Petroleum and Chemical Industry International最新文献

{"title":"The Asphaltene Fraction – Demystified","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.07","url":null,"abstract":"The asphaltene constituents of crude oil are the highest molecular weight heaviest and most polar constituents in the\u0000oil and the fraction is isolated a dark brown to black friable solids that have no definite melting point and usually\u0000foam and swell on heating to leave a carbonaceous residue. The fraction is obtained from crude oil by the addition of\u0000a hydrocarbon liquid (such as n-pentane or n-heptane).\u0000Any molecular models derived for asphaltene constituents must be in keeping with behavioral characteristics. Efforts\u0000have been (and continue to be) made without justification to describe the asphaltene fraction in terms of a single,\u0000representative asphaltene molecule or molecules incorporating, in the correct proportions, all of the chemical\u0000constituents known to be present in a given asphaltenic matrix. Obviously, the chemistry and structural features of the\u0000constituents of crude oil asphaltene fractions will be dictated by the distribution of functional and structural type that\u0000occur in the fraction. This makes the representation of the structure and functionality of the constituents by so-called\u0000average structures very difficult (if not, impossible) to conceive.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121756597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir Characterization of Buma Field Reservoirs, Niger Delta using Seismic\u0000and Well Log Data","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.06","url":null,"abstract":"The reservoir characterization of Buma Field, Niger Delta using seismic and well log data is the focus of this research.\u0000Seismic data in SEG-Y format and suites of well logs have been used to achieve the aim and objectives of the research.\u0000Methodologies used in this work are standard methods used in this kind of research. Results of the analysis seismic\u0000data shows fifteen faults have been identified, nine trend NW-SE and are antithetic faults whereas the six trend NESW and are synthetic faults. These faults formed closures and could act as trapping mechanisms for hydrocarbon in\u0000the identified horizons/reservoirs. Two hydrocarbon bearing horizons D and F have been mapped on the seismic and\u0000analysis of the well logs showed that sand and shale are major lithologies in the studied wells. Well correlation showed\u0000similarities in geological properties such as lithology, reservoir tops and petrophysical properties. Volumetric estimation\u0000carried out on the two reservoirs showed Reservoir D having average thickness of 26.73 ft., area of 3784.89 acres,\u0000bulk volume of 4407x106\u0000 ft3\u0000, net volume of 4226x106 ft3\u0000, pore volume of 216 x106\u0000 RB, hydrocarbon pore volume (oil)\u0000of 143x106\u0000 RB and STOIIP of 77 MMSTB. Reservoir F has an average thickness of 41.55 ft., area of 2790.63 acres,\u0000bulk volume of 5051x106 ft3, net volume of 4769x10106 ft3\u0000, pore volume of 248x10106\u0000 RB, hydrocarbon pore volume\u0000(oil) of 167x10106\u0000 RB and STOIIP of 88 MMSTB. Integrating results of structural interpretation, well log analysis,\u0000petrophysical properties and volumetric estimation it is evident that both reservoirs have very good porosities and\u0000excellent permeability, good thicknesses of productive sand and reduced water saturation as to aid storage and easy\u0000flow of hydrocarbon pore fluids. Therefore, the two Buma Field Reservoirs D and F are prolific with hydrocarbon pore\u0000fluids (oil) which can be exploited economically","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131214929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth Neutron Star Collision Mega Fauna Ice Age Extinction","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme conditions should be considered when considering Earth’s weather being caused by collision with neutron\u0000stars and exploding star’s debris streams because it could happen again in the same locations. A neutron star collision\u0000in conjunction with exploding star debris strikes at the end of the last ice age and cause the mega fauna extinctions of\u0000the Younger Dryas. The mega fauna extinctions have occurred in less than a day with Africa, Australia, Europe, and\u0000Asia being spared because Earth did not make a complete rotation in the gas without oxygen in the tail of the neutron\u0000star. The Jamaican Monkey extinction points to the western terminus of supernova G299-2.9 as the exterminator and\u0000the Symbols Musk Ox became extinct due to the eastern terminus of supernova Vela.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115066859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solution To Global Warming: Sunspots, Carbon 14, And Average Temperature --\u0000Exploding Star Events","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.04","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of C14 from nitrogen by collision with a gamma ray or high energy particle in our high atmosphere\u0000is a widely accepted theory. The new yet to be recognized supernova, SN, and nova impact theory, SNIT, proposes\u0000debris streams of high energy particles from exploding stars impact our planet and cause global warming, sunspot,\u0000and other extraordinary events. Some of the recorded C14 data must match the calculated impact times of exploding\u0000star debris streams and a similar result occurs for sunspots. The new calculated supernova impact times in conjunction\u0000with two temperature plots from Dr Loehle and NOAA prove our current episode of global warming is caused by the\u0000Crab nebula or SN 1054 and is waning. The accuracy of the SNIT impact times are shown for the first time due to\u0000exact C14 data. Supernova explosions within 700 light years are very dangerous to mankind.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127303330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of an Integrated Tower Solar Energy Combined Cycle System with the\u0000Simultaneous Integration Solar Energy with Top and Bottom Cycle","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.03","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, based on a conventional integrated solar combined cycle system (ISCC), a novel integrated tower solar\u0000energy combined cycle system (ITSCC) with the simultaneous integration the solar energy with top and bottom cycle\u0000of combined cycle system is proposed. The system models are developed and different system performance evaluation\u0000indices are proposed. Then in the condition of the same solar radiation the thermal performance of new system is\u0000analyzed and compared with the reference ISCC system and gas-steam combined cycle (GTCC) system. Furthermore,\u0000the operating characteristics of the new system in the summer solstice are deeply investigated in consideration of\u0000the heat variation from direct solar radiation and the effect of the ambient temperature change on the solar collector\u0000system. The efficiency of solar energy utilization and the thermodynamic properties of different systems are analyzed.\u0000The result shows that, in the summer solstice the natural gas input of new system is less 3.28% than that of GTCC\u0000system and the net output power is increased by 1.5%, the solar-to-electric efficiency and the exergy efficiency can\u0000achieve 27.3% and 28.4%, respectively. In addition, the annual performance of new system is also better than that of\u0000the reference system.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132346951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process and Energy Optimisation - A Case Study of UB FGR fan at Captive Power\u0000Plant of NRL","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.02","url":null,"abstract":"The old saying “Excellence is the gradual result of always striving to do better……. The noblest search is the\u0000search for excellence.” – An integrated approach to achieve continuous improvement and reach towards excellence\u0000in Utility Boiler Operation.\u0000This paper highlights the case study carried out regarding the successful trial run of the Flue Gas Recirculation of\u0000the Utility Boiler of Co-generation plant of the Numaligarh Refinery Limited, Golaghat, Assam. This fan could not be\u0000put into service since commissioning of the boiler. Once it is successfully taken into service, many positive outcomes\u0000are noticed and resulted in the process and energy optimization in the operation of the utility boiler.\u0000In Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL), Co-generation plant (CGP), Utility Boiler (UB) is used to produce High\u0000pressure super-heated steam. One of the accessories named Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) could not be put into service\u0000due to certain problems. FGR is a combustion modification process. As the name implies, a portion of the combustion\u0000products exiting the boiler are recirculated and introduced into the primary combustion zone. In UB, there are two\u0000nos. of FGR fans. But they could not put into service for a long time since commissioning. After a series of studies\u0000and experiments, the problems or factors were identified viz. Selection of correct UB load at which the fan should be\u0000started, dampers adjustment, burner flame stability, etc. After identification and trouble shooting of these problems,\u0000the FGR fans could be run successfully and put into continuous service.\u0000Following advantages were achieved in UB after the service of the FGR fans\u0000 Increases steaming rate of the U\u0000 Saves Energy (Fuel optimization)\u0000 Reduced harmful NOx gas Emissions\u0000 Increased in flue gas back end temperature\u0000 Lowers Greenhouse gas CO2\u0000 emission as the amount of fossil fuel is reduced\u0000Thus the above case study helped one of the important UB accessories to successfully put into service leading to\u0000various benefits, flexibility and process optimization in the operation of the UB.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124218194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Aluminum and Zinc Nanoparticles on Improving Wettability Conditions in Situ Oil Recovery in Carbonate and Sandstone Reservoirs","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"The petroleum is a major source of energy of this era. With daily increase in energy demand, new methodologies are proposed to increase recovery factors in petroleum reservoirs. With increasing cumulative production and pressure drop, the wettability of reservoirs are changed to be oil-wet. Accordingly, one way to increase recovery factor from the reservoirs is to change the wettability of the reservoir rock from oil-wet to water-wet using nanoparticles. In this paper the change in relative permeability due to injection of two Nanoparticles, Zinc and Aluminum, is investigated. Two cases of vertical and horizontal wells are considered and the recovery factors are determined and compared. The tests are performed for a five spot injection-production pattern which is designed for simulation in the Eclipse software. The results indicate that of the injection of the Zinc Nanoparticle in the reservoir will lead to increase in recovery factor in a shorter period of time in comparison with the Aluminum Nanoparticle.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"46 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126438228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Study on Causes of Oil Spills and Remediation-A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.03.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.03.06","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims at spreading awareness about the serious issue of oil spills. Till date, a number of discoveries have\u0000been made for its treatment. We will discuss about the remediation techniques for oil spills. The focus is mainly on\u0000marine spills, since the events of spills have occurred majorly in marine environment. The remediation techniques\u0000involve the traditional use of boom barriers, dispersants or emulsifiers, development of nanofibrillated cellulose\u0000sponge, natural disintegration of oil, development of wetting meshes, use of CuO nanowires, biosorption and use of\u0000lodestone particles. We will also discuss about how oil spills can be hazardous. We will discuss about the major oil\u0000spills occurred till date and how they have affected the ecosystem. There will be a brief discussion about causes of oil\u0000spills and the applications used in its treatment.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116917250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The One Two Punch – Warm Alaskan Winters – Global Warming","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.02.03.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.03.4","url":null,"abstract":"People in Alaska have been suffering due to the absence of sea ice and the warm Winters of 2017-18 and 2018-19\u0000affecting their livelihood. The weather has taken to very unusual conditions in the winter. Weathermen have done an\u0000excellent job of reporting the occurring conditions. The high pressure ridges of weather school 101 have been blamed\u0000for the poor winter conditions. The real reason for the trouble is the impacts of exploding stars discussed in a number\u0000of papers as the SNIT theory. The major exploding stars being considered also cause heat waves in Sweden, Pakistan,\u0000and India with deaths and drought in Pakistan and India at the same time they are melting sea ice in the Antarctic.\u0000The variation of Earth’s average temperature confirms the SNIT theory.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123837093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Shear Wave Velocity Fractal Dimension for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs\u0000of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.03.02.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.03.02.3","url":null,"abstract":"The quality and assessment of a reservoir can be documented in details by the application of seismic shear wave. This\u0000research aims to calculate fractal dimension from the relationship among seismic shear wave velocity, maximum seismic\u0000shear wave velocity and wetting phase saturation and to approve it by the fractal dimension derived from the relationship\u0000among capillary pressure and wetting phase saturation. Two equations for calculating the fractal dimensions have\u0000been employed. The first one describes the functional relationship between wetting phase saturation, seismic shear\u0000wave velocity and maximum seismic shear wave velocity and fractal dimension. The second equation implies to the\u0000wetting phase saturation as a function of capillary pressure and the fractal dimension. Two procedures for obtaining\u0000the fractal dimension have been utilized. The first procedure was done by plotting the logarithm of the ratio between\u0000seismic shear wave velocity and maximum seismic shear wave velocity versus logarithm wetting phase saturation.\u0000The slope of the first procedure = 3- Df (fractal dimension). The second procedure for obtaining the fractal dimension\u0000was determined by plotting the logarithm of capillary pressure versus the logarithm of wetting phase saturation. The\u0000slope of the second procedure = Df -3. On the basis of the obtained results of the fabricated stratigraphic column and\u0000the attained values of the fractal dimension, the sandstones of the Shajara reservoirs of the Shajara Formation were\u0000divided here into three units.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125452175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}