International Affairs and Global Strategy最新文献

{"title":"LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS","authors":"A. Magassing, S. M. Noor, Iin Karita Sakharina, Kadarudin","doi":"10.7176/iags/74-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/74-08","url":null,"abstract":"The activity of placing Indonesian migrant workers abroad has problems that are detrimental to migrant workers and the state, limitations and deviations in implementation can be found in planning, implementation and weak supervision. In terms of planning and operations there are weaknesses in managing information on job vacancies abroad and how prospective TKIs are prepared. The utilization of foreign employment opportunities is still in the informal sector (use of services not incorporated). Even if the placement in the formal sector continues to increase, but in terms of the quality of TKI, it is limited to filling in positions that only require basic skills such as those placed in Malaysia. The Malaysian immigration office recorded foreign workers from 22 countries totaling 1,914,053, more than three-fifths (61.46%) coming from Indonesia. Those who worked as household managers in the middle of 2007 numbered approximately 320,000 people, the largest part of this type of work (PLRT / PRT) reached a total of 300,000 female workers from Indonesia. Keywords : arrangements, Indonesia, migrant workers. DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/74-08 Publication date :July 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123051616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hezbollah, Islamic State of Iraq And Syria And Foreign Interests in The Middle East","authors":"E. Adewumi, Ezedikachi. N Eze-Michael, Michael Abiodun Oni","doi":"10.7176/iags/73-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/73-04","url":null,"abstract":"The focal points of foreign interests within the Middle East are crude oil resources, prevention of nuclear proliferation, the fight against terrorism, and promoting democratization. International actors have specific interests they seek in the region. Among these, the US interests are the protection and free flow of oil, and the control of nuclear weapons to prevent threats against the security of crude oil, Russia’s interests are arms sales, energy and investment while China’s interest is to have a continued access to energy resources. The scramble for these interests among these international actors brought about the crisis that weakened the security of the states in the Middle East. The weak security caused many ethnic and religious nationalities to begin engaging in conflicts which eventually escalated into civil war. This war led to confrontations between regional states thus, providing Hezbollah and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) the opportunity to rise up to fill the security vacuum in the region. The study therefore investigated the roles and consequences of Hezbollah and ISIS on foreign interests in the Middle East. The study adopted qualitative method. The population of the study was the violent organizations in the Middle East. Hezbollah and ISIS were purposively selected because they constituted the major security threats in an already volatile region between 2010 and 2017. Data were collected through documentary review (of publications and audiovisual recordings by Hezbollah and ISIS as well as journals and materials from Internet). Data from interviews of five Syrians and four American citizens complemented the major sources. Data were analyzed thematically. The study found that the interference in the Middle East crisis by foreign interests led to the rise of violent groups in the region. In addition, the support of some groups by Russia, China, Japan and USA on the pretext of humanitarian intervention fuelled the Hezbollah and ISIS violent activities. ISIS denied Russia access to their oil pipeline route and that affected Russia’s federal fund and foreign earnings, causing a decimation of profits for the Russian government. Furthermore, the trade route owned and managed by the Chinese construction company was destroyed by Hezbollah. This made China to lose trade route access from the Middle East to the rest of the world. In addition, the US military base in Syria was attacked by the ISIS and it resulted into casualties of some Americans. The study concluded that the foreign economic and military interests in the Middle East had been decimated by Hezbollah and ISIS. The study recommended that the various governments of the Middle East in dealing with the foreign interests should take cognizance of the internal demands of their citizens. Keywords: Foreign interests, Hezbollah, ISIS, Middle East DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/73-04 Publication date :June 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130967283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To What Scope Does International Law Impact the Way States Behave and Interact with Each Other and Why are International Institutions-Watchdogs of International Law- So Fundamental to the Liberals?","authors":"Pa Modou Drammeh","doi":"10.7176/iags/73-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/73-01","url":null,"abstract":"“The collapse of good conscience and the absence of accountability and public scrutiny have led to crimes against humanity and violations of international law.” Nelson Mandela . It goes without saying that International law has a great impact on the way states behave and interact with each other and so it does ascertain whether there is any threat to world peace or not, a breach of that peace, or any act of aggression that may undermine and sabotage international order. Ludwig Quidde was prompt to submit that: “every success in limiting armaments is a sign that the will to achieve mutual understanding exists, and every such success thus supports the fight for international law and order.” And he added that, the security of which we speak is to be attained by the development of international law through an international organization based on the principles of law and justice. It is noncontroversial that international law plays a key role in determining and regulating the relations of states in the global community. This paper attempts to describe how the main actors in international relations- the states- act and interact in our global environment within the parameters of international laws. It goes to show the scope in which the relations among states are determined by international law. While the foreign policy of a state arguably remains key to the conduct of relations with other states, international law serves as the Do’s and Don’ts that govern the extent in which states behave and interact with each other. Meanwhile, international institutions are a principal focus of international relations scholars, to be precise, the liberals, commonly called idealist by E.H Carr. The writer also seeks to examine and scrutinize the prominences of International institutions- watchdogs of international laws- to the liberals and the ways in which it has been theorized. It develops a definition from the liberal perspective and attempt to provide a conceptual framework of liberal institutionalism. It is hoped that the concept of war, the spirit of cooperation and democracy, prospects for peace, international order and justice will be analyzed through liberal lenses. Keywords: International, law, liberals, institutionalism, security, organization, peace, cooperation DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/73-01 Publication date :June 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122320147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamics of Anti-Government Protest in Ethiopia from 2015 to 2018: From Hidden to Public resistance","authors":"G. Mekonnen","doi":"10.7176/iags/72-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/72-02","url":null,"abstract":"DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/72-01 Publication date :May 31 st 2019 Introduction The past three years, anti-government protests in Ethiopia revealed that the country is moving from rising narratives to civil unrest.  The civil unrest mainly emanates from the official state discourse of ‘democratic developmental state’, revolutionary democracy and other competing narratives (Branch and Mampilly, 2015). To facilitate a systematic paradigm moves from the democratic transition to economic development, the developmental state narratives become the official ideology of the state (Abbink, 2017; Allo, 2017). Following the disgraceful 2005 election where opposition political parties won major urban areas in including the capital city of Addis Ababa (Lefort, 2007), the Ethiopia People Revolution Democratic Front (hereafter EPRDF) introduces many political and economic reforms to restore its legitimacy. For many observers, the EPRDF’s thriving development narratives, however, depoliticize society, widen social gaps, justify violent repression, and entrench ‘ritual’ power. Besides, Elites governing narratives extend, legitimize, and sustain a defacto power of the government. (Allo, 2017; Di Nunzio, 2015). Failure to comply rules creates we-they nature of relationship and above all the state politicisation of megaprojects results create an \"otherness\" of those who do not support such mega projects (Allo, 2017; Lefort, 2007). Finally, the open anti-government protest began in 2015 and continued until 24 March 2018. This paper, therefore, discusses the dynamics of power relation between the government and protesters based on Scott conceptual analysis of ‘domination and art of resistance’ which reveals how elite complex domination strategies pushed subordinate groups to develop resistance strategies. Scott has also reformulated the sources of resentment, driving us to look beyond points of open conflict to social spaces where different ideas and thoughts are created. For Scott (1990, P. 70) ‘‘[the powerful] … have a vital interest in keeping up the appearances appropriate to their form of domination. Subordinates, for their part, ordinarily have good reasons to help sustain those appearances or, at least, not openly to contradict them’’. These two social realities have implication for the study of power relations. Study protest from this perspective also helps to understand the underlying problems of power relation before the eruption of open protest. The 2015 anti-government protest perhaps discloses the rationality of conformity and elite’s strategies of domination.  Therefore, analysing this social space and underlying power relation offers different perspectives of resistance to imposed domination which is the desired objective of this study.","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122716518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political Security in Ethiopia: Situations and Legal Contests","authors":"","doi":"10.7176/iags/72-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/72-01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129730496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Debating on Success of the Kenya Counter Insurgency on the Shifta War: Between Double Success and Little Consolation","authors":"X. F. Ichani, R. Matheka, H. A. Wario","doi":"10.7176/iags/71-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/71-04","url":null,"abstract":"Military operations are undertaken to attain specific political and military objectives. However, what amounts to success in military operations remains unclear. Traditionally, operation success was narrowly defined in terms of objectives of the intervention. To ‘end human suffering’, ‘regime change,’ ‘capture a city,’ and ‘rescue captured troops.’ Modern definition of military success is human centric, based on tenets of just war principle of ‘do-more-good than harm.’ In this regards, operation success is achieved when and if in the intervention some people who would have died if no military assistance was granted, fail to die because the military intervened. Further, the restorative justice approach evaluates success of military operation in terms of state ability to repair harm committed by the military in the course of the war. The assumption is that military operations result in human rights violation. Using critical discourse analysis, this article interrogates the success of Kenya’s political and military objectives in the Shifta war against the four possible outcomes in war. First diplomatic and military success. Second, diplomatic and military failure. Third, diplomatic failure but military success and fourth, diplomatic success with military failure. The Shifta war having been resolved through a ceasefire, we conclude that decisive military victory was untenable for Kenya without diplomatic efforts. Kenya’s double victory and Somalia little consolation was majorly a result of Kenya’s successful diplomatic manourvoure over Somalia’s failed international charm. Keywords: Counter insurgency, diplomatic manouvoure, military operations, Shifta war. DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/71-04 Publication date : April 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130109752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences and Adjustment Challenges of Nigerian International Students in United Kingdom Higher Institutions","authors":"M. O. Raji","doi":"10.7176/iags/70-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/70-01","url":null,"abstract":"International mobility for study purposes has witnessed rapid increase in recent times; which demands that experiences and challenges faced by these group of students be explored continuously, to assist in their acculturation processes.  This study sought to quantitatively examine the experiences and challenges of fifty-six Nigerian international students in United Kingdom universities. A 34-item International Students’ Questionnaire was designed to elicit data regarding challenges and experiences of international students which included some demographic data of participants. The purpose of this study was to investigate how international students would rate some challenges and experiences; verify if there is an association between participants’ demographic variables and perceived challenges and experiences; and find out if there is a positive correlation between challenging areas and students’ experiences. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and Pearson correlation. Results revealed that social/external challenges are the most disturbing issues faced by most international students. Also, some association between demographic variables and challenges international students encounter, and some positive correlations between challenging areas and students’ experiences were found. Implications of these findings are discussed alongside suggestions and recommendations for further research. Recommendations are also made to students and institutions on how to facilitate international students’ integration into their academic lives and communities. Keywords: international students, challenges, experiences, adjustment process. DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/70-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122556349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Counter Hydro Hegemony Mechanisms and Their Roles in the Eastern Nile Basin","authors":"Gashaw Ayferam Endaylalu","doi":"10.7176/iags/69-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/69-02","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined ways of challenging hydro hegemony and their roles in the Eastern Nile Basin. In doing so, the study has employed a qualitative research approach and Framework of Counter Hydro Hegemony which gives due emphasis to power and hegemony in transboundary water analysis which is downplayed by the conventional analysis of the conflict-cooperation continuum. The study has used both primary and secondary sources of data in which primary data were gathered through key informant interviews. In this case, Face-to-face interviews were conducted with individuals from academic institutions, Stockholm international water institute, Ethiopian Ministry of Water, Energy and Irrigation, Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO), and Electronic (e-mail) interviews were also conducted with international water experts. Secondary data also gathered form books, journal articles, archival sources, agreements, agreed minutes, speeches, reports, and other pertinent internet sources. Given the data are gathered qualitative, the study has employed qualitative data analysis is techniques in which a combination of discourse and document analysis has been used. The findings of the study show that in the contemporary hydropolitics of the Eastern Nile basin, Egypt’s hydro hegemony is being challenged via two ways: war of position through CFA and war of movement through GERD. Both of them have played crucial roles not only in challenging but also in foreshadowing the end of the inequitable transboundary water management. With regard to CFA, it has envisioned a new order. In the meantime, however, CFA has no legal value because the ratification is not yet reached the minimum required number.  Rather CFA has a counter hydro hegemonic role. CFA has the role of breaking of hegemonic consent and transformative. Along to this, CFA has a role in creating counter hydro hegemonic narrative: downgrading the narrative of historical and acquired rights via narrative of equitable and reasonable utilization, securitization via desecuritization, win-lose via win-win, and you can live without Nile via we need Nile for development. With regard to GERD, it has a coercive counter hydro hegemonic role. Along this the roles of GERD includes ways of exercising rights, coercive role, counter sanctioned discourse and offering of alternative discourse, showing the imperative of cooperation, and creation of benefit sharing regime. Thus, the counter hydro hegemonic strategies in the contemporary hydropolitics of the Eastern Nile basin foreshadow an emergent new equitable regime. Nevertheless, the anticipated new regime has not been realized. Rather it has faced challenges because of the proactive and reactive hydro hegemonic tactics being employed by Egypt. Keywords : Counter Hydro Hegemony, Eastern Nile Basin, Ethiopia, Egypt, CFA, GERD DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/69-02","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127309014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Tanzania Withdrawn Its Membership from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Comesa?","authors":"","doi":"10.7176/iags/69-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/69-03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130016738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalization, Englishes, Global English, and Features of Nepalese English","authors":"Manasses Jora","doi":"10.7176/iags/69-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/69-01","url":null,"abstract":"This study tries to explore the features of Nepalese English. Along with the spread of globalization, there grew cultural flows and linguistic influences. Apart from globalization, global English, English and Englishes existed in the spreading of language territory. When they came into existence, the developing countries like Nepal got the impact of it. Consequently, Nepalese English is being used by people from Nepal although it is intended to be taught like native speakers. Behind this reason, English here is taught by non-native speakers and there is due influence of Nepali language. This paper reflects the experiences and uses of English by non-native teachers and students as well. Though Nepalese English is a variety of English, it has typical features that we can observe and realize among the Nepalese scenario. I interviewed the teachers and students to draw the features of Nepalese English. Finally, on the basis of their use of it at phonetic, syntactic, semantic and discourse level, I have talked about themes taken from the rigorous data analysis. Keywords: globalization, global English, Nepalese English, features of Nepalese English DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/69-01","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"5 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113931410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}