Physics Open最新文献

{"title":"Invariant energy symmetries independent of action principle: Unifying equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics","authors":"Saeed Shahsavari","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding energy dynamics across physical systems requires principles that extend beyond equilibrium and Lagrangian formulations. However, a general symmetry-based description of energy behavior that remains valid without invoking an action principle is still lacking. Here we show that energy dynamics can be formulated in terms of invariant symmetry structures acting directly on energy composition and exchange. By analyzing these structure-preserving transformations, we identify stable energy symmetries whose restriction or breaking gives rise to familiar laws such as classical mechanics and thermodynamics. The framework is developed independently of any specific thermodynamic theory; dynamic/non-dynamic decompositions, including GEB-type formulations and structurally motivated thermodynamic viewpoints, are used only as representative realizations. This approach provides a unified perspective on equilibrium, non-equilibrium, and complex systems, and is supported by both conceptual arguments and numerical tests in driven dissipative scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148731341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled engineering of multi-qubit entangled states using minimal gate sets","authors":"Mezher B. Saleh,&nbsp;Basem R. Kazem","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a minimal-change protocol for engineering multi-qubit quantum states with controllable properties. Starting from a fixed computational-basis input state, the protocol allows controlled variation of state cardinality while evaluating multipartite correlations via standard entanglement measures. Using Hadamard, Pauli-X, and CNOT gates, we separate cardinality expansion from correlation redistribution. Hadamard gates determine wavefunction support size, and CNOTs distribute correlations without increasing occupied basis states. State cardinality serves as a structural descriptor rather than an entanglement classifier. A five-qubit case study shows systematic expansion from low-cardinality superpositions to larger supports while maintaining strong multipartite entanglement. Fidelity and global entanglement analyses indicate that fidelity reductions are due to intentional state reconfiguration, not a loss of correlations, and the framework extends to arbitrary N-qubit systems with favorable resource scaling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148642535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation based on Levenberg–Marquardt neural networks for Joule-heated MHD carreau fluid flow over a permeable stretching sheet with chemical reaction and convective conditions","authors":"Usman Ali,&nbsp;Muavia Mansoor,&nbsp;Muhammad Irfan,&nbsp;Masood Khan,&nbsp;Humara Sardar,&nbsp;Muhammad Shoaib Anwar","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow studies with Joule heating are of developing significance in aerospace industries, mostly in hypersonic aeronautical, plasma thrust, and thermal defense structures. The interface of electrically accompanying fluids with outer magnetic fields deals a way to energetically control heat transport structures, thus modifying exciting aerodynamic reheating and refining structure enactment.</div></div><div><h3>Objective and methodology</h3><div>The current article discloses the properties of MHD Carreau fluid considering convective conditions, Joule heating and chemical reaction by exploiting an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) model and bvp4c approach. The nonlinear differential structure is solved with bvp4c, an ANN technique for graphs and tables.</div></div><div><h3>Outcomes</h3><div>The Prandtl factor decay and Biot factor exaggerates thermal field. The velocity field and thermal field have conflicting performance for the Carreau factor. Results indicate that our outcomes show very good correspondence with the traditional numerical method, confirming its accuracy and credibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148934543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of ZnO nanorods grown on different substrates: Structural, surface, optical and electrical properties","authors":"M. Nageswara Rao,&nbsp;B. Naveen Kumar Reddy,&nbsp;Srinivasa Rao Pathipati,&nbsp;Kota. V. Satya Girish","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were synthesized on Silicon, glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, and Nitinol substrates using a hydrothermal method at 90 °C for 6 h. XRD analysis confirmed that all samples exhibited a strong (002) preferred orientation, indicating the formation of highly c-axis–aligned hexagonal wurtzite ZnO. Among the substrates, Nitinol exhibited the highest crystallinity and the largest crystallite size (43.57 nm), which is attributed to its lower lattice mismatch and reduced dislocation density. FESEM showed that ZnO nanorods on Nitinol possessed a higher aspect ratio and greater length and diameter compared to other substrates. XPS studies revealed fewer oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl groups in nanorods grown on Nitinol, resulting in reduced lattice strain and stronger Zn–O bonding, as evidenced by a shift of the O 1s peak toward higher binding energies. Hall effect showed that ZnO nanorods grown on FTO glass exhibited the highest electrical conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148776489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of supramolecular architecture on the optical and thermal responses of sugarcane bagasse and pomegranate-peel-derived cellulose","authors":"Avinash Kumar Tripathi,&nbsp;Anjali Mehto,&nbsp;Prashant Shukla,&nbsp;Sandhya Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supramolecular architecture of cellulose is closely associated with its optical and thermal properties; however, the influence of biomass source on its structural arrangement and corresponding functional responses remains insufficiently understood. In this work, cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and pomegranate peel (PCN) was prepared using a controlled chemical extraction method to investigate the relationship between source-dependent supramolecular architecture and its functional properties. Structural analysis revealed distinct hierarchical organization, molecular chain packing, and intermolecular interactions in SCB and PCN. Optical characterization revealed band gaps of 3.09 and 2.89 eV for SCB and PCN, respectively, accompanied by variations in refractive index and cluster-induced photoluminescence. Furthermore, thermal kinetic analysis revealed higher thermal stability for PCN than SCB, with activation energies (E_a) of 115.98 and 79.43 kJ/mol, respectively. Overall, these findings demonstrate clear correlations between source-dependent supramolecular architecture and the optical and thermal properties of the investigated cellulose samples, providing fundamental insights into the structure–property relationships of biomass-derived cellulose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148776490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridgman growth and luminescence properties of Na-doped Li2MoO4 crystals","authors":"Aoqi Xu,&nbsp;Liang Chen,&nbsp;Wei Xiong,&nbsp;Yao Zhou,&nbsp;Hui Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Na-doped Li₂MoO₄ crystals were grown by the Bridgman method with Na₂Mo₂O₇, Na₂CO₃, and Na₂MoO₄ as dopants. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that Na₂Mo₂O₇ doping preserves the host structure of Li₂MoO₄, while modifying the MoO₄²⁻ group vibrational modes and crystal field environment through the introduction of Mo₂O₇²⁻ units. Fluorescence studies revealed small luminescence enhancements (1.3 and 1.6 times to pure Li₂MoO₄ respectively) for samples doped with 1 mol% Na₂CO₃ and 0.8 mol% Na₂MoO₄. In contrast, Na₂Mo₂O₇ doping yields a 9 times increase in luminescence intensity at room temperature, with an optimal concentration of 0.8 mol%. This substantial enhancement is attributed to the dominant role of Mo₂O₇²⁻ groups, rather than Na ⁺ ions. The Na₂Mo₂O₇-doped crystals display temperature-dependent luminescence behavior similar to pure Li₂MoO₄, with emission intensity increasing markedly as temperature decreases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photon count and fluctuations of squeezed light with a ∨-type three-level atom","authors":"Misrak Getahun ,&nbsp;Gomera Biyazn","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We theoretically investigate the quantum statistical properties of a two-mode cavity light generated by a <span><math><mo>∨</mo></math></span>-type three-level atom interacting with nondegenerate subharmonic light and coupled to a two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir. Using the master equation, we obtain steady-state expectation values for the atomic and cavity-mode operators. Based on these results, we analyze the global and local photon number variances, intensity fluctuation spectrum, joint photon number distribution, and photon count statistics. Our results reveal that squeezing parameter and subharmonic generation significantly enhance intensity fluctuations, as well as the mean and variance of photon counts, whereas atom-field coupling and cavity decay suppress them. The system exhibits super-Poissonian photon statistics, indicating that photon number fluctuations exceed the mean photon number. Furthermore, the photon count variance, which incorporates intracavity transmission and input noise, increases with detector efficiency. These results provide a comprehensive picture of photon statistics in atom-photon systems and guide the design of advanced quantum optical devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matter as incomplete crystallization: Quark charges, color confinement, and the proton mass from a single extra node in the vacuum lattice","authors":"Raghu Kulkarni","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose that baryonic matter is spacetime that failed to fully crystallize. In the Selection-Stitch Model, the early universe undergoes a <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>→</mo><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow></math></span> phase transition from a frustrated tetrahedral foam to a Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice. The FCC unit cell contains eight tetrahedral voids. If one extra node — a remnant of the <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> phase — remains trapped in such a void, it bonds to the four surrounding FCC vertices, creating a local <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> pocket inside the <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow></math></span> bulk. From this single geometric fact, with no adjustable parameters, we derive: (i) fractional electric charges <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> from the regular-tetrahedron bond-angle cosine and <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> from integer winding under the bulk Bravais translation symmetry; (ii) exactly three color charges from the three skew-edge pairs of the bounding tetrahedron; (iii) linear confinement from the <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math></span> metric wall preventing node extraction; and (iv) the proton-to-electron mass ratio <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>skew</mi></mrow></msub><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1836</mn></mrow></math></span> from the structural node count and skew-edge pair count. Every result follows strictly from unadjusted FCC crystallography. We support these derivations with a computational verification of the underlying <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>→</mo><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow></math></span> phase transition (finite-size scaling toward <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow></math></span> saturation, sharp geometric phase transition at exclusion radius <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ex</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>L</mi><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math></span>, and a verified Lorentz-isotropic dispersion). The model is shown to be consistent with current bounds on Lorentz violation and to reproduce the linear-confinement piece of the Cornell potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147945110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation for thermal optimization of magnetized hybrid nanofluid regulated by peristalsis involving electroosmosis effects","authors":"M. Ibtesam ,&nbsp;S. Mengjie ,&nbsp;T. Hayat ,&nbsp;B. Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigation of hydromagnetic peristaltic activity has significance in biomedical, engineering and industrial processes. Such consideration in medical processes has pivotal role for treatment of diseases associated with liver, hernias, skin, jaundice, cancer therapy, gout and spams, nervous disorder and diagnosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Importance of nanoparticles in peristalsis cannot be denied when considering processes like biosensor, drug delivery, injury repair, vaccine adjuvant etc. Especially the peristalsis through nanoparticles and electromagnetic fields is useful for pain control, wound healing, cancer gene therapy, bleeding reduction during surgeries, bone repair, electro-chemotherapy, nerve electrophysiology and particle filtrations. The concept of heat transfer resulting from peristalsis cannot be ignored. Motivated by these facts the hydromagnetic mixed convective peristalsis of blood in an asymmetric channel is addressed. Here hybrid nanomaterial containing silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles are employed. Analysis is addressed with electroosmosis, radiation, Joule heating and dissipation. Electroosmosis effects are explained with the help of Poisson and Nernst–Planck equations. Debye–Huckel approximations is taken to attain the electric potential’s distribution along the electron double layer (EDL). Impacts of magnetohydrodynamics through Lorentz force is invoked. Viscosity and thermal conductivity are not constant. Convective and velocity slip boundary constraints are applied. Long wavelength and small Reynolds number are adopted. Solutions development is numerically organized. Outcomes for pertinent variables on velocity, temperature, pressure gradient and streamlines are studied with the help of graphs. Heat transfer rates are discussed in detail. Heat transmission intensifies up to 42% and 33% by enhancing Grashof and Brinkman number respectively and it reduces for Radiation parameter up to 20%. Results are analyzed physically.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147995399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning prediction of Williamson nanofluid flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet with velocity and concentration slip and melting effects using nonlinear activation function","authors":"Mehdi Mahboobtosi","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physo.2026.100427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the heat-transfer and flow behavior of an MHD Williamson nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet within a porous medium, considering velocity and concentration slip, melting effects, internal heat generation and thermal radiation. The parameter analysis shows that magnetic forces suppress velocity and increase temperature, radiation enhances both fields, thermophoresis strengthens velocity and concentration, while Brownian motion raises temperature but lowers concentration. Higher Schmidt and chemical-reaction parameters reduce both velocity and concentration and mixed-convection parameters increase velocity but decrease temperature. Skin friction rises with the Williamson, radiation and thermophoresis parameters; the Nusselt number increases with radiation but decreases with Brownian motion, Schmidt number and magnetic effects, whereas the Sherwood number grows with Brownian motion, Schmidt number and chemical reaction. A two-layer feed-forward neural network was implemented for this study and the network was trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm. The artificial neural network employs a nonlinear activation function (hyperbolic tangent) in the hidden layer and a linear activation in the output layer to effectively learn the nonlinear relationships between the governing input parameters and the resulting velocity, temperature and concentration profiles of the Williamson nanofluid system. A key contribution is the application of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. The ANN achieves high accuracy with MSE values of about 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹¹, gradient values near 10⁻⁸ and Mu between 10⁻⁹ and 10⁻⁸, confirming stable training and precise prediction. The findings offer valuable insights for systems involving nanofluid-based heat and mass transfer, including cooling technologies, heat exchangers and polymer-processing operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}