o,p’-isomers, likely due to differing water solubilities. Overall, ME-CSIA proved to be a valuable tool for identifying, quantifying, and tracing methoxychlor degradation in this aquifer. Additionally, IF provided insights into the distinct environmental behaviour of the p,p′- and o,p′-isomers. These tools offer crucial information, valuable for decision-makers in developing remediation strategies for methoxychlor-contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reversible Aggregation-Induced Emission Fluorescent Probe for Dynamic Visualization of Intracellular Mercury(II) and Cell State Differentiation","authors":"Yingda Wang, Mengyun Yang, Haoxuan Wei, Chendong Ji, Meizhen Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137436","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic interplay between toxic mercury ions (Hg²⁺) and reactive sulfur species (RSS) in living systems plays a crucial role in cellular defense mechanisms and redox homeostasis. However, current fluorescent probes for Hg²⁺ are limited by their irreversibility and inability to provide the real-time information. Herein, we present a novel reversible aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe, NI-PSO, that overcomes these limitations. NI-PSO exhibits a remarkable 160-fold fluorescence enhancement upon Hg²⁺ binding with high sensitivity and selectivity. The probe’s unique reversibility, facilitated by the coordination interaction between phenylthioether and Hg²⁺, enables real-time monitoring of mitochondrial Hg²⁺ in the presence of exogenous and endogenous RSS. Notably, by visualizing Hg²⁺ dynamics, NI-PSO successfully differentiates various cellular states, including normal, inflammatory, and cancerous cells, providing insights into the role of RSS in mercury detoxification and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Our design opens up new avenues for investigating dynamic biological processes and their implications in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"49 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}