Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance最新文献

{"title":"The spread of Artificial Intelligence in the public sector: a worldwide overview","authors":"Giulia Maragno, Luca Tangi, L. Gastaldi, M. Benedetti","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494194","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public settings is not a new topic. However, only recently it gained momentum, and practitioners started investigating the potentialities of this technology also within the public boundaries. Public sector plays a pivotal role in AI development both considering legislation advancement and application development, though scholars rarely focus on it, leaving an urgent gap to fill. Moreover the current body of literature is muddleheaded and scholars fatigue in disentangling and clarifying the various domains and fields of analysis. Based on these considerations, this paper aims at offering two main contributions: i) it provides a taxonomy for mapping the features of AI projects and then ii) analyzes the current trends in the development of such projects using the abovementioned taxonomy. This analysis allows us to provide a worldwide overview of the current widespread of AI applications, in order to explore the trends and identify promising paths for future research.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122514388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Control and Discretion in AI-driven Decision-making in Government","authors":"L. Mitrou, M. Janssen, E. Loukis","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494195","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally public decision-makers have been given discretion in many of the decisions they have to make in how to comply with legislation and policies. In this way, the context and specific circumstances can be taken into account when making decisions. This enables more acceptable solutions, but at the same time, discretion might result in treating individuals differently. With the advance of AI-based decisions, the role of the decision-makers is changing. The automation might result in fully automated decisions, humans-in-the-loop or AI might only be used as recommender systems in which humans have the discretion to deviate from the suggested decision. The predictability of and the accountability of the decisions might vary in these circumstances, although humans always remain accountable. Hence, there is a need for human-control and the decision-makers should be given sufficient authority to control the system and deal with undesired outcomes. In this direction this paper analyzes the degree of discretion and human control needed in AI-driven decision-making in government. Our analysis is based on the legal requirements set/posed to the administration, by the extensive legal frameworks that have been created for its operation, concerning the rule of law, the fairness – non-discrimination, the justifiability and accountability, and the certainty/ predictability.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121223581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ushering a Trust-based Benefit Delivery Ecosystem in Rural India Powered by Blockchain","authors":"A. More, A. Sah, Shilpa Singh","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494200","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries across the globe, the resources are scarce with governments, but the demand from citizens are enormous, resources are often so thinly spread by the government that they rarely manage to have the socio-economic impact they are intended to bring. To elucidate this point, we took the case of India, where multiple beneficiary-oriented programmes are implemented in rural areas of the country targeting about a billion people. Billions of dollars are spent by both Federal Governments and State Governments in undertaking similar exercises for outreach, identification, and enrolment of beneficiaries under various welfare programmes that provide cash transfers, subsidies and other social services to the disadvantaged youth, women and aged in society. Some countries have also undertaken household surveys to identify gaps in demand and the supply of government services. However, limited success has been achieved in adopting such static database as the single source of truth for the identification of deprived households across all government programmes, due to its inherent potential for creating errors of inclusion and exclusion. Another major deterrent in the adoption of such a singular identity associated with socio-economic attribute is the concentration of information and associated risks. Through this paper, an attempt is being made to bridge this ‘trust deficit’ in governance through the application of distributed ledger technology for social inclusion. We further discuss how government is better placed than the private sector to tap the full potential of Blockchain technology as several public organizations working in the same sector are often controlled by the same parent government department. A mandate from government can give the necessary thrust to reap the benefits of this ecosystem-centric technology. At the last, feasibility, approaches and challenges are analyzed. The results from the adoption of this approach to governance can transform the entire service delivery ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126662977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven decision-making in Indian Smart Cities: Promoting data culture, use cases and visualization","authors":"Irene Anna Shaji, Gayatri Doctor, Poornima Dore","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494240","url":null,"abstract":"India's Smart Cities Mission launched in 2015. The mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting program to develop 100 selected Smart Cities across the country. Its objective is to ensure the livability, economic-ability, and sustainability of cities. With the implementation of the mission, data started generating across Indian Smart Cities. So, to assess and maintain the quality of data, DataSmart Cities Strategy (DCS), Open Data Portal, Data Maturity Assessment Framework (DMAF), and City Data Policy (CDP) were introduced in 2019, along with several other initiatives. Data in itself can't do anything but data is a resource waiting to get leveraged. Data-driven decisions help support informed decisions, assist in setting departmental and city-level goals, serve as the base for effective policymaking, and help increase transparency and accountability. The research tries to understand the open data journey of Vancouver and Singapore and understands that India is at a very early stage. The study identifies possible pilot use cases and visualizations based on existing datasets. As the paper is ongoing research, further work will study the ease and difficulties faced by Chief Data Officers (CDOs) for encouraging data-driven decisions in respective cities through structured interview-based surveys. The interview will help identify challenges and built strategies for overcoming them.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125843867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leadership and trust as key pillars in “smart governance” for inclusive growth in the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR): Evidence from South Africa","authors":"More Ickson Manda","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494235","url":null,"abstract":"∗The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) has brought many socioeconomic opportunities and challenges that demand that leadership in business, civil society and government develop innovative ways to leverage the opportunities while addressing the challenges. The 4IR demands that developing countries like South Africa strengthen “smart governance” to leverage these opportunities. Smart governance is key in unlocking the success of the 4IR. This interpretive case study of South Africa’s 4IR journey uses documents as the primary sources of data and explores the role smart governance can play in South Africa’s digital transformation in support of the goals of inclusive growth and transformation. In South Africa, leadership challenges, institutional weaknesses, loss of trust in government and poor collaboration has compromised initiatives aimed at stimulating socio-economic growth. The study proposes a model for smart governance in 4IR. The model identifies four pillars of smart governance in 4IR namely, (i) leadership and governance, (ii) integration, interoperability, and collaboration, (iii) trust and (iv) digital technologies and infrastructure. Of the four pillars, leadership and trust are identified as the main key pillars in smart governance in 4IR.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"404 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122780575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Digital Economy and Society: A Study on the Application of the Digital Economy and Society Index in the Western Balkans","authors":"Zoran Jordanoski, M. M. Nielsen","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494220","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring the digital socio-economic transformation is an essential part of good, appropriate, knowledge-based decision making. Multiple national and international indexes measure the various aspects of the digital transformation, such as the telecommunication infrastructure development, digital skills, eGovernment, eCommerce, eBusiness, etc. Focusing on the integration of the indicators that affect the digital economy and society, the European Union (EU) launched the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) in 2014 aimed to measure the progress made by the EU Member States in the progress in digital performance and competitiveness. Composed of five dimensions, DESI measures both, the impact of the digital transformation on the Digital Economy and Digital Society. As the DESI and its indicators are part of the EU Acquis Communautaire, all candidates and potential candidates for EU membership must be prepared to provide complete datasets for measuring the indicators introduced and used by the EU. Currently, all Western Balkan (WB) economies are either candidates or potential candidates for EU membership. With the digital agenda ranked high on the government agendas, this raises the questions of the level of preparedness of the WB economies in providing the complete high-quality datasets required to calculate the DESI. Specifically, how is the WB economy data methodologically aligned with the DESI and other relevant EU methodologies (e.g. Survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals, Study on Broadband Coverage in Europe, eGovernment Benchmark Study, etc.)? This paper aims to assess the readiness of each WB economy to provide the complete datasets for the DESI indicators. Key findings are that WB economies are generally ready to provide methodologically align data for the DESI indicators, especially for the indicators that use data from the national databases. Key challenges in the existing domestic methodologies are generally linked to the indicators that are extracted from the Commission ad hoc studies, especially for those where the WB economies (or some of them) are not included.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128431173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the application of NLP tools in mainstream participatory budgeting processes in Scotland","authors":"Jonathan Davies, M. Arana-Catania, R. Procter, F. V. Lier, Yulan He","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494242","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years participatory budgeting (PB) in Scotland has grown from a handful of community-led processes to a movement supported by local and national government. This is epitomized by an agreement between the Scottish Government and the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) that at least 1% of local authority budgets will be subject to PB. This ongoing research paper explores the challenges that emerge from this ‘scaling up’ or ‘mainstreaming’ across the 32 local authorities that make up Scotland. The main objective is to evaluate local authority use of the digital platform Consul, which applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) to address these challenges. This project adopts a qualitative longitudinal design with interviews, observations of PB processes, and analysis of the digital platform data. Thematic analysis is employed to capture the major issues and themes which emerge. Longitudinal analysis then explores how these evolve over time. The potential for 32 live study sites provides a unique opportunity to explore discrete political and social contexts which materialize and allow for a deeper dive into the challenges and issues that may exist, something a wider cross-sectional study would miss. Initial results show that issues and challenges which come from scaling up may be tackled using NLP technology which, in a previous controlled use case-based evaluation, has shown to improve the effectiveness of citizen participation.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128586741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet of Healthcare: Opportunities and Legal Challenges in Internet of Things-Enabled Telehealth Ecosystems","authors":"Richard Rak","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494260","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 public health crisis has accelerated the transformation of health systems to become more closely tied to citizens/patients and increasingly dependent on the provision and use of telehealth services. Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled telehealth systems (deployed in conjunction with AI systems) could facilitate the smart transformation of healthcare from a merely reactive system to a data-driven and person-centred system that provides remote health diagnosis, monitoring and treatment services, integrated real-time response solutions, as well as prospective insights. However, the realisation of these health-related benefits requires the processing of vast amounts of data concerning health. These operations and the use of new enabling technologies raises significant legal concerns and questions the applicability of existing/proposed legal concepts. For this reason, the research analyses the adequateness of EU privacy, data protection, data governance, AI governance and other regulatory rules in IoT-enabled (and AI-augmented) telehealth systems. In addition, the research aims to identify technical and organisational measures (best practices), which could facilitate the implementation of normative principles in these information systems in an effective manner.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133449944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Loan Sharks in India & Regulatory Framework: An Assessment","authors":"Kawaljit Kaur, P. Ilavarasan","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494280","url":null,"abstract":"Fintech has been playing a substantial role in transforming the financial services worldwide. Digital technology has led to significant improvement in lending services by offering easily accessible and hassle-free credit options for borrowers. However, the fast pace of innovations in FinTech and lagging regulatory measures have uncovered the negative aspects of digital lending. The dark side of digital lending became prominent in India during COVID-19 pandemic in the form of digital loan sharks. These predatory lenders exploit the gaps and blind spots in existing regulations to target vulnerable potential borrowers. They have been ravaging lives in India with debt traps and harsh loan recovery methods. The purpose of this paper is to explore the risks posed by digital lending model in India, identify the factors leading to financial consumer vulnerability and assess the regulatory & supervisory framework to protect financial customer from digital loan sharks for reliable digital lending space.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134336003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engaging citizens in digital public service innovation ecosystems - insights from the Netherlands and Italy","authors":"Nitesh Bharosa, F. Marangio, C. Petti, M. Janssen","doi":"10.1145/3494193.3494269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494269","url":null,"abstract":"Public agencies struggle with engaging citizens in digital public service innovation. The notion that citizen engagement in public service innovation can lead to more citizen-friendly digital services is widely accepted. Moreover, citizen engagement has also become an indicator of legitimacy; public service innovation without citizen engagement is more likely to be scrutinized on public values like privacy, transparency, fairness, and citizen control. Yet it remains difficult to engage with citizens throughout the various stages of innovation. Often, the hard question of how to balance system performance and public values in innovation resurfaces, and we cannot leave it to software programmers to answer this question. This short paper reveals how the Netherlands and Italy are engaging citizens in public service innovation. We found that in both countries, the quadruple helix approach is gaining support and citizen engagement is increasingly becoming the norm rather than the exception. Both countries are gaining experience with new citizen engagement methods like user-driven prototyping and living labs. We found that these methods increase empathy, creativity and reflection on ethical dilemmas. Following such methods also signals to policymakers that a democratic process was followed, ultimately backing a specific innovation direction. Other countries looking to enhance citizen engagement in public services innovation can benefit from the insights presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":360191,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132850978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}