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Digital Training for Micro-Entrepreneurs: Experimental Evidence from Guatemala 微型企业家的数字化培训:来自危地马拉的实验证据
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad029
Alejandro Estefan, Martina Improta, Romina Ordoñez, Paul Winters
{"title":"Digital Training for Micro-Entrepreneurs: Experimental Evidence from Guatemala","authors":"Alejandro Estefan, Martina Improta, Romina Ordoñez, Paul Winters","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous literature shows minor impacts of in-person business training in developing countries, but few papers study the effectiveness of digital training. A research partnership with a multinational company operating in the food sector of Guatemala enables the randomized evaluation of a digital training program involving the franchise store owners of one of its retail chains. The training program combined a mobile app offering access to reproducible video capsules and virtual one-on-one consulting meetings. The results of the randomized evaluation reveal significant impacts on knowledge, business practices, sales, and profits. An examination of the mechanisms underlying these results reveals that consulting meetings are crucial in inducing engagement with the app’s content. Program flexibility, internet access, and initial sales are also crucial determinants of training effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136015166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Filling the “Decency Gap”? Donors’ Reaction to US Policy on International Family Planning Aid 填补“体面差距”?捐助国对美国国际计划生育援助政策的反应
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad028
Nathalie Ferrière
{"title":"Filling the “Decency Gap”? Donors’ Reaction to US Policy on International Family Planning Aid","authors":"Nathalie Ferrière","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The impact of US allocation of family planning aid on other donors is studied in order to gain new insights into donor interactions. Within this context, the dominant player in the sector is the United States, whose policies on family planning undergo changes influenced by domestic debates surrounding abortion. By utilizing the Mexico City Policy and considering exposure to this particular policy as an instrumental factor, it has been observed that other donors do not immediately react to policy changes made by the United States, either contemporaneously or within one year. However, a noticeable shift occurs after a two-year period, indicating that these donors eventually align their allocation strategies with those of the United States. Further analysis of this phenomenon reveals varying patterns among different types of donors. While smaller donors exhibit a clear intention to compensate for US policy changes, larger donors display a mix of competitive tendencies and herding behavior, thereby reinforcing the impact of the Mexico City Policy after the two-year time frame.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136101919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Addressing Social Desirability Bias When Measuring Child Labor Use: An Application to Cocoa Farms in Côte d’Ivoire 在测量童工使用时解决社会可取性偏见:在Côte科特迪瓦可可农场的应用
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad030
Marine Jouvin
{"title":"Addressing Social Desirability Bias When Measuring Child Labor Use: An Application to Cocoa Farms in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Marine Jouvin","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper proposes new estimates of child labor use in Côte d’Ivoire’s cocoa farms that are certified free of child labor. The study relies on list experiments (LE) to overcome social desirability bias associated with measuring sensitive issues, implemented on a sample of 4,458 Ivorian cocoa farmers. Findings show that 24 percent of them were helped by at least one child under 16 for harvesting and breaking the cocoa pods during the past 12 months, 21 percent for preparing their farm, and 25 percent employed and paid at least one child to perform any task on their cocoa farm. These results are twice as high as those declared by farmers when directly questioning them about their child labor use. This study provides evidence that the LE method, while more cognitively demanding than the direct questioning method, can be successfully understood by populations with low levels of education. Findings further show that, in this setting, the LE estimates are robust to specific LE design changes.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135013987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Rise in Women’s Labor-Force Participation in Mexico—Supply vs. Demand Factors 墨西哥女性劳动力参与率的上升——供需因素
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad025
Sonia Bhalotra, Manuel Fernández
{"title":"The Rise in Women’s Labor-Force Participation in Mexico—Supply vs. Demand Factors","authors":"Sonia Bhalotra, Manuel Fernández","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study estimates the relative importance of alternative supply and demand mechanisms in explaining the rise of female labor-force participation (FLFP) over the last 55 years in Mexico. The growth of FLFP in Mexico between 1960 and 2015 followed an S-shaped, with a considerable acceleration during the 1990s. Using descriptive decomposition methods and a shift-share design, the study shows that, put together, supply and demand factors can account for most of the rise of FLFP over the entire period, led by increases in women’s education, declining fertility, and shifts in the occupational structure of the workforce. However, there is unexplained variation in the 1990s, when FLFP spiked.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"442 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127606127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
C-Sections, Obesity, and Healthcare Specialization: Evidence from Mexico 剖腹产、肥胖和医疗保健专业化:来自墨西哥的证据
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad022
Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Fernanda Marquez-Padilla, Silvia Prina
{"title":"C-Sections, Obesity, and Healthcare Specialization: Evidence from Mexico","authors":"Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Fernanda Marquez-Padilla, Silvia Prina","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explores whether hospitals with higher increases in obesity levels have higher cesarean section (CS) rates and the consequential effects on maternal and newborn health in Mexico for 2008–2015. It models how changes in the obesity level of hospitals’ patient pools may affect the quantity and quality of care by focusing on the use of CS and the potential returns to specialization. And it creates a measure of hospital-level obesity, based on the fraction of obesity-related discharges for women of childbearing age. Exploiting temporal and hospital variation of this measure, results show that higher hospital-level obesity increases a woman’s probability of having a CS. Also, delivery-related birth outcomes improve: maternal mortality, birth injuries, and birth trauma decrease. The evidence is consistent with hospital-level specialization in CS leading to better birth outcomes.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136354266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Raising the Age of Marriage Entry and Child's Nutrition Intake? Evidence from the Reform of Ethiopia's Family Law 提高结婚年龄和儿童营养摄入量?埃塞俄比亚家庭法改革的证据
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad027
Uchenna Efobi
{"title":"Raising the Age of Marriage Entry and Child's Nutrition Intake? Evidence from the Reform of Ethiopia's Family Law","authors":"Uchenna Efobi","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the impact of a family law reform in Ethiopia that raises the age of marriage entry for females (among other aspects of the law) on the nutritional intake of the children of affected women. Using the difference-in-differences and event-study strategies, the result suggests that exposure to the reform led to a significant increase in dietary diversity (14 percent increase relative to the mean) and a significant increase in the likelihood of consuming fruits and vegetables, fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A, green leafy vegetables, and animal-source foods. The effect does not appear to be due to changes in women's economic engagement, such as their agency and outside options. Instead, it seems to imply that the implementation of the reform affects women's social status in terms of their decision-making power over sexual and marital relations.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136280733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring Inequality Using Geospatial Data 利用地理空间数据衡量不平等
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad026
Jaqueson K Galimberti, Stefan Pichler, Regina Pleninger
{"title":"Measuring Inequality Using Geospatial Data","authors":"Jaqueson K Galimberti, Stefan Pichler, Regina Pleninger","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main challenge in studying inequality is limited data availability, which is particularly problematic in developing countries. This study constructs a measure of light-based geospatial income inequality (LGII) for 234 countries/territories from 1992 to 2013 using satellite data on night-lights and gridded population data. Key methodological innovations include the use of varying levels of data aggregation, and a calibration of the lights–prosperity relationship to match traditional inequality measures based on income data. The new LGII measure is significantly correlated with cross-country variation in income inequality. Within countries, the light-based inequality measure is also correlated with measures of energy efficiency and the quality of population data. Two applications of the data are provided in the fields of health economics and international finance. The results show that light- and income-based inequality measures lead to similar results, but the geospatial data offer a significant expansion of the number of observations.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135286631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Labor Market and Macroeconomic Dynamics in Latin America amid COVID: The Role of Digital-Adoption Policies 新冠疫情期间拉丁美洲劳动力市场和宏观经济动态:数字采用政策的作用
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad019
Alan Finkelstein Shapiro, Victoria Nuguer, Santiago Novoa Gomez
{"title":"Labor Market and Macroeconomic Dynamics in Latin America amid COVID: The Role of Digital-Adoption Policies","authors":"Alan Finkelstein Shapiro, Victoria Nuguer, Santiago Novoa Gomez","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyzes how a policy that lowers firm digital-adoption costs shapes the labor-market and economic recovery from COVID-19 in Latin America (LA) using a framework with firm entry and unemployment, where salaried firms can adopt digital technologies and the employment and firm structure embodies key features of LA economies. Using Mexico as a case study, the model replicates the response of the labor market and output at the onset of the COVID recession and in its aftermath, including the dynamics of labor-force participation and informal employment. A policy-induced permanent reduction in the cost of adopting digital technologies at the trough of the recession bolsters the recovery of GDP, total employment, and labor income, and leads to a larger expansion in the share of formal employment compared to a no-policy scenario. In the long run, the economy exhibits a reduction in total employment but higher levels of GDP and labor income, greater average firm productivity, a larger formal employment share, and a marginally lower unemployment rate. Finally, as a side effect, the policy exacerbates the differential between formal and informal labor income, both as the economy recovers from the COVID recession and in the long run.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135420889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Combined Role of Subsidy and Discussion Intervention in the Demand for a Stigmatized Product 补贴与讨论干预在污名化产品需求中的联合作用
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad023
Vinish Shrestha, Rashesh Shrestha
{"title":"The Combined Role of Subsidy and Discussion Intervention in the Demand for a Stigmatized Product","authors":"Vinish Shrestha, Rashesh Shrestha","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper studies the joint role of subsidization and group discussion intervention in increasing the demand for sanitary pads—a product that is widely available but demand for which may be curtailed due to the psychological cost associated with menstrual stigmatization. The study deploys a field experiment in Nepal to randomly allocate discount coupons of various values so that participants face exogenous variation in the effective price of sanitary pads. In addition, a randomly selected group of women in the sample participate in menstrual-health-related group discussion intervention. The findings suggest that an increase in subsidy level increases the probability of adoption across both groups of women—those receiving only a subsidy and those participating in the discussion intervention coupled with a subsidy. Also, women participating in the discussion intervention have a higher adoption rate. The effects of group discussion intervention are concentrated among women with high psychological cost, whose purchase decisions are more likely to be affected by societal stigma. The results suggest that combining a subsidy with group discussion could provide a cost-effective strategy to increase the adoption of health technology, the demand for which is constrained by social norms.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135570335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Public Pre-Primary and Maternal Employment in Algeria: Evidence from a Natural Experiment 阿尔及利亚公共学前教育和产妇就业:来自自然实验的证据
The World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad024
C. Krafft, Moundir Lassassi
{"title":"Public Pre-Primary and Maternal Employment in Algeria: Evidence from a Natural Experiment","authors":"C. Krafft, Moundir Lassassi","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Globally, employment rates of women remain substantially below those of men. Since women disproportionately care for children, policies that offer care alternatives or lower the cost of care, should, theoretically, increase women's employment. This paper tests whether public pre-primary education can increase women's employment, using a natural experiment in Algeria. Education reforms in Algeria substantially expanded public pre-primary, targeting children aged five. The paper uses data from 2006 (early in the expansion), 2012, and 2018 (after pre-primary had substantially expanded). The analyses use a discontinuity in whether children are eligible for pre-primary, based on their birthdates, to identify the effect of pre-primary on women's employment. Increased pre-primary education did not increase and may have actually decreased women's employment. One potential explanation for these findings is the half-day schedule of pre-primary may be difficult to reconcile with employment. Negative effects are concentrated among women living in nuclear families, who lack alternative caregivers.","PeriodicalId":361118,"journal":{"name":"The World Bank Economic Review","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133364172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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