{"title":"Hybrid EVs: making the grid connection","authors":"T. Moore","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905097","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid electric vehicles, featuring both a gasoline engine and a battery storage system became commercially available from two major auto manufacturers this year. While these hybrids offer better fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional cars, their battery packs are relatively small and are charged by the onboard gasoline engine-generator. In an effort to achieve efficiency and emissions levels closer to those of a true electric vehicle, EPRI is developing a grid-connected hybrid that operates the majority of the time in an all-electric mode, using its small gasoline engine only to extend driving range or to provide extra power. The development initiative-being pursued in alliance with General Electric, General Motors, Ford Motor, EPRI member utilities, and other key technology stakeholders-is at first focused on producing midsize hybrid buses and delivery vans and demonstrating their potential for cost savings to fleet vehicle operators. Expanded in the past year to put more emphasis on systems and components development, the initiative has as its ultimate goal the commercialization of grid-connected hybrid buses, vans, trucks, and automobiles.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"93 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131894447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of mercury porosimetry and flow porometry for the testing of battery separator materials","authors":"A. Jena, H. Sanders, J. Miller, R. Wimberly","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905102","url":null,"abstract":"Control of porosity is very important for proper functioning of battery separators. Specifications of mean pore size and percent porosity are commonly an integral part of separator acceptance criteria. To date most testing of these parameters has relied on mercury intrusion porosimetry. A new technique, flow porometry, has been introduced which has the potential of more accurately predicting product performance. This technique categorizes pore structure based on flow rates through the membrane and is specially useful in locating pore structure defects, which can be a chief cause for product failure, and malfunctioning. Data from both mercury intrusion and flow porometry analyses on different types of separator materials are critically examined and discussed. It is proposed that the battery industry could benefit by using information created by flow porometry to augment its reliance on mercury porosimetry data.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133993603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RBSM structure and its effects on fluid and gas transport [in VRLA batteries]","authors":"G. Zguris","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905118","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the important properties of wicking and wetting of recombinant battery separator media (RBSM) separators for valve-regulated Pb-acid (VRLA) batteries. The absorptive characteristic of a separator is one of the critical parameters required of separators. The ability of a separator to absorb, hold and release electrolyte has a direct influence on battery performance. The fibrous nature of the separator allows for various different design parameters. This paper discusses some of these design criteria.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125239510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Li diffusion in a composite electrode with internal fractal surface [Li-ion secondary cells]","authors":"K. Malek","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905117","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium diffusion in the composite oxides is a key factor that determines the rate at which a battery can be charged and discharged. With increasing interest in higher power density, understanding the mechanisms of diffusion in insertion electrodes becomes important. The aim of the present work is investigation of Li content and roughness dependency of diffusivity by dynamic Monte Carlo simulation, in a 2D fractal model pore. An indentation model is illustrated.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114984904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aerospace nickel-cadmium cell verification-final report","authors":"M. Manzo, D. Strawn, S. W. Hall","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905101","url":null,"abstract":"During the early years of satellites, NASA successfully flew \"NASA-Standard\" nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) cells manufactured by GE/Gates/SAFT on a variety of spacecraft. In 1992, a NASA Battery Review Board determined that the strategy of a NASA Standard Cell and Battery Specification and the accompanying NASA control of a standard manufacturing control document (MCD) for Ni-Cd cells and batteries was unwarranted. As a result of that determination, standards were abandoned and the use of cells other than the NASA Standard was required. In order to gain insight into the performance and characteristics of the various aerospace Ni-Cd products available, tasks were initiated within the NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Program that involved the procurement and testing of representative aerospace Ni-Cd cell designs. A standard set of test conditions was established in order to provide similar information about the products from various vendors. The objective of this testing was to provide independent verification of representative commercial flight cells available in the marketplace today. This paper provides a summary of the verification tests run on cells from various manufacturers: Sanyo 35 Ampere-hour (Ah) standard and 35 Ah advanced Ni-Cd cells, SAFT 50 Ah Ni-Cd cells and Eagle-Picher 21 Ah Magnum and 21 Ah Super NiCd/sup TM/ cells from Eagle-Picher were put through a full evaluation. A limited number of 18 Ah and 55 Ah cells from Acme Electric were also tested to provide an initial evaluation of the Acme aerospace cell designs. Additionally, 35 Ah aerospace design Ni-MH cells from Sanyo were evaluated under the standard conditions established for this program. The test program is essentially complete. The cell design parameters, the verification test plan and the details of the test results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130338996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discrete frequency immittance spectroscopy (DFIS/sup TM/)-a new technique for battery instrumentation","authors":"K. S. Champlin, K. Bertness","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905109","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new technique for accurately determining a lead-acid battery's performance without actually discharging it. The battery is excited with periodic currents and its complex impedance (or admittance) is determined at n discrete frequencies. By mathematically combining the 2n measured quantities, the elements of a 2n-element equivalent circuit model of the battery are evaluated. The electrical elements represent actual physical and/or electrochemical processes occurring within the battery and their values yield previously unavailable information concerning the battery's performance.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116323023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges for VRLA separator technology-a review of recent ALABC research","authors":"M. Weighall","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905106","url":null,"abstract":"The separator has a critical influence on the performance and life of the VRLA battery. It contributes directly to the discharge capacity and lifetime, and also has structural and chemical characteristics with implications well beyond physical separation of the plates. The study of the VRLA battery separator has formed an important part of the ALABC research programme, and this paper reviews the key outcomes of that research.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116216945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Chua, A. Choblet, V. Manivanna, H. Lin, J. Wolfenstine
{"title":"Advances in cathode technology for Li-ion batteries","authors":"D. Chua, A. Choblet, V. Manivanna, H. Lin, J. Wolfenstine","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905138","url":null,"abstract":"The exponentially growing demand for portable electronics, such as laptop computers and cellular phones, has rapidly increased interest for the development of more efficient Li-ion batteries, particularly for high rate applications. Presently, commercially available cells use LiCoO/sub 2/ as cathodic material, and in an effort to improve energy density, mixed LiNi/sub y/Co/sub 1-y/O/sub 2/ layered compounds are presently receiving considerable attention. An alternate approach for increasing both rate and capacity capabilities, namely the use of \"two-phase\" cathode materials, is the subject of this presentation. By increasing rate capability and, at the same time, decreasing polarization at the cathode, increases in energy and specific capacities are obtained.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126281130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Separation composition evaluation in model rechargeable silver-zinc cells","authors":"H. Lewis, S. Henderson, T. Danko","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905092","url":null,"abstract":"In previous reports, the evaluation of Viskase sausage casings (SCs) in a variety of configurations for silver/zinc rechargeable cells has been reported. The conclusions have been that several layers of SC, while providing improved resistance to silver migration acid zinc dendrite growth compared to standard cellophane film, also impart increased internal impedance which leads to faster capacity loss in comparison to standard cellophane film. The principal direction for further work appeared to be to incorporate a thin film layer of polyvinyl alcohol to serve as an additional barrier to silver migration. This would allow a reduction in the number of layers of SC, resulting in a decrease in impedance and an increase in capacity performance. The purpose of this program was to evaluate the possibility of reducing the number of layers of cellulosic sausage casing (SC) on the cathode of model silver/zinc rechargeable cells, in order to improve the cycling discharge performance and also to allow greater loading on the electrodes for improved volumetric energy density. Another objective was to evaluate the effect of splitting standard cellophane wrap between the cathode and anode to determine if cycle life and/or wet life performance could be improved over standard cathode-only wrap.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133103677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling oxygen evolution and associated failure mechanisms in lead acid batteries","authors":"D. Edwards, T. Bitterwolf, K. Kincheloe","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905120","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors hypothesize that oxygen generated at the positive electrode causes the active material to soften and shed. They believe this mechanism is also responsible for conductivity changes in the positive active material. They suggest that the conductivity changes occur inside the positive plate at those locations where the potentials are highest. They base our analysis on the agglomerate of spheres (AOS) model which, in a previous paper, was used to quantitatively explain the large increase in battery life resulting from a small amount of mechanical pressure applied to the positive electrode. This previous investigation is what made them suspect that the high potentials associated with the neck regions of the spheres causes oxygen to evolve and the necks to deteriorate.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127777347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}