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{"title":"Inhibiting pyroptosis: novel immune evasion strategies for pathogens.","authors":"Mao-Yi Yang, Xiao-Yue Cui, Shi-Qi Zheng, Shi-Yao Ma, Zeng-Zhang Zheng, Wan-Yan Deng","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-191","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death mediated by the Gasdermin family. It is triggered in response to pathogen infection or other danger signals. The activation of Gasdermins leads to pyroptosis and the release of large amounts of inflammatory cytokines. Pyroptosis plays a crucial role in combating pathogen infections, as it helps to eliminate infected cells and activate the immune system. However, pathogens have already developed sophisticated strategies to evade or inhibit pyroptosis, allowing them to persist and facilitate infection. This review provides an overview of the discovery of pyroptosis and its importance in anti-infectious immunity. We also discuss several new strategies for inhibiting pyroptosis by pathogens. A thorough learning of the occurrence and regulation of pyroptosis may reveal the pathogenesis of related infectious diseases and contribute to developing effective anti-infective therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology and change trend of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from invasive infections of a hospital in Hangzhou from 2012 to 2018.","authors":"Yun-Ying Zhu, Yuan Wang, Ting-Ting Xiao, Jin-Ru Ji, Ping Shen, Yong-Hong Xiao","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-166","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The disease caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global public health challenge that threatens society and patients seriously. Therefore, the molecular epidemiology and change trend of MRSA is essential for the control and treatment of diseases caused by the pathogen in their regions. To explore molecular epidemiology of MRSA in Hangzhou, we collected 162 MRSA isolates from 2012 to 2018, conducted the antimicrobial susceptibility and used polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to test the molecular typing including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec), staphylococcal protein A (spa A) and Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL). All the strains was divided into community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) or hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). 162 MRSA isolates were divided into 16 STs and 30 spa types. The major ST type was ST5 (96/162, 59.3%) and the predominant spa type was t311 (83/162, 51.2%). Five SCCmec types were found and the most common SCCmec type was type II (101/162, 61.7%). ST5-II-t311 was the predominant MRSA clone. And the prevalence of ST5 MRSA gradually declined from 2014 to 2018 but the prevalence of ST59 MRSA significantly increased. At the same time, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(LA-MRSA) ST398 and ST9 were detected. Twenty-eight isolates were PVL gene positive (28/162, 17.3%). The most prevalent PVL-positive clone was ST59-IVa-t437. Comparing with HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA had a lower probability of ST5 (9.1% vs 67.1%, P=0.000) but a higher probability of ST59 (63.6% vs 11.4%, P=0.000), not only that, it was more likely to carrying PVL-positive gene (36.4% vs 14.3%, P=0.028). In summary, the molecular types of MRSA were getting complex over time. ST5-II-t311 was the predominant clone of MRSA isolate with a downward incidence from 2014 to 2018. ST59 MRSA strains, which is thought community related strain are spreading into hospitals and has an upward incidence from 2014 to 2018.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progresses on genetic susceptibility of COVID-19.","authors":"Yuan-Feng Li, Tian-Zhun Wu, Shun-Qi Chen, Yu-Ting Wang, Tao Zeng, Ruo-Fan Li, Gang-Qiao Zhou","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-215","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes a broad clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Genetic factors might influence susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease severity. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified multiple susceptible genes related to COVID-19 phenotypes, providing the scientific basis for the COVID-19 prevention and treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of COVID-19 susceptible genes, including the GWASs on multiple phenotypes of COVID-19, GWASs of COVID-19 in multiple ethnic populations, GWASs of COVID-19 based on multiple types of genetic variations, and the fine-mapping of the regions surrounding the susceptible genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress on mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Clostridioides difficile.","authors":"Teng Xu, Hai-Hui Huang","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-193","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clostridioides difficile (CD) is one of the most common pathogens causing health-care-associated infectious diarrhea and is listed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as an urgent antibiotic resistance (AR) threat. Many resistance genes can be transferred between different CD strains present in the clinical setting, community, and environment. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of CD continues to evolve with the emergence and acquisition of new drug resistance mechanisms. CD has developed diverse drug resistance mechanisms, such as drug alteration, modification of the target site, and extrusion of drugs via efflux pumps. Researches have provided comprehensive knowledge about resistance mechanisms of macrolides and quinolones in CD. However, the mechanisms of resistance for metronidazole, vancomycin, and other therapeutic antibiotics against Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) are only beginning to be elucidated. Some previously unfound mechanisms, such as plasmid-mediated drug resistance in CD, may also play an important role. In this review, we summarize the research progress on drug resistance mechanisms of CD with antimicrobial drugs already used clinically, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin, thereby providing the references for the clinical treatment and prevention of CDI, as well as the development of new antibacterial drugs and detection kits for drug resistant bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hsa_circ_0007460 affects the survival of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis by regulating autophagy and apoptosis of macrophages.","authors":"Jin-Yi Zhang, Yu-Mo He, Jing-Yu Zhou, Shu-Feng Weng, Hui-Xia Ma, Tai-Yue Lin, Ying Xu","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-160","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circular RNA (circRNA) is a category of non-coding RNAs characterized by the absence of a 5'-cap and 3'-poly(A) tail, and participates in the physiological processes of various human diseases. Nonetheless, the diagnostic and functional significance of circRNAs in active pulmonary tuberculosis (ATB) remains uncertain. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether hsa_circ_0007460 can be employed as a potential diagnostic biomarker in ATB patients and explore its function. The result of real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR (RT-qPCR) validated a notable increase in the expression of hsa_circ_0007460 in the peripheral blood of 32 ATB patients, as well as in THP-1 human macrophages infected with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) which is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. Additionally, the receiver operating curve (ROC) illustrated that the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were 0.7474, 76.67%, and 78.13% respectively. RNase R, Actinomycin D and other experiments confirmed that hsa_circ_0007460 was stabler than its linear mRNA, indicating that hsa_circ_0007460 has potential as a diagnostic biomarker of ATB. Furthermore, Western blot (WB), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), plate counting, and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that hsa_circ_0007460 could regulate apoptosis and autophagy of macrophages. The downstream miRNAs and mRNAs were subsequently predicted using bioinformatics, and the hsa circ 0007460/hsa-miR-3127-5p/PATZ1 axis was built. These above results suggest that hsa_circ_0007460 is substantially up-regulated in the peripheral blood of patients with ATB and can be utilized as a potential diagnostic biomarker. In addition, hsa_circ_0007460 can promote apoptosis of macrophages and inhibit autophagy of macrophages, thereby promoting the survival of BCG.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USP18-mediated protein deISGylation and its role in tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.","authors":"Qi-Ao Zhang, Zi-Lu Wang, Pei-Bo Li, Jian-Ping Xie","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-185","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The transcription of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15) is induced by type I interferons. ISG15 can covalently modify target proteins through the sequential action of enzymesE1, E2, and E3, a process known as ISGylation. The ISGylation of host proteins is widely involved in immune responses, such as host antiviral defence. Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18), as a deubiquitinase (DUB), can remove ISG15 conjugated to target proteins and inhibit host immune responses by suppressing the type I interferon signaling. The dynamic balance between ISGylation and deISGylation mediated by ISG15 or USP18 respectively plays a significant role in the tuberculosis. Furthermore, similar to ISG15, USP18 is extensively involved in virus-host interaction. In this review, we summarize the roles of ISGylation and deISGylation in tuberculosis and other important diseases mediated by ISG15 and USP18 respectively, underlying regulator network. Further studies in this aspect will inspire new host-targeted strategies to control important diseases such as tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress on viral and host determinants of influenza A virus species specificity.","authors":"Ting-Ting Sun, Shan Cen, Jing Wang","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-173","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza A viruses have a wide range of hosts and are highly infectious, which can cause zoonotic diseases and pose a serious public health threat to human safety. An influenza pandemic could outbreak if new strains gain the ability of human-to-human transmission, either by genetic mutation or by gene reassortment. It is an urgent issue for the scientific community to reveal the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms underlying the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses, which will provide important implications for the effective monitoring and prevention of potential influenza pandemics. In this review, we summarize the molecular determinants of influenza viruses for host adaptation, and highlight the advances in the gene mutations of the virus itself and the interaction between virus and host factors. This will help to make a theoretical reserve for the next influenza pandemic and find new strategies to fight against influenza.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of CRISPR genome editing technologies in the pathogenesis studies, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.","authors":"Zhen-Rong Yang, Gang-Qiao Zhou","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-206","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The CRISPR genome editing technology shows great application prospects in gene manipulation and infectious disease research, and is of great value for effective control and cure of infectious diseases. It has been utilized to generate specific disease models in cells, organoids and animals, which provide great convenience for research into the molecular mechanisms associated with infectious diseases. CRISPR screening technology enables high-throughput identification of risk factors. New molecular diagnostic tools based on CRISPR offer a more sensitive and faster method for detecting pathogens. The use of CRISPR tools to introduce resistance genes or to specifically destroy risk genes and virus genomes is intended to help prevent or treat infectious diseases. This review discusses the application of CRISPR genome editing technologies in the construction of disease models, screening of risk factors, pathogen diagnosis, and prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, thereby providing a reference for follow-up research in pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism and evolutionary analysis of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> CA20 capable of producing erythritol with a high yield based on comparative genomics.","authors":"Kai Xia,&nbsp;Fang-Mei Liu,&nbsp;Yu-Qing Chen,&nbsp;Shan-Shan Chen,&nbsp;Chun-Ying Huang,&nbsp;Xue-Qun Zhao,&nbsp;Ru-Yi Sha,&nbsp;Jun Huang","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-139","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combined mutagenesis is widely applied for the breeding of robust <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> used in the production of erythritol. However, the changes of genome after mutagenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to unravel the mechanism involved in the improved erythritol synthesis of CA20 and the evolutionary relationship between different <i>Y. lipolytica</i> by comparative genomics analysis. The results showed that the genome size of <i>Y. lipolytica</i> CA20 was 20,420,510 bp, with a GC content of 48.97%. There were 6330 CDS and 649 ncRNA (non-coding RNA) in CA20 genome. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis showed that CA20 genome possessed high similarity (ANI > 99.50%) with other <i>Y. lipolytica</i> strains, while phylogenetic analysis displayed that CA20 was classified together with <i>Y. lipolytica</i> IBT 446 and <i>Y. lipolytica</i> H222. CA20 shared 5342 core orthologous genes with the 8 strains while harbored 65 specific genes that mainly participated in the substrate and protein transport processes. CA20 contained 166 genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), which was more than that found in other strains (108－137). Notably, 4, 2, and 13 different enzymes belonging to glycoside hydrolases (GHs), glycosyltransferases (GTs), and carbohydrate esterases (CEs), respectively, were only found in CA20. The enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway of erythritol were highly conserved in <i>Y. lipolytica</i>, except for transaldolase (TAL1). In addition, the titer and productivity of erythritol by CA20 were 190.97 g/L and 1.33 g/L/h, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of WT5 wherein 128.61 g/L and 0.92 g/L/h were obtained (<i>P</i>< 0.001). Five frameshift mutation genes and 15 genes harboring nonsynonymous mutation were found in CA20 compared with that of WT5. Most of these genes were involved in the cell division, cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and protein homeostasis maintenance. These findings suggested that the genome of <i>Y. lipolytica</i> is conserved during evolution, and the variance of living environment is one important factor leading to genome divergence. The varied number of CAZymes existed in <i>Y. lipolytica</i> is one factor that contributes to the performance difference. The increased synthesis of erythritol by <i>Y. lipolytica</i> CA20 is correlated with the improvement of the stability of cell structure and internal environment. The results of this study provide a basis for the directional breeding of robust strains used in erythritol production.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Massively parallel reporter assay: a novel technique for analyzing the regulation of gene expression.","authors":"Meng Yuan,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Shou-Zhi Wang","doi":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-180","DOIUrl":"10.16288/j.yczz.23-180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) is a high-throughput analysis method that can simultaneously investigate the activity of thousands of regulatory elements in the genome. MPRA introduces a uniquely identified barcode on a conventional luciferase reporter gene vector, sequences the DNA barcode before transfection and the mRNA barcode after transfection by next-generation sequencing technology, and uses the ratio of mRNA and DNA barcode reads to analyze the activity of cis-regulatory elements. Since MPRA was proposed, it has been widely used in the identification of genomic cis-regulatory elements and functional variants, the effect of post-transcriptional regulation on phenotypes and so on. In this review, we summarize the development history, basic principles, experimental procedures and statistical analysis methods of MPRA, and its applications in post-transcriptional regulation and cis-regulatory elements. It also provides prospects for its development and useful references for researchers in related fields to understand and apply MPRA.</p>","PeriodicalId":35536,"journal":{"name":"Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}