International Affairs and Global Strategy最新文献

{"title":"The Supply of Small Arms and Light Weapons to Conflict Zones: The Bane of Onset, Intensity and Duration of Armed Conflict in Africa","authors":"G. Osimen, Rufus Aisedion, I. Adi","doi":"10.7176/iags/88-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/88-01","url":null,"abstract":"Small arms fuel violence and intensify human suffering in conflict situations across the globe. The illicit trafficking, proliferation and misuse of small arms have grave impacts on human security, development and human rights. They hamper conflict resolution, peace-building and commercial activities in various parts of the world, affecting the lives of millions. In recent years, attention has come to focus on the ways in which the increased availability of low-cost small arms and light weapons contributes to the likelihood, intensity and duration of armed conflict. This paper has examined the full range of sources of small arms in Africa region. It recognizes the importance of large international transfers in weapons sourcing to conflict zones; at the same time, however, it reinforces lesser-known findings regarding the role of production, government stockpiles, and the so-called ant trade in the fuelling conflict. For more emphasis, the paper is anchored on the combination of three different theories; the theory of relative autonomy of state, conflict theory and failed state theory. In developing a more comprehensive approach to conflict sourcing, the role of politics must not be overlooked. Small arms proliferation is essentially a political issue, as the politically motivated leakages from military stockpiles and state-sponsored transfers in the region. The paper further reveled that government stockpiles is an important source of weapons in many conflict zones, through corruption, theft, seizure, distribution, and sales. In some conflicts, they are even the main source of small arms for all combatants. As observed, in the long run, persistent smaller shipments of small arms can be more significant in terms of volume than occasional large-scale trafficking of guns. Where the ant trade is important, policy responses become more complicated. Therefore, to control brokering, streamlining end-user certificates, and establishing arms embargoes, an effective policy also needs to tackle corruption and make the control of border regions and of the border itself more effective. In addition, policies must be tailored to individual states. While regional and international approaches are useful, their limitations must also be clearly understood. Keywords : Small Arms, Light Weapons, Proliferation, Arms supply, Armed Conflict, Africa DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/88-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128051563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of International Efforts in Combating Terrorism","authors":"Ayuk Y. Etta-Nyoh","doi":"10.7176/iags/88-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/88-03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper entitled “the effectiveness of International efforts in combatting terrorism” sets out to do an appraisal of already documented research works on the effectiveness of counter-terrorism initiatives. It makes use of classical literature review methods to synthesize these research recordings. This review visits major counter terrorist initiatives like the UN Counterterrorism Committee (CTC), the Counterterrorism Executive Directorate(CTED), Global Counterterrorism Strategy, and Group of Eight and in so doing generates evidence regarding the effectiveness of counter-terrorism strategies, making it clear that there has been a proliferation of anti-terrorism programs and policies as well as massive increases in expenditures toward combating terrorism. It however establishes that almost nothing is known about the effectiveness of any of these programs, as the surge in new terrorist tactics and incidents is on the rise. The paper concludes that these initiatives all bring something to the table, but fail to add up to a comprehensive regime. It is recommended primordially that the international community should develop a global counterterrorism body. Keywords: International efforts; Terrorism; Counterterrorism; Global strategy. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/88-03 Publication date: November 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124628658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Way Head to Nation Fragmentation: Challenges of Politicized Statehood Narratives and Identity Politics in Ethiopia","authors":"Esubalew Aman Mezmir","doi":"10.7176/iags/87-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/87-01","url":null,"abstract":"This paper set out to confer an argumentative essay on the contemporary challenges of politicized statehood narratives and identity politics in Ethiopia. In doing this my argument is mainly supplemented with secondary source of data. Accordingly, books, articles, and different published materials were critically reviewed. Based on a critical review of the existing literatures I argued that with the coming of ethnic identity as the mainstay of Ethiopian politics,displacements of civilians, ethno-centric-prejudice, inter-ethnic mistrust, and a sense of insecurity especially by non-ethnic residents of given places has been increased.Along with this, ethno-centric fundamentalist elites disseminates politicized statehood narratives that intends to depict ‘past historical injustice’ as being committed by the ‘Amhara ruling-class’ against all other ethnic group of the nation. Therefore, in my point of view the increasing number in the displacements of civilians, ethno-centric-prejudice, inter-ethnic mistrust, and a sense of insecurity especially by non-ethnic residents of given places in Ethiopia are looked to be directly or indirectly rooted from elites fabricated and politicized statehood narratives and identity politics. Hence, this condition is not alleviated soon it may lead the nation to path of fragmentation.To this end, in this paper I suggest that before going to take any measures to control and manage the country from being fragmented, we should first create national consensus based at forgiveness regarding what was happened in the past. Then we should clearly know the deep rooted nature and challenges of applying identity politics in the federal state of Ethiopia and must come up with sound systems that can promote sense of Nationalism in the first place. Keywords: Identity Politics, Politicized Statehood Narratives, Ethno-centrism, Nationalism, and Nation Fragmentation. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/87-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132572549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalization and Pandemics: Interrogating the Differential Impact of Pandemics on States","authors":"O. Brigid","doi":"10.7176/iags/87-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/87-04","url":null,"abstract":"The revolutionary interconnectedness of the planet through production flows, trade, technologies and finance representing increased globalization has eased the spread of pandemics. This has integrated the world into a single epidemiological system and resulted in calls for co-operation amongst countries. Despite this, countries’ responses to the outbreak of pandemics have been largely characterized by panic and co-operation has been sacrificed on the altar of national interest.  Pandemics have therefore affected different countries differently. This informs this paper’s task to assess the underlying cause of the differential impacts of pandemics and to proffer plausible solution on how countries, especially the less developed ones can best adapt to the pressures emerging from pandemics in a globalized world. The paper was qualitative and time-series data relating to influenza pandemics, HIV/AIDS pandemic and the Coronavirus pandemic were extracted from secondary sources. Ogban-Iyam’s theory of Social Production and Reproduction was adopted as a theoretical framework for analysis. The study revealed that the emergence of globalization and the resultant ease in the spread of pandemic is a consequence of the social relations that occur in the capitalist production system. It was found that the differences in the impact of pandemics result mainly from the capabilities of states and the degree of sophistication of their productive forces. It was therefore recommended that the best option to ease the adaptation of states to changes posed by pandemics in a globalized world is the development of their productive forces. Keywords : Globalization, Pandemics, COVID-19, Influenza, HIV/AIDS ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0473-8825 DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/87-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116714623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict and Revolution in the Horn of Africa: Somali Republic in Focus","authors":"Nuruzzaman Mohammed","doi":"10.7176/iags/87-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/87-02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is typically focused on the issue of conflict and revolution in Somali. As an introduction it tries to explore the historical trajectories in Africa in general and Somali in particular. The paper narrates the development of Somali conflict since the early 1990s. The central emphasis is that what causes attract Somali in to these long ranged civil war and chaos. The paper argued that competition for power and resources, the colonial legacy and state repression were the long-term causes of the Somali conflict. It also deals with the adversarial relationship in the country which are the leading actors in the conflict; the roles that regional and international organizations as well as isolated sovereign states to mitigate the problem; interests of third parties in the conflict like USA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Eritrea and so on. Finally, the paper tried to present the probable future of Somalia from scholar’s point of view and expectations from Somali. Keywords: Somalia, Conflict, Revolution, Civil War DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/87-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132008928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legitimacy Controls of Commercial Advertisements: A Comparative Study","authors":"N. Jaradt","doi":"10.7176/iags/87-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/87-03","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial advertising is one of the most important topics that people face in their daily life. This research determines the methods of commercial advertisement in Islamic Sharia Provisions and Commercial transaction Law that are used in Bahrain as well as its importance in being able to study importance of commercial advertisements in marketing products of all kinds, whether they are goods or services, which contributes to the stability, progress and success of economic life, and the successful advertising contributes significantly to reducing the cost of the product through the optimal promotion of it. With the growing importance of commercial advertisements, we cannot leave it alone, so the rules and regulations governing controlling the content of commercial advertisements of all kinds must be put in place, considering that they affect the doctrine or principles of general community morals, The Islamic economics considered as the mediating justice between the capitalist and socialist systems. In fact, those who follow the reality of commercial advertisements, which are broadcast by all advertising media general in Arab world and specially in Bahrain, find their severe lack of controls and considerate standards for the validity of advertising. The paper has placed a specific focus on the laws, regulations, and governmental bodies, Islamic Sharia law. This paper will not only rely on the Sharia Provisions but also text books, internet resources, regulations, statutory. The information was examined with the view to make recommendations for the best practice. Keywords: China insurance industry, Foreign fund, Challenge DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/87-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"52 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126764162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governance Quality and Growth Performance in Sub-Sahara Africa: Dynamic Panel Systems Generalized Methods of Moments","authors":"A. Bedemo","doi":"10.7176/iags/86-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/86-01","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of governance quality on growth performance of Sub-Sahara African Countries. The data were obtained from World Bank database over the period 2002-2018 for a sample 22 countries. The method of dynamic panel systems generalized methods of moments (SYS-GMM) was applied to estimate the model. The overall finding reveals that governance quality plays significant role in economic growth performance of the countries. The aggregate (composite governance index) has positive significant effect, where a unit improvement in composite governance index increases economic growth (GDP) by about 3.4 percent. The disaggregated result also reveals that corruption and political stability do have negative and statistically significant effect on growth performance, whereas rule of law, voice and accountability and government effectiveness have positive significant effect on growth. The effect of regulatory quality index even if positive, it is not significant. The paper recommends consistent and strong policy interventions by respective governments in order to improve governance quality emphasizing on areas where the problems are especially serious such as problems of political stability, lack proper implementation of the rule of law and corruption control. Keywords: Governance quality, Growth, Panel GM, Sub-Sahara-Africa, DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/86-01 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125322078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Yugoslav spaces between defective democracies, authoritarianism, and kleptocracies","authors":"Faruk Hadžić","doi":"10.7176/iags/86-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/86-04","url":null,"abstract":"In post-Yugoslav spaces, democracy has not been won by independent and robust social groups that can act as a counterweight to the state structure, with formed interests that act \"transformatively\"; not directing political change and form the basis of political pluralism. In the processes of political and social transformation of society, pragmatism is a dangerous thing, and the apparent tendency of key political actors to follow the \"speech of Europe\" in their daily political practice without taking into the content. Ethnonationalism does not bring political scenes a socioeconomic system that would already be independently formed, with appropriate bearers of transformative interests and competing \"projects\" of the new order. Therefore, the worst uncertainty and fragility can slow down the normalization process and other unplanned consequences. The class of nationalist capitalists, political-economic oligarchies, during the conflicts, takes control of the state apparatus and ownership of economic resources, constituting \"nation-states\"; unilateral expropriation presented as a self-legitimizing act by which the whole society realizes its being in the form of sovereignty and embodies itself by constituting its \"nation-state\". Within the notion of \"captured states,\" we can speak from the social property, which is privatized by post-war \"tycoons;\" supporting authoritarian rulers linked to kleptocracy as a strategy to maintain stability undermines the EU accession process. Civil resistance is not progressive, and all should define life in a democratic society. It is an urgent task of building a civic or democratic political culture, which is inconceivable without a built civil society. Even the banal level of democracy will not survive for a long time, and more countries are moving towards unequivocal authoritarianism and pure illiberalism. Keywords : Former Yugoslavia, kleptocracy, authoritarianism, defective democracy, political culture, civil society DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/86-04 Publication date :September 30th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125176965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercializing International Environmental Protection: A Review of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Its Market-Based Mechanisms","authors":"E. Nyekwere","doi":"10.7176/iags/86-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/86-03","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most current pressing environmental problems threatening the well-being and survival of the global community is climate change. The change in the Earth's climate is believed to be caused by human-induced activities such as the several decades of uncontrolled emissions of greenhouse gases. There is now a universal consensus that climate change is a global problem that needs urgent global attention and response. The need to compel a paradigm shift in the emissions of several gases accountable for global warming with the resultant effect of climate change led to the negotiation of an international agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol commits industrialized nations and nations with economies in transition to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and achieve their reductions targets. To achieve its aim, the Kyoto Protocol initiated three innovative market-based mechanisms, now known as the carbon market, designed to help Parties meet their national greenhouse emissions reduction targets. This paper reviews the market-based mechanisms (Carbon Market) of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to ascertain whether the Kyoto Protocol has achieved significant global greenhouse gas emissions reduction through its carbon market. The paper also examines the compliance mechanism, the successes, and failures of the Kyoto Protocol. The paper concludes with a recommendation that both the developed and developing countries must be involved in greenhouse gas emissions reduction if any significant global greenhouse gas emissions reduction is to be achieved. Keywords: Kyoto Protocol, Kyoto Protocol market-based mechanisms, Kyoto compliance mechanism, Kyoto Protocol successes, Kyoto Protocol failures. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/86-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129427531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Urgencies of Collaborative Governance in Strengthening Non-Military Defense","authors":"Irwan Firdaus, I. W. Midhio, M. Nakir","doi":"10.7176/iags/86-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/86-05","url":null,"abstract":"The threat to national security nowadays is not limited to the military domain but has targetted the multi-dimension and multi-actor non-military domain. War definition then shifted from the dominance of the physical battles among military powers variable to non-physical battles among ideologies, politics, economics, and socio-cultural variable. This characteristic of confrontation seems more intensified in the future. Addressing the realities, Indonesia has formulated a formal-legal foundation for non-military defense as a part of the national defense strategy. To implement it well at a practical level, the complexity of non-military defense must meet with collaborative governance. This paper will discuss the urgency of the collaborative governance method in order to strengthen Indonesia's non-military defense. The objective of building a non-military defense is to organize a strong collaboration of governmental institutions for creating a total defense system mainly to encounter non-military threats. Well-integrated collaborative governance is one of the determinant factors on the success of the non-military defense. Keywords: collaborative governance, non-military defense, non-military threat, strategy DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/86-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122630863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}