Genus最新文献

{"title":"Fertility preferences adjusted: reimagining parenthood in response to the uncertainty of infertility.","authors":"Ester Lazzari","doi":"10.1186/s41118-025-00248-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41118-025-00248-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infertility places men and women in a state of considerable uncertainty, characterized by a heightened sense of unpredictability and loss of control. While the experience of such uncertainty might influence individuals' fertility desires and expectations, so far limited research has explored these relationships. Using longitudinal population-based survey data from Australia, this study examines whether dealing with the uncertainty of infertility prompts men and women to revise their pre-existing fertility preferences. Results indicate that infertility-related uncertainty is a meaningful phenomenon that can illuminate about individuals' changes in fertility preferences. While fertility expectations are more likely to be adjusted downward in the face of infertility, fertility desires tend to remain mostly unaffected by it in the short-term. The study reflects on the resilience of desires amidst the uncertainty of infertility and considers potential implications for quantitative research on fertility preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Societal pessimism and trajectories of fertility expectations among Dutch non-parents.","authors":"Katya Ivanova","doi":"10.1186/s41118-025-00246-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-025-00246-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study utilizes prospective data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel to explore two research questions. First, can distinct trajectories of fertility expectations be identified among Dutch women and men in reproductive age (18 to 45/50) who do not have children? Second, do these trajectories differ in terms of self-reported societal pessimism at the start of that trajectory? We employed joint latent class analysis with Latent GOLD which allowed us to model the trajectories of fertility expectations while accounting for the fact that some of the respondents made the transition to parenthood during observation. The trajectories were estimated from entry into the panel until dropout, the end of the observation period (2022, or until reaching age 45 for women and 50 for men), or until the participant became a parent. For both women (<i>n</i> = 1,260) and men (<i>n</i> = 1,110), three similar classes emerged: 'committed to parenthood' (the largest class), 'uncertain' (24% of women and 22% of men), and 'early commitment to no expectation' (13.3% for women and 9.4% for men). In addition, a fourth class-'later arrivals to expectation of parenthood'-was identified among men. Bias-adjusted comparisons revealed significant differences only among women: those committed to parenthood exhibited the lowest levels of societal pessimism, while the 'uncertain' group reported the highest. These differences persisted even after adjusting for relevant control variables at the time when societal pessimism was captured, including depression levels, income satisfaction, partnership status, and education.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-025-00246-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"81 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the role of education in attitudes toward immigration in different contexts in Europe.","authors":"Karen Umansky, Daniela Weber, Wolfgang Lutz","doi":"10.1186/s41118-024-00238-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-024-00238-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among the individual determinants of attitudes toward immigration, the liberalising role of education is well known-those with higher levels of education tend to be more in favour of immigration. However, recent socioeconomic changes and idiosyncratic differences between European countries prompt us to reassess the role of education, given these contextual differences. Does it still apply, and is it universal? Moreover, does this relationship apply to both cultural and economic attitudes toward immigration? Using data from the European Social Survey, we analyse the role of education and socioeconomic changes in shaping economic and cultural attitudes toward immigration in 15 European countries over 16 years using a hierarchical model with cross-classified random effects. In our analysis, we distinguish between Eastern European and non-Eastern European countries. Our results indicate a robust positive and significant association between higher levels of education and more tolerant attitudes toward immigration in both aspects. However, they also reveal that the strength of this relationship varies between the two attitudes by context and region. For example, higher migrant inflow rates attenuate education's liberalising and empowering role in shaping cultural attitudes in non-Eastern European countries but are not significant in Eastern European countries. Thus, our findings contribute to the literature examining the role of context in the established relationship between education and immigration attitudes while providing insights into regional differences.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-024-00238-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"81 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11698806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex disparities in health of older adults in India: assessing the morbidity-mortality paradox through disability-free life expectancy.","authors":"Sadanand Karun, Lotus McDougal, Abhishek Singh","doi":"10.1186/s41118-025-00247-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-025-00247-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Older adults face substantial sex gaps in health. In many contexts, females live longer than males, but their time spent with disability is also higher. Our study assesses (i) the sex gap (female-male) in health through life expectancy and healthy life expectancy and (ii) the morbidity-mortality paradox among older adults aged 60 and above in India and its states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized data on age-specific death rates obtained from the Sample Registration System and age-specific disability prevalence from the Longitudinal Ageing Survey (LASI) in India. We estimated abridged life tables between age groups 60-64 to 85 + using Greville's method. We then combined the disability data obtained from LASI with the constructed life tables using Sullivan's method to estimate disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and life expectancy with disability (DLE). Finally, we decomposed the sex gap in DFLE and DLE into mortality and disability components using a stepwise replacement decomposition method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the national level, life expectancy at age 60 for males were 17.4 years and for females 19.2 years, indicating a female mortality advantage of 1.8 years. At the state level, the sex gap ranged between 5.1 years in Jammu & Kashmir and -1.1 years in Jharkhand. The disability prevalence was higher among females compared to males at the national level and in all states. The decomposition result indicates that 98% of the mortality advantage of females at the national level was spent in disability. The disability disadvantage of females over their mortality advantage was highest in Uttar Pradesh; 93% of additional years of life were spent with disability. The disability disadvantage of females over their mortality advantage was lowest in Rajasthan where only 9% of additional years were spent in disability. Stepwise replacement decomposition of the sex gap in DFLE by age groups shows that as age increases, the contribution of mortality effects decreases, whereas disability effects increase.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We find evidence of a morbidity-mortality paradox in India nationally and sub-nationally. As the sex gap in health and its implications vary across the states of India, policies to address these inequities must also vary across the states.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41118-025-00247-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"81 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12075278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple dimensions of uncertainty in fertility goals: recent trends and patterns in the United States.","authors":"Luca Badolato, Sarah R Hayford, Karen Benjamin Guzzo","doi":"10.1186/s41118-025-00251-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41118-025-00251-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A growing body of fertility research focuses on uncertainty as a key contributor to fertility decision making and behaviors. In this paper, we identify and describe multiple components of uncertainty in fertility goals that, when analyzed together and in relation to macro-level trends, provide critical insight into fertility dynamics. Drawing from multiple streams of research on fertility goals and behaviors, we focus on (i) <i>goal uncertainty</i>, (ii) <i>realization uncertainty</i>, and (iii) <i>intensity of goals</i>. We use data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) 2002-2019 to estimate trends and patterns of these three dimensions of uncertainty in fertility goals, with a focus on variation across the life course and inequality by education and income. We link uncertainty in fertility goals with the quantum and timing of fertility intentions among U.S. women. The results show that realization uncertainty is pervasive, with up to 50% of women who intend children being uncertain whether they will actually follow through with those intentions, and intensity of intentions is low, with up to 25% of childless women who intend children saying that they would not be bothered if they did not have a child. Although goal uncertainty is overall stable across the study period, young and childless women show increasing realization uncertainty over time and hold their positive intentions less intensely. More socioeconomically advantaged women exhibit higher realization certainty and greater intensity of their goals. Women who are more certain of realizing their positive intentions and those who hold them more intensely report a higher number of additional intended children and a shorter time frame for future childbearing. We conclude by situating these findings in a broader climate of increasing uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"81 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-between centers and suburbs? Increasing differentials in recent demographic dynamics of Italian metropolitan cities","authors":"A. Buonomo, F. Benassi, G. Gallo, Luca Salvati, Salvatore Strozza","doi":"10.1186/s41118-023-00209-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-023-00209-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"22 17","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formal childcare services and fertility: the case of Italy","authors":"Stefani Scherer, E. Pavolini, E. Brini","doi":"10.1186/s41118-023-00208-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-023-00208-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"16 3","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138948231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Gender differences in career advancements in Italian universities over the last 20 years","authors":"V. Falco, Daniele Cuntrera, Massimo Attanasio","doi":"10.1186/s41118-023-00207-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-023-00207-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":" 3","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal disparities in air pollution exposure at Italian schools","authors":"Risto Conte Keivabu","doi":"10.1186/s41118-023-00206-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-023-00206-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"23 45","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138625130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congressional Symmetry: Years Remaining Mirror Years Served in the U.S. House and Senate.","authors":"James R Carey, Brinsley Eriksen, Arni S R Srinivasa Rao","doi":"10.1186/s41118-023-00183-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41118-023-00183-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our overarching goal in this paper was to both test and identify applications for a fundamental theorem of replacement-level populations known as the Stationary Population Identity (SPI), a mathematical model that equates the fraction of a population age x and the fraction with x years to live. Since true stationarity is virtually non-existent in human populations as well as in populations of non-human species, we used historical data on the memberships in both chambers of the U.S. Congress as population proxies. We conceived their fixed numbers (e.g., 100 Senators; 435 Representatives) as stationary populations, and their years served and years remaining as the equivalent of life lived and life remaining. Our main result was the affirmation of the mathematical prediction-i.e., the robust symmetry of years served and years remaining in Congress over the approximately 230 years of its existence (1789-2022). A number of applications emerged from this regularity and the distributional patterns therein including (1) new metrics such as Congressional half-life and other quantiles (e.g., 95% turnover); (2) predictability of the distribution of member's years remaining; (3) the extraordinary information content of a single number-the mean number of years served [i.e., derive birth (b) and death (d) rates; use of d as exponential rate parameter for model life tables]; (4) the concept of and metrics associated with period-specific populations (Congress); (5) Congressional life cycle concept with Formation, Growth, Senescence and Extinction Phases; and (6) longitudinal party transition rates for 100% Life Cycle turnover (Democrat/Republican) i.e., each seat from predecessor party-to-incumbent party and from incumbent party-to-successor party. Although our focus is on the use of historical data for Congressional members, we believe that most of the results are general and thus both relevant and applicable to most types of stationary or quasi-stationary populations including to the future world of zero population growth (ZPG).</p>","PeriodicalId":35741,"journal":{"name":"Genus","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11156217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45699278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}