International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Explore the unexplored: Potential anti-tumor properties of Rhododendron against bladder cancer.","authors":"Ajnish Ghimire","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.35","url":null,"abstract":"As cancer cases are increasing worldwide, various methods for the treatment of cancer are still ongoing. The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of both major and minor ailments have been practiced since ancient days. Rhododendron is an evergreen tree that belongs to the family Ericaceae with distribution in most regions of the world. Studies have shown cytotoxic effects of the plant against cancer cell lines supporting the anti-cancer properties . However, the anticancer effect of Rhododendron on the cell lines responsible for bladder cancer remains unexplored. Bladder cancer ranks as the ninth most common cancer worldwide with developing countries contributing to more than 60% of the bladder cancer incidence and mortality above 50%. Various assays such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , growth inhibition assay and techniques such as flow scytometry can be performed to examine the extract of various Rhododendron species against a variety of  bladder cancer cell lines.Various modalities are used for the treatment of carcinoma bladder including chemotherape\u0000utic agents and surgical removal of bladder to name a few, which have their own benefits and drawbacks. Hence, exploring the anticancer effect of Rhododendron against bladder carcinoma could be promising, since it can be naturally synthesized, and is expected to have lesser side effects in comparison to the chemically synthesized drugs. The American Cancer Society estimates 83,730 new cases of bladder cancer in the United States. The carcinoma of bladder is commonly positioned in the urinary tract and gender wise distribution shows that it is the fourth most common cancer among men and eight most common cancer among women. The most common risk factor for bladder cancer is smoking and it has been estimated that the exposure to aromatic amines and arsenic also possesses serious threat to bladder cancer. It is found that 80% of bladder cancer are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with the remaining accounting for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).  The recurrence rate for NMIBC is found to be 60 to 70%. Despite Transurethral resection (TUR), the first line treatment for bladder cancer, it is still likely that 60-90% of NMIBC bladder cancer will reoccur. Likewise, radical cystectomy is another standard treatment for MIBC. However, within a duration of 2 year’s, approximately 50% of MIBC patients have a 50% chance of developing metastases and even after surgery, the survival rate is 50%. Cisplatin based chemotherapy is the first line treatment for advanced and critical stages of bladder cancer. Regardless of  initial high response rate, the long-term survival chances are low. Studies have found that the adverse side effects of cisplatin-based treatment include damage in the renal tubules, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, and bloodstream infection.\u0000Hence, finding an alternative treatment for bladder cancer is necessary to minimize the side effects of chemotherapy. Natural agents could be ","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130542032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological Effort and Medication Approaches for the Management of COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal .","authors":"N. Dhakal, Selina Siwakoti, U. Shakya, Astha Acharya, P. Gyanwali","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.38","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 pandemic has created a long-lasting effect on different aspects of peoples' life. Several efforts were made by Nepal for the management of the COVID-19 surge. This study intended to compile the pharmacological efforts adopted for the prevention and management of COVID-19 during its pandemic in Nepal. A comprehensive study was performed from 10th May to 25th May 2021. Altogether, 25 documents, three guidelines, and 30 articles were assessed and analysed in this study. The major pharmacological steps for the prevention of COVID-19 were seen through vaccination campaigns, the development of guidelines, and the use of repurposed drugs (Remdesivir, corticosteroids, anticoagulants etc). Significant pharmacological steps were seen in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in Nepal during the pandemic. With the limited resources, Nepal’s action against COVID-19 seemed to be impressive; however, more efforts are demanded to combat similar situations in the future.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128563349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccines and the role of the immune system: An approach in decreasing COVID -19 mortality.","authors":"B. Marasini","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.41","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The unprecedented outbreaks of flu-like illness in the last century have caused a huge disaster for mankind. Similar health disasters were also seen in this century, which succumbed to severe illness, but were brought under control, hence preventing it from becoming a pandemic. The outbreak of a novel coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 saw its unusual fate by taking a turn as a pandemic, with millions of lives taken worldwide and numbers still reaching their peak with each successive wave.  \u0000There are over billions of different types of viruses found in nature and most of them are found in the sea. Humans over their lifetime encounter several disease-causing viruses, but so far, our body's immune system has been able to cope with them. Furthermore, the SARS-CoV-2 could be defended, only if we had an immune system, which was familiar with this virus-like other virus known to humans. The unique nature along with mutants of this virus has put the entire world at risk of causing mild, moderate to severe forms of the disease.  \u0000The finding of the mortality rate of COVID-19 may be a challenge. However, other pandemics were equally deadlier, such as the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009, during which the estimated cases were 0.7–1.4 billion; and the estimated death was 151,700–575,400 (~0.05%). During the typical seasonal flu, every year 340 million –1 billion people are infected, and the estimated death is 290,000–650,000/year (<0.1%). HIV/AIDS has led to approximately 37.9 million deaths globally. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), mortality rate over 35%. Ebola pandemic 2014, mortality rate over 50%.  \u0000In the context of Nepal, prediction of both prevalence and mortality rate seems difficult, making it an epidemiological challenge. The communicable nature of this disease along with the various challenges in mass vaccination has made us adhere to stringent public health measures such as social distancing, wearing of face masks, and maintaining hand hygiene to control the spread of disease.  \u0000There are certain herbs, spices, and other traditional home remedies, which have been considered to boost the immune system as well as combat the mild form of COVID-19. However, these preparations would put us at health risk, since the evidence regarding such therapies is low.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127600710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnobotany, Taxonomy and Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa.","authors":"Puskar Basyal, Prerok Regmi","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i2.37","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cannabis is an annual dioecious plant, which shares its origins with the inception of the first agricultural human societies in Asia. Over the course of time different parts of the plant have been utilized for therapeutic and recreational purposes. Linnaeus was the first person to describe Cannabis as Cannabis sativa (C.sativa). Numerous bioactive phytochemicals are extracted from C. sativa that signal for medicinal development.\u0000Methods:The review aims to provide a different perspective of the ethnobotanical, taxonomy  and chemical aspects  from the ancient times of C. sativa. The study was conducted with the review of scientific papers from Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, Springer, Elseveir, Science Direct, Taylor Francis and online textbooks of C. sativa.  \u0000Results: C. sativa has its origin from Asia. It has  traditional spiritual, household and therapeutic uses. Cannabis is a monotypic genera with three different varieties: C sativa var. sativa, C sativa var. indica, C sativa var.  ruderalis. A total of 565 chemicals (120 cannabinoids and 445 non cannabinoids) have been recorded in Cannabis.  \u0000Conclusions: Cannabis is an ethnobotanical rich and phytochemical significant therapeutic plant. Because of lack of scientific research, the taxonomic aspects are still hidden. This study recommends exploratory study on ethnobotanical, taxonomical and phytochemicals of Nepalese Cannabis.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127999717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleural Fluid Bilirubin to Serum Bilirubin Ratio, comparison with Light’s Criteria.","authors":"M. Yadav, A. Pal, A. Bisht, J. Thapa","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i1.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v5i1.34","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pleural fluid bilirubin and pleural fluid bilirubin to serum bilirubin ratio evaluation had been reported by several in distinguishing exudative from transudative pleural effusions along with Light’s Criteria. The aim of this study was to assess whether pleural fluid bilirubin to serum bilirubin ratio, was a sensitive marker in classifying the pleural effusion as exudative and transudative and its correlation with Light’s criteria. \u0000Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study of Pleural fluid bilirubin to serum bilirubin ratio ≥ 0.6 for exudates was taken and compared with Light’s criteria overall and its individual parameters to classify exudative and transudative along with the diagnosis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16, Sensitivity, specificity, Positive predictive value (PPV), Negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy of each tests were calculated. \u0000Results: By diagnosis on discharge out of 86 samples of pleural effusion, 78(90.69%) were exudative and 8(9.3%) were transudative effusion. Among transudative effusion, 72 were classified correctly and 6 were misclassified by pleural fluid Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) > 2/3rd of serum LDH criteria and out of 8 transudative, 4 were misclassified as exudative. When the pleural fluid to serum bilirubin ratio ≥0.6 was used to differentiate , it categorized 67 as exudative effusion by pleural fluid LDH > 2/3rd of serum LDH criteria and 11 were misclassified as transudative. This criterion had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 85.53%, 50%, 92.88% and 27.78 % respectively with a significant p value of <0.01.  \u0000Conclusion: The pleural fluid to serum bilirubin ratio can serve as an alternative easy and cost-effective diagnostic tool in differentiating between exudative and transudative pleural effusion. Though, it misclassified 11 exudative pleural fluids as transudative and 4 transudative as exudative. By taking Light’s criteria as a standard, pleural fluid bilirubin to serum bilirubin ratio ≥0.6 was found to be inferior to the Light’s criteria also in terms of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV. Still the pleural fluid to serum bilirubin ratio can serve as an alternative easy and cost-effective diagnostic tool in differentiating between exudative and transudative pleural effusion in low resource settings.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127845369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Scoping Review Article.","authors":"S. Khanal, Uddav Khadka, L. Dhungel","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.31","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is natural phenomenon that occurs when microorganisms are exposed to antibiotic drugs. Under the selective pressure of antibiotics, susceptible bacteria are killed or inhibited, while bacteria that are naturally (or intrinsically) resistant or that have acquired antibiotic-resistant traits have a greater chance to survive and multiply. Many alarming facts regarding antimicrobial resistance have accumulated, particularly over the last few years some of which includes an increase in global resistance rates in many bacterial species responsible for both community- and healthcare-related infections, emergence and dissemination of new mechanisms of resistance, rapid increase in multi-resistance, propensity to use last line therapy to treat nosocomial and community acquired infections, reuse of old drugs with poor efficacy profile and uncertain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics characteristics due to lack of alternative drugs, high morbidity and mortality attributable to multi-resistant bacteria in critically ill patients and serious financial consequences of bacterial resistance. Various steps that health care practitioners and facilities can pursue to reduce antibiotic resistance such as adopting an antibiotic stewardship program, improving diagnosis, tracking and prescribing practices, optimizing therapeutic regimens and preventing infection transmission.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121613409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants of Nepal.","authors":"Grinsun Sharma, Biswash Sapkota, Gopal Lamichhane, Mahendra Adhikar, Paridhi Kunwar","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.33","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Many natural products are the source of therapeutic agents  having potential pharmacological activity. Traditional  medicinal practices have long history for serving human  kind.The present study was designed to collect, identify, prepare herbarium and to  evaluate the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal  plants. \u0000Method : Collected plant species were subjected to maceration in methanol for 72 hrs. Antioxidant activity of plant  extracts was assessed by using DPPH free radical scavenging method in different concentrations (1 μg/ml,  3 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 7 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml) and percentage inhibition and effective concentration (EC50) was  calculated. Result Result indicates that EC50 of D. boryanum (3.75 μg/ml) and P. guajava (3.89 μg/ml) was less, EC50 of R. nepalensis (5.03 μg/ml) and S. japonica (6.75 μg/ml) was comparable and EC50 of M. macrophylla (7.86 μg/ml), B. asiatica (9.14 μg/ml), E. adenophorum (7.78 μg/ml), E. crassipes (8.21 μg/ml) and N. arbortritis (8.16 μg/ml) was higher than ascorbic acid (4.73 μg/ml). Conclusion Our result shows that D. boryanum and P. gvajava possess higher antioxidant activity than the ascorbic acid  implying that, they could be potential free radical scavenging agents and could be developed as pharmaceutical agents.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132091561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriological Profile in Urinary Tract Infection and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern.","authors":"Indira Basnet, M. Chaudhary, S. Khanal, Om Prakash Panta, P. Poudel","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.32","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common and serious health problem affecting millions of people worldwide  each year especially females. Treatment of UTI relies on the bacteriological profile and the knowledge of their  antibiotic susceptibility pattern. A cross-sectional study was done in Kantipur Hospital, Kathmandu. Tools for  data collection were a data collection form. Total 1246 urine sample from patient suspected of UTI was  reviewed, out of which 369 (29.61%) of urine sample showed significant growth. UTI was prevalent in females  of age group 21-30 being Escherichia coli (62.3%) predominant one. Altogether 199 multi drug resistance strains were isolated. Empirical treatment of UTI should be discouraged.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132927568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extracts from Selected Medicinal Plants.","authors":"Sandipty Kayastha, Mitesh Shrestha, H. K. Chaudhary, K. Shrestha, K. Manandhar, B. Poudel","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i3.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i3.30","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The search for potential natural bioactive compounds has been carried out for a long time.  Researchers working in the field of natural product chemistry are starting to realize the importance of  ethnomedicinal knowledge. Methodology: The aim of this study was to carry out preliminary analysis of different plants to understand their  therapeutic potential.To this end, methanolic extracts were prepared from four different plant specimens.  ntimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity assays were carried out at different concentrations of the extracts. Results: The highest percentage yield by methanol extraction was achieved from Sapindus murokosii.  Phytochemical analysis detected presence of different types of secondary metabolites present in these species.  Among the plants selected, Ficus religiosa showed the highest quantity of phenolics and flavonoids content  along with lowest IC50 and LC50 for anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxicity assay respectively.  Conclusion: The results obtained leads to the conclusion that the selected plants might be possessing strong  therapeutics which can be further analyzed for isolation and identification of bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131056800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practice of human resource management among teaching hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal.","authors":"Bhim Chand, Shyam Bahadur Katuwal","doi":"10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i3.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i3.28","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hospitals are important vehicles for the delivery of health care, and managers of these institutions are  largely responsible for operationalizing the visions and objectives that policy-makers. Lack of competencies and  skills of managers on the human resource management (HRM) practices in hospital consequently related to quality  and outcome of health care services. The overall objective was to assess the practice of human resource management  among teaching hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in two purposively selected hospitals in Kathmandu,  Nepal. Data were collected using structured question among 212 managers and were selected using simple random  sampling technique from October 2016 to March 2017. In-depth interview were taken among six corporate level  managers. Descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Majority (80.2%) of managers were female, most of them were non-indigenous communities and were from  nursing profession (90.1%). Effective management of HRM is spirited for the success of organization whereas half  (50%) respondents it effects of all HR activities. Management of human resources is essential to enable the delivery  of efficient and effective clinical services and achieve patient satisfaction. Consequently, all health providers,  managers as well as health professionals have to know the patient evaluation on these aspects in order to remember  how they are important for patients. Hospital HRM authority must be worked for quality of services to entire patients  and address those who were not satisfied on currently offering services. This study showed significant differences in  the assessment of both staff members and patients and level of offered services in the various departments within  same hospital and between hospitals.","PeriodicalId":359742,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126330298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}