Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

{"title":"[Petr Petrovich Einbrodt - a pioneer of forensic ballistics in Russia (to the 200th anniversary of the first national work on gunshot wound)].","authors":"A P Bozhchenko, E Kh Barinov","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20256804148","DOIUrl":"10.17116/sudmed20256804148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2024, the 200th anniversary of the first domestic work devoted to the study of gunshot injury was celebrated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To present little-known information from the biography of its author, Professor P.P. Einbrodt.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Archival documents and open literary sources devoted to the life and work of the scientist were studied. The methods of historical and literary analysis were used.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>It has been established that P.P. Einbrodt was a graduate of the Imperial Moscow University, where he began teaching anatomy immediately after graduation, and forensic medicine - in 1835-1836. He wrote his main work on forensic medicine, namely «On gunshot wounds», in 1824, when he was a student. A complete and comprehensive description of gunshot wound was given for the first time in Russian medical science, differential diagnostic signs of entry and exit wounds were presented, a forensic classification of gunshot wounds, based on criteria specific to forensic medicine, such as the damaging properties of a traumatic object (gunshot projectile) and the mechanism of damage formation (depending on the velocity of the gunshot projectile, the properties of the body's damaged part), was presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"68 4","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Modern view on the mechanism of traffic injury in collision of moving vehicle and pedestrian].","authors":"S V Leonov, O Yu Samarkina, P V Pinchuk","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20256804140","DOIUrl":"10.17116/sudmed20256804140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article considers the main phases of traffic injury (TI) described by A.A. Solokhin in 1968 and their modern application in forensic medical and automotive examination. TI is divided into four sequential phase: collision of vehicle with pedestrian, falling on hood, throwing to the ground and sliding on road surface. An additional intermediate phase occurs at high speed which leads to new injuries. Modern specialized literary sources confirm the data on the mechanisms of interaction between vehicle and pedestrian, focusing on the differences in damage depending on the speed and configuration of the vehicle. The researchers also discuss the consequences of braking and the impact of new technologies, such as SRS electronic units and specialized software, on the quality of automotive examination. The use of security cameras helps to establish the circumstances of an accident, that emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to the analysis of TI. The application of video analysis and modeling programs allows to study more detailed the dynamics of interaction and to establish new mechanisms of TI.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"68 4","pages":"40-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Mechanism and features of blood vessel damage around the gunshot wound canal].","authors":"V D Isakov","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20256804116","DOIUrl":"10.17116/sudmed20256804116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forming wound canal is one of the main signs of gunshot wound. Its features are related to the following differential diagnostic signs: presence of gunshot wound, its intravitality, prescription, direction of projectile (bullet) movement, power of used weapon, etc.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the mechanisms of wound canal formation in gunshot injury, the pattern of damage to the biological tissues of its walls (mainly, blood vessels), the features of hemorrhages forming around it.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>An analysis of special medical and criminalistic literature devoted to gunshot wound, materials (photo and video) which were available on specialized websites, as well as morphological studies of gunshot wounds caused in vivo and experimental postmortem injuries (on rabbits) was carried out. Sampling, grouping, frequency analysis and data comparison, light and electron microscopy of lesions were the study methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The maximum destructions of vasculature are observed closely to wound canal walls when a gunshot wound is formed. A hemorrhage is usually symmetric from the entry wound and asymmetric from the exit wound. Eccentricity of hemorrhages in the area of exit wounds s can serve as an additional sign for differential diagnosis of injuries. The severity of vessels' trauma is reduced up to partial damage to only one of their walls with distance from wound canal walls. The vascular wall damage begins on its inner surface (intima). The greatest extent of damage in endothelial cells, forming the capillary walls, is in the furthest area from the center of wound canal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The identified signs should be considered in forensic medical examinations of gunshot wounds, as well as in substantiating expert's findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"68 4","pages":"16-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Forensic medical expertise in the cases of sexual crimes: dynamics of indicators and regional features].","authors":"G V Zolotenkova, N V Polukhin, P V Minaeva, O O Mekhonoshina","doi":"10.17116/sudmed2025680415","DOIUrl":"10.17116/sudmed2025680415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crimes against the sexual integrity of the individual represent one of the most serious forms of violence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To perform a retrospective epidemiological analysis with the systematization of analytical data on the performed forensic medical examinations (FMEs) of survivors of sexual abuse in order to increase the effectiveness of the system of preventive measures against such crimes.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The data from the industry statistical report №42 were analyzed. The dynamics and territorial specificity of the number of performed FMEs in the cases of sexual crimes in the Russian Federation (RF) for the period from 2003 to 2023 have been studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis allowed to reveal a decrease (-2.49%) in the total number of performed FMEs and in physical examinations of living persons in all studied federal districts of the RF and individual municipal entities of the Central Federal District. An analysis of the dynamics of changes in the number and frequency of performed FMEs and examinations on determination of sexual conditions allowed to identify a tendency to decrease their number, both in absolute (-0.71%) and relative (-0.89%) terms in almost all federal districts. The exceptions were the Northwestern, Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts, where there has been an increase in indicators. Heterogeneous results were obtained when studying the dynamics of indicators of performed FMEs on determination of sexual conditions (crimes) in certain entities of the Central Federal District.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The obtained results indicate a steady tendency to decrease in in the number of FMEs carried out in the cases of sexual crimes in the period from 2003 to 2023 both in the Russian Federation as a whole and in the majority federal districts.</p><p><p>The observed deviations in the indicators from the average annual values in the Russian Federation (both upwards and downwards) emphasize the need for further research of the factors contributing to changes in the level of sexual crimes in certain entities.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"68 4","pages":"5-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[To the 100th anniversary of the birth of MD, PhD, professor Lyusik Oganesovna Barsegyants].","authors":"Yu A Solokhin, M L Danielyan","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20246702167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20246702167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article presents information about the life and activity of the outstanding scientist, professor L.O. Barsegyants.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"67 2","pages":"67-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140866682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Assessment of histological changes in the lungs and Bax and Bcl-2 expression in bronchial epithelium, alveolar type 1 cells and neutrophils of rats in poisoning with baclofen].","authors":"O L Romanova, M L Blagonravov, P G Dzhuvalyakov, V I Torshin, E Kh Barinov, A V Ershov, M A Kislov","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20246705136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20246705136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the histological changes in lung of rats, evaluate their dynamics and determine the Bax and Bcl-2 genes expression in bronchial epithelium, alveolar type 1 cells and neutrophils at different times after the administration of baclofen.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The experiment was conducted on 20 mature (at the age of 20 weeks) male Wistar rats with a mass of 290-350 g, distributed in 4 groups (5 rats in each). Animals in the control group did not receive baclofen. Rats in experimental groups received baclofen at a dose of 85 mg/kg: in the 1st group, the experiment duration was 3 hours (time to maximum observed blood drug concentration); in the 2nd group - 4.5 h (drug half-life and time to maximum observed concentration of the main drug's metabolite - beta-[p-chlorophenyl])-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood); in the 3rd group - 24 h.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A complex of pathological reactions developed in lungs of experimental animals when baclofen muscle relaxant was administered, namely circulatory disturbances at all levels of the microvasculature (venular and capillary congestion, hemorrhages in the interalveolar septums, alveoli, sludge), emphysema, sites of which punctuated with atelectases and dystelectases. The complex of pathological changes in the lungs had a certain dynamics and reached its highest severity by the 24th hour. Bax expression was strong, while Bcl-2 expression was moderate in the immunohistochemical (IHC) study of bronchical epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression in neutrophils was moderate in rats of the 1st group. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was strong in the bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells, the expression of Bax in neutrophils was moderate, and BCL-2 - strong in animals of the 2nd group. The expression of Bax in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells was moderate, expression of Bcl-2 in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells - strong, expression of Bax in neutrophils - weak and expression of Bcl-2 - strong among the rats of the 3rd group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The complex of pathological changes in lungs had a certain dynamic. Data on the histological changes in lungs in combination with the results of the chemical study, can be used to diagnose the poisoning by baclofen and to establish the time since the drug was administered. The results obtained during the IHC study suggest the involvement of apoptosis in the development of lesion of bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 in epithelial cells may play a role in the process of their regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"67 5","pages":"36-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Incidence of sudden cardiac death among diseases of the circulatory system during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Penza region].","authors":"N S Averkin, M G Fedorova, N I Mikulyak, O I Illarionova, I A Sorokin, D S Efremova","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20246705110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20246705110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among overall and primary morbidity of diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as several years before it in urban and rural populations of the Penza region.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Statistical analysis of data using correlation (Pearson's coefficient), regression methods, t-test was performed to determine the significance of results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The higher incidence of DCS among men in urban areas has been found. COVID-19 morbidity did not cause an increase in the incidence of SCD in the rural population in comparison with primary DCS morbidity, which was strongly correlated with the prevalence of novel coronavirus infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"67 5","pages":"10-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Forensic characteristic of drowning cases in the Russian Federation for the period from 2013 to 2022].","authors":"G V Zolotenkova, P V Minaeva, D A Sheptulin, D P Kalashnikov","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20246704111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20246704111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study forensic characteristic of drowning mortality cases in the Russian Federation for the period from 2013 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Dynamics and territorial specificity of drowning (in absolute values and in terms of 100 thous. population), proportion of histological examinations, cases of ethanol detection in the blood upon the occurrence of death by drowning and the proportion of children under 14 years among deceased from drowning.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>The evidence suggests the necessity for intersectoral approaches of preventive measures creation. The results of the study could be used to establish a monitoring system as part of a national water safety strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"67 4","pages":"11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Forensic characteristic of sudden death cases in subjects with metabolic syndrome].","authors":"Yu I Pigolkin, P S Velenko, E A Gritsenko, S N Zakharov, A A Bychkov","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20246704154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20246704154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comparing pace and standard of living of the world population these days and in the end of the last century, it's quiet true that there has been a significant increase. Therewith, the number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases has increased in recent decades. Scientists around the world attribute this fact to the increase in the number of people with overweight and other metabolic disorders. Unhealthy lifestyle, namely unbalanced diet, stress, bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse) leads to metabolic disorders and metabolic syndrome development, that, in turn, can be the main risk factor for complications of associated diseases leading to fatal outcome. The present study gives a forensic description of sudden death in metabolic syndrome, its pathomorphological features were investigated, the causes of death were shown, as well as their relationship with biochemical abnormalities in the body.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"67 4","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Diagnostic criteria of death cause from low temperature in air and water established by traditional expert examination methods].","authors":"A Yu Chudakov, A P Bozhchenko, Yu A Khrustaleva, I A Tolmachev, V V Gayvoronskaya","doi":"10.17116/sudmed20246703129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20246703129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Death from general hypothermia is one of the leading causes in the structure of violent death in the Russian Federation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To clarify and supplement the complex of differential diagnostic macro- and microscopic signs of a fatal acute general cold trauma received when person is in the air and water.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The conclusions of forensic medical experts on the bodies of people who died from hypothermia in the air and in water (by 150 observations) were analyzed. Methods of descriptive statistics, calculation of the frequency ratio of signs' occurrence were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The article provides quantitative assessment of occurrence (detection) rate of diagnostically significant signs established with the help of traditional methods of expert examination. A new classification of diagnostic death signs from hypothermia taking into account their differential diagnostic significance and reflecting the conditions of a person's stay in the air and water in the pre-mortem and post-mortem periods, as well as terminal period mechanisms is proposed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The established complexes of signs provide an objective basis for determining death cause in non-obvious conditions when cold exposure is expected to be one of the most damaging factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":35704,"journal":{"name":"Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa","volume":"67 3","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}