International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Study on Sanitary Condition in Slum Area of Balkhu, Kathmandu Metropolitancity, Nepal.","authors":"Sabyata Gautam, Rojina Basnet","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i3.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i3.29","url":null,"abstract":"Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a  significant beneficial impact on health. The study on sanitation condition of Slum Area of Balkhu-14,  Kathmandu was studied. In this descriptive study, data was collected from 100 households, selected by using  simple random sampling. Most of the respondents were female i.e. 70%. More than half of the respondents were  illiterate and 69% of them were labor. Almost half of the respondents of the slum area, had knowledge about  sanitation, i.e. 43% of the respondents told the correct meaning of sanitation. Study revealed that only 58% of  the respondents had a toilet in their houses, 74% of the respondents used to brush their teeth once a day and 19%  twice a day, and only 81% used soap water for washing their hands after toilet. It was found that 72% of the  respondents were found to use water without treatment. The main communicable disease occurring in the study  area was found to be diarrhea. Since, the area was highly crowded and the low level of knowledge of the slum  dwelling people, the sanitation condition of the slum area was not good. Thus, awareness raising program regarding the sanitation practices and cleaning their environment should be conducted and the policy makers  should give priority for the improvement of lifestyles of slum dwelling peoples.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128641114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological study of Intestinal Parasitosis in rural area of Nepal.","authors":"K. Sapkota, J. Thapa, Amal Basnet, B. Dhakal","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.26","url":null,"abstract":"Intestinal parasitosis is one of the major public health and socio-economic problems in Nepal. It is ranked among the top10 morbidities in Nepal. Fecal samples were collected from the patients attending to different hospitals and privatelaboratories throughout the Myagdi district. A total of 985 participants were included in the study. The age ranged from 1to 86 years. Commonly affected age group was of below 15 years. Male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The general prevalence  of infection with different types of intestinal parasites was 14.7% (145). The fecal examination revealed different types of  helminths (7.2%) and protozoan (7.5%). Giardia lamblia was the most common parasite (5.5%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica 2.0%, Ascaris lumbricoides 4.0%, Hookworm 1.8%, Trichuris trichiura 0.8%, Hymenolepis nana 0.4% and Taenia spp 0.2%. Multiple parasites were observed in 11 samples. Higher prevalence rates of parasitic infections were seen among children.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122634729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculus Induced Hydroureteronephrosis Obstructive Syndrome in a Patient with Two Separate Pelvicalcyeal System in Right Side with Bifid Ureter: A Rare Clinical Entity.","authors":"A. Gautam, Bijay Subedi, M. Dhital, J. Awasthi, S. Adhikari, Purushottam Adhikari","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.24","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroureteronephrosis is a clinical condition where the dilatation of renal calyces and ureter occur jointly due to obstruction. When two ureters arise from single kidney the situation is known as bifid ureter which may be complete orincomplete. The present study examines a congenital anomaly of bifid ureter and rare clinical presentation of calculusinduced obstructive hydroureternephrosis in a adult male aged 38 by past 48 hours. The common symptoms of thiscondition were extreme intolerable pain in the abdomen, flank pain moderate to severe radiate to loin to groin,vomiting/nausea and haematuria. Diagnosis was done by injection of intravenous dye and computed tomographyintravenous pyleogram was performed along with lab findings. In this case we found two incomplete ureters i.e. bifidnature arising from right kidney that unite as a single ureter before emptying into the urinary bladder. There was presence  of single large calculus measuring approximately 8.6*8mm right at the junction of bifid ureter at the level of L3 vertebra  inducing hydroureteronephrosis. Similarly marked upstream dilation of upper right ureter was found. The anomaly of  bifid ureter occurs due to the untimely division of ureteric diverticulum. Unless some complication of ureter occurs, the  duplication does not expose itself. Acute obstruction of ureter does not cause any significant alternation in renal function.  Though the whole clinical presentation is rare itself, it further needs follow ups to avoid re-occurrence.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121688010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Emergency Contraceptive Pills among Medical and Paramedical Students.","authors":"B. Malla, K. Malla, Madan Sigdel, Sanjeev Guragain, R. Yadav, S. Paudel, B. Aryal","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.25","url":null,"abstract":"Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) is also called as morning after pill which is indicated after unprotected coitus, sexual abuse and nonuse of regular contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and current use of emergency contraceptive pill among the medical and paramedical students. Institution based cross- sectional descriptive study was conducted at Gandaki medical college and The School of Health and Allied sciences from August 2015-Janawary 2016.Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007. Out of 181 respondents 40.9% were male and 59.1% were female students. 91.2% respondents were from urban area and 86.2% were Hindu. As compared to female students, male students have more knowledge about the ECPs. However, female students were more correct than male students regarding the proper administration time of ECP. Although recipients have positive attitude regarding ECPs, majority of them believed that ECPs have harmful effects to the body. Mainly due to the humiliation and lack of proper knowledge, male respondents and female respondents respectively felt challenges to use ECPs. It is concluded the misinformation regarding ECPs is high among the respondents. Therefore, effective awareness program should be lunched to educate them regarding the ECPs and to protect young females from the risk of unsafe abortion.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121571204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portal Vein Diameter by Ultrasonography as a non-Invasive Predictor of Esophageal Varices.","authors":"Amal Basnet, J. Thapa, K. Sapkota, A. Kc","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Esophageal varices are one of the most serious consequence of portal hypertension in patients with liver diseases If undetected or left untreated, it can result in massive upper gastrointestinal bleed and can be fatal. Therefore, a timely detection and management of the varices in cirrhotic patient is a must. Several studies have evaluated possible noninvasive  markers of esophageal varices to reduce the number of unnecessary endoscopies in patients with cirrhosis but without  varices. Endoscopic surveillance of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis is expensive for the health system  and uncomfortable for the patients. Recently, non-invasive ultrasound-based parameters seem to offer valuable information  about the status of esophageal varices and thus challenge the need for repetitive endoscopic monitoring. In this study, our  aim was to develop a predictive model using an independent risk factor for the presence of varices in the enrolled patients. This is a cross-sectional study. The study analyzed 50 patients with liver diseases from February 2014 to January 2015. All the patients with cirrhosis of either gender except those with hepatocellular carcinoma and previous surgical or medical  intervention for portal hypertension were enrolled in the study. Ultrasound of the abdomen was done in all cases to note  the portal vein diameter. The varices visualized were graded endoscopically. Data entry was done in SPSS version 20 and statistical analysis was done with Chi Square test. Total 50 patients were enrolled in the test. Varices was present in 47  (96%) of the patients. Small varices were present in 13 (26%) and large varices was present in 34 (68%) of patients. For  the patients with small varices, the mean portal vein diameter was 13.23 mm and for those with large varices, the mean  portal vein diameter was 16.83 mm. The above results signify that the presence of varices was associated with the mean portal vein diameter of 13.23 mm or more and the result was statistically significant with the p value of 0.024 Measurement  of portal vein diameter by ultrasonography can be used as a non-invasive predictive indicator of the development of gastro- esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125028560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu.","authors":"G. Ghimire, S. Bhatta, R. Chaudhary, B. Adhikari, M. Pradhan, Jayendra Bajracharya, Y. I. Singh","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i1.21","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the commonest clinical condition encountered by the clinicians worldwide. The present research was conducted to find out bacterial pathogens responsible for UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The study was done in the Department of Microbiology, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS), Kathmandu, Nepal. Total 450 clean catched midstream urine (MSU) samples were collected, processed, identified and their susceptibility patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents were recorded according to the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute) guidelines. Out of 450 samples, 108 (24.0%) showed bacterial growth in which UTI occurred more in female with 84 isolates (77.8%) than in male 24 (22.2%). Escherichia coli was the predominant bacterial isolate and accounted for 80 (74.1%) of the total UTI cases followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 11 (10.2%), Proteus mirabilis 5 (4.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (3.7%), Staphylococcus aureus 4 (3.7%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 2 (1.9%), and Enterococcus species 2 (1.9%). The isolates were more sensitive to cefotaxim, amikacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin. Most of the strains isolated were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, cotrimoxazole followed by ciprofloxacin and gentamycin. The resistant patterns of urinary isolates with 3rd generation cephalosporin are increasing due to irrational and empirical use of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127264393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Pleural Fluid C- Reactive Protein and comparison with Light’s criteria to differentiate Exudative from Transudative Pleural Effusions in Nepalese Population.","authors":"J. Thapa, Amal Basnet, K. Sapkota, A. Thapa","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"Pleural effusion is a common medical problem with diagnostic dilemma, this study was conducted to determine if C- Reactive Protein level in pleural fluid is a better diagnostic tool in differentiating exudative and transudative pleural effusion, to compare with parameters of modified Light’s criteria and its application in Nepalese population. This was an  Analytical, Cross-Sectional, Hospital Based Observational study of patients admitted at Department of Medicine, Bir Hospital during period of one year (January 2014-december 2015). A total of 86 patients with Unilateral Pleural effusion whose cause was unknown were enrolled. Diagnosis of pleural effusion was established by a detailed history, physical examination, chest radiograph, ultrasonography and CT scan in few cases. \u0000Out of 86 samples examine half of them were smokers and smoking had more association with females (58%).  Cut-off values of pleural fluid CRP level ≥ 10 mg/dl showed sensitivity of 87.60% where as in case of clinically identified transudates, 1 transudates out  of 13 were misclassified as exudates. The specificity is 92.30%, the positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 98.14%, and 37.50% with a significant p value of <0.001. All transudates were classified correctly as transudates by CRP level > 30 mg/dl, whereas 44 exudates were misclassified as transudates. This criterion had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of 100%, 36.23%, 27.87% and 100% respectively with a significant  p value of <0.001. On evaluating the individual parameters of Light’s Criteria; Pleural fluid LDH level > 2/3rd of LDH level of normal serum classified 64(74.41%) cases of pleural effusion as exudates, this criteria had a sensitivity of 86.30%, specificity of 92.30%, positive predictive value of 98.43 % and a negative predictive value of 54.55 % with a significant p value of< 0.001and Kappa value is 0.77.While on pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio >0.6, 59 (81.94%) exudates were correctly classified as exudates whereas 13 (18.05%) exudates were classified falsely as transudates. This study could be applicable to our  population as well, however multi centric studies with larger sample size are necessary.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134142508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Liposomes and Ethosomes Bearing Indomethacin for Topical Drug Delivery.","authors":"B. Malla, K. Malla, A. K. Sah, Anajali Koirala, S. Karki, Daya Ram Prajuli, Bindu Thapa","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v1i3.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v1i3.18","url":null,"abstract":"Liposomes and ethosomes, the novel drug delivery system, are starting to be widely applied in topical preparation. Several studies showed that indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory drug loaded liposomes, when given transdermally reduced the side effects and enhanced its efficacy against rheumatoid arthritis and musculo-skeletal disorders. The anti-inflammatory activity is directly proportional to the amount of drug that actually crosses the skin and particle size of vesicles directly determines the dermal delivery of drug substances. Indomethacin loaded liposomes were prepared by different methods and characterized by determining their size and entrapment efficiency. To improve the therapeutic outcome and prepare a formulation which is skin-friendly, liposomes and ethosomes veried according to drug:lipid ration and method of preparation. The entrapment efficiency was higher for ethosomes than liposomes. Furthermore, the incorporation of the vesicles in carbopol gel increased viscocity and stability of the formulation. Hence, these finding suggested that indomethacin loaded ethosomes and liposomes prepared by appropriate method using optimum drug lipid ration could be a novel and potent transdermal delivery system for safe and effective topical analgesics.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124884331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico Validation of Expressed Sequence Tags for Alternate Splice Variants of Human myo-inositol Oxygenase Gene.","authors":"Jayendra Bajracharya, M. Pradhan, Anju Bajracharya","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v1i3.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v1i3.20","url":null,"abstract":"Myo-Inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is an enzyme that catabolizes myo-inositol in humans. There is increased MIOX expression and increased MIOX activity in renal tubular cells in diabetic nephropathy. One potential mechanism of increased expression and activity of MIOX is the production of one or more highly stable alternative splice isoform of MIOX transcript. Based on the evidence gathered from the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) associated with MIOX protein sequence, we report that retention of intron 9 in MIOX transcript is a valid alternative splice mechanism. This alternative splice isoform is predicted to have higher stability than the canonical MIOX transcript. Higher stability of the alternative splice variant leads to increased production of MIOX protein isoform with retained structural and potentially, functional features of canonical MIOX protein. Production of this MIOX transcript isoform could be the mechanism of increased expression and activity of MIOX in renal tissues affected by diabetes mellitus. Alteration of the splice mechanism could be a new therapeutic target in prevention and treatment of complications of diabetes mellitus. ","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130757547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological, Physio-biochemical Properties and Antibiogram of the Clostridium chauvoei.","authors":"Rubina Rais, K. K. Malhi, Samita Giri, R. Rind, A. A. Kamboh, C. Kumar, R. Abro, M. R. Rind, Faiza S M Habib","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v1i3.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v1i3.17","url":null,"abstract":"Clostridium chauvoei is one of the deadly micro-organism that causes disease in cattle and sheep. We tested Clostridium chauvoei on different culture media, physio-biochemical agents and antibiotics. The best grwoth of organism was observed on blood and nutrient agar at pH 7.2-7.5, and temperature in between 37-40ºC. No effect of centrifugation was observed. Fourteen different antibiotics were tested against the Clostridium chauvoei. Highly effective antibiotics were chloramphenicol, tetracycline, baquiloprim/sulphadimidine, erythromycin, gentamicin, compound sulphonamides.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130229381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}