Petroleum and Chemical Industry International最新文献

{"title":"Determination of Shale Volume, Shale Types and Effective Porosity Based On Cross Plotting","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00003","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of shaley formations has long been a difficult task. Presence of shale and shale types in some of the\u0000Iranian formations are one of the most important factors. Shale types have to be considered, because existence of\u0000shale reduces, porosity and permeability of the reservoir to some degree. Shale Distributed in formations in three basic\u0000types, Dispersed, Laminar and structural. Each of these shale types has different effect on porosity, permeability and\u0000saturation. Dispersed shale reduces porosity and permeability to a great degree, but, laminar shale and structural\u0000shale have little effect on petrophysical parameters. In this investigation, shale types, Shale volume and effective\u0000porosity of Kangan Formation have been determined from well log data and compared with crossplotting. In other\u0000words, a triangle Density-Neutron cross-plot is used to determine above parameters. The area of study lies in central\u0000oil fields of Iran, where one of the well is used (Tabnak Well C). Tabnak Well C selected to study Kangan Formation\u0000from Iranian oil field, in Pars onshore. This study illustrates that distribution of shale types in Kangan Formation is\u0000mainly dispersed shale with few of laminar shale, and percentage of effective porosity (φe) decreases with increasing\u0000depths for Kangan Formation.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130772992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Warming – Truth and Myths","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00006","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is inevitable. Contributing to this change are (1) natural effects, which include the Earth in an interglacial period and (2) various other effects such as anthropogenic effects, which include the release of non-indigenous gases into the atmospheres. However, the exact contribution of each effect to global climate change is not known with any degree of certainty and the blame can only be partially laid on the existence of the interglacial period and somewhat less on other effects. It is not the purpose of this paper to debunk the idea of climate change but to recognize other factors that can play a role in the changing climate.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121326147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study between Gas-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Flow through Small Diameter Pipe","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00007","url":null,"abstract":"In present study, the flow patterns of air – water and toluene – water have been investigated experimentally in vertical and horizontal milli channel. The flow regimes were investigated by a high speed video recorder in pipe with diameters of 2 mm. The comprehensive visualization of air - water, two - phase flow in a vertical and horizontal milli channel has been performed to realize the physics of such a two - phase flow. Different flow patterns of toluene – water flow were observed simultaneously in the milli channel at different values of toluene and water flow rates. Consequently, the flow pattern map was proposed for flow in the milli - channel, in terms of superficial velocities of liquid and gas phases.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126311383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Production of Methylester, Bioethanol and Briquette from SCG","authors":"Muluken Eshetu","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00005","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, methyl-ester, bioethanol and briquette samples were sequentially produced from spent coffee ground. The oil extracted from spent coffee ground with solvent extraction route at hexane to spent coffee ground ratio of 22.5g/g with an extraction time of 30.4min resulting in 11.892% of oil yield. This was comparable with literature values and subsequently used for methyl-ester production experiments using a 1% by wt of NaOH at reaction temperatures and residence times ranging from 50 to 65 °C and 20 to 60min, respectively. The optimization carried out using central composite design methodology gave 81.507% of methyl-ester yield at a reaction temperature of 57.133°C and reaction time (residence time) of 45.117 min with model determination coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9465 while the optimum reducing sugar yield for dilute acid hydrolysis experiments for ranges of operating parameters of temperature (70-100°C) and (1-3M )of H2 SO4 concentrations was found to be 39.161% at a temperature of 98.313°C and H2 SO4 acid concentration of 2.962M.The central composite design optimization results for trans-esterification and dilute acid hydrolysis experiments were verified by running experiments at optimum conditions and in turn resulted 79.65% of Methyl Esteryield(out of 11.892g of oil) and reducing sugars yield of 37.28%(out of the hydrolysate). This implied that the verification experimental results weren’t far from the predicted values so that the experimental results were sufficiently represented by the central composite design models. The bio ethanol produced by simple distillation having alcohol by volume yield of 55% can be considered as a good result and it can be easily concentrated to a fuel grade ethanol by using fractionating column. Moreover, the characteristics of the Methyl Ester produced were in good agreement with ASTM and EN standards. The end product of the process which is briquette has been produced from 75% wt of dilute acid hydrolysis residue and 25% wt of glycerol, resulted a calorific value of 13.35MJ/kg, volatile matter value of 88.15%, ash content of 3.95%, and fixed carbon contents of 1.74% with its easily moldable physical status showed that it can as well be used for fueling purpose like firewood and charcoal. This study signifies the value addition that can be affected from spent coffee ground and the potential and results obtained in this regard are discussed.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128626563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An attempt to Characterize Street Pharmaceutical Teachers Abusing Drugs and Aspect of Allergy Among Adult Men Attending Long Distance Institutions in Pune, India","authors":"R. Hajare","doi":"10.32474/CTGH.2018.01.000118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32474/CTGH.2018.01.000118","url":null,"abstract":"In the India like all nations, drug abuse is seen as a social and health problem that has many serious implications for the physical, social, psychological and intellectual development of the victims more especially, the teaching Staffs. Therefore, it continues to be a concern to families, community leaders, educators, social workers, health care professionals, academics, government and its development partners. Though there some studies on drug abuse, there is none on teaching staffs and drug abuse focusing on the street teaching staffs the most vulnerable category. Street teaching staffs care hypothesized to be more at risk of any epidemic including drug abuse. This study sought to determine the risk and prevalence of drug abuse among street teaching staffs focusing on those in the car parks. The research was focused on six critical areas: knowledge of drug abuse, perception towards it, knowledge of the causes, knowledge of negative impacts of it, knowledge of the preventive methods; and knowledge of the support services needed by abusers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from thirty five participants (i.e. one driver and six casual apprentices from each of the five car parks) were interviewed. The data was presented and analyzed using tables and percentage. The findings revealed among others, that there is high level of awareness of drug abuse but the feeling towards it is mixed. Like other teaching staffs, street teaching staffs are abusing drugs mainly due to peer influence with the ultimate objective of getting high to relief stress, group recognition, trusted by peers, etc. Similarly, participants are highly aware of the negative impacts encompassing fighting, stealing, mental illness, etc. To finance the behavior, victims are engaged in all types of dangerous antisocial behavior including romantic ones exposing them to a range of diseases including, obesity, diabetes, ageing, epigenetic, window STIs and window HIV/AIDS. Ghutaka is the most commonly abused drug. Though in the minority, some have started experimenting cocaine/coke. While participants have good knowledge of the critical methods to fight drug abuse, the support services needed by victims, victims are mostly reluctant to seek the services not only because they are hard to find but fear societal stigmatization, exclusion and discrimination and professionals’ maltreatments.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121425075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptability of Power Law Exponential Decline Model for Hydraulically Fractured\u0000Unconventional Reservoirs during and After Linear Flow","authors":"Haijun Fan, Xueqian Zhu","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00008","url":null,"abstract":"Reserve estimation of unconventional formations is a new challenge to reservoir engineers due to the geological\u0000uncertainty and complex flow patterns evolving in the multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs). Some predicting\u0000models have been presented and widely used in MFHWs exhibiting a long-term linear flow, such as stretched-exponential\u0000production-decline (SEPD), power law exponential decline (PLE) and Duong’s model. Plenty of successful field\u0000applications of these models seem to have demonstrated their availability and correctness especially in the transient\u0000linear flow period.\u0000Due to the limitation of reservoir boundaries or size of stimulated volume, any fractured tight reservoir will eventually\u0000exhibit a boundary-dominated-flow (BDF). The models above which show “goodness of fit” in linear flow may not be\u0000used or will cause great error when used to predict production in BDF period.\u0000This paper compared the newly developed PLE model with the traditional Arps’ hyperbolic decline model in terms\u0000of production historic match, decline rate and decline exponent during and after linear flow. The analysis result\u0000demonstrated that PLE model actually cannot match production decline characteristics as previously thought when\u0000only linear flow appears and it is a model which should be used in the transition period rather than linear flow period\u0000as applied in the past few years. The wrong usage of the model will cause great error to reserve estimation. The\u0000modified steps to predict production in different flow pattern are given in this work. The outcome of this work should\u0000help the industry to forecast production and ultimate reserve more accurately in tight oil and shale gas reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130033105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenge of Water Saturation in Low Resistivity Cretaceous Reservoirs","authors":"B. Arbab, Hamid Zanjani","doi":"10.4172/2576-3954-C1-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2576-3954-C1-003","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents causes and reasons for lowering resistivity logs in carbonate deposit. Moreover this abstract elucidate methods for relieving of challenge water saturation estimation in cretaceous carbonate deposits with Low Resistivity Pay, in Persian Gulf. Reservoirs in the Cretaceous like Zubair, Buwaib, Shuaiba and Khatiyah formations of Southern fields have been analyzed as low resistivity carbonate. Resistivity responses reach less than 6 and even less than 1 ohm.m. Significant hydrocarbon accumulations are “hidden” these Pay zone, (LRPZ). Experimental analysis shows that reservoirs contain clay-coated grains of Lithocodyum algal and is along with Micrtization, Pyritization of digenetic process are reasons for effect on resistivity response. On the other side Smectite and Kaolinite of main clays types have high CEC and greater impact on lowering resistivity. Lønøy method applied to address pore throat sizes which contain Inter crystalline porosity, Chalky Limestone, Mudstone micro porosity. NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance and Pulse Neutron-Neutron logs have been used to modify the calculated water saturation of the wells. The study shows that reduced specific resistivity is due to texture change and presence of microscopic porosity. For defining reliable water saturation, Core NMR and Log NMR results have been used. NMR results explain that decreasing of resistivity in pay zone is related to texture and grain size variation not being existence of moved water. Irreducible water for the reservoirs is estimated between 30 to 50 %. Low resistivity zone related to microspores with less than 3 micron. Variable T2 cut off is allows to choice suitable T2 cut off values to differentiate movable from bound fluids adapted for the specific carbonate rock. T2 cut off varies between 45 to 110ms. The proper T2 cut off for these formations are extremely crucial to being able to estimate permeability and water saturation.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116604584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility Investigation of A Novel Natural Surfactant Extracted from Eucalyptus Leaves for Enhanced Oil Recovery of Carbonates: Experimental Study","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00010","url":null,"abstract":"After primary and secondary oil production from carbonate reservoirs, approximately 60% oil-in-place remains in the pore space of reservoir rocks. Chemical flooding is one of the promising ways to produce the remained oil. Nowadays, surfactant flooding is a low-cost and a common method generally used to improve oil recovery due to the oil-water Interfacial Tension (IFT) reduction and alteration of the rock wettability to water-wet state, leading to decrease the capillary number. In this study, a novel leaf-derived non-ionic natural surfactant, named Eucalyptus is introduced and the capability of this natural surfactant for IFT reduction and wettability alteration is analyzed. Accordingly, the natural surfactant was derived from Eucalyptus leaves and the effect of natural surfactant solution on the Oil-water IFT and carbonate rock wettability alteration was investigated. The results demonstrated that the addressed natural surfactant significantly reduced IFT value from 35.2 mN/m to 10.5 mN/m (at CMC of 3.5 wt. %) and the contact angle value from 140.6° to 60.2°. As a result, Compared to conventional chemical surfactants, the Eucalyptus natural surfactant had an excellent surface chemical activity and confirmed its performance by laboratory experiments which could be used for EOR applications.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128906886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of In-Situ Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Post-Polymer Flooded Reservoir","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00004","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effectiveness of In-situ microbial enhanced oil recovery (IMEOR) in a post-polymer flooded\u0000oil reservoir located in SaNan oilfield, Northeast China. Two rounds of injection of nutrient medium were intermittently\u0000injected into the producing block and then monitored. The main results showed that the dominant bacteria of 4\u0000production wells, Thauera of Beta-proteobacteria, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter of Gamma-proteobacteria were\u0000directional activation, which showed a consistent enhancement. The abundance of Methanosaeta and Methanolinea\u0000increased, and showed a regular alternation with an increase of oil production. It contributed to production of bio-gas,\u0000leading to increasing of the injection pressure from 11.3 MPa to 13.9 MPa before the experiment which increased by\u0000more than 2.0 MPa. The contents of CO2\u0000 and CH4\u0000 varied alternately, and the variation was consistent with the order\u0000of injection of each activator. H2\u0000 was detected in the reservoir associated with the gas in the observation area. A large\u0000amount of enriched bio-gas was dissolved into and mixed with crude oil, which brought increasing of the proportion of\u0000light components in the whole hydrocarbon of the recovered oil. The other effect was activated microbial metabolites\u0000productions formed bio-plugs, which benefits for improving of the absorption profile and the production profile. A total\u0000of 6,243 t of incremental oil production was achieved, and an oil recovery rate increased by 3.93% (OOIP) to the end\u0000of 2015. Our trial suggested that IMEOR can be implemented for effective enhancement of further oil recovery from\u0000polymer flooded oil reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133605424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring and Enhancing the Recent Trends and Applications in the Energy Sector\u0000of Uganda: a Legal Perspective","authors":"N. Drago","doi":"10.33140/pcii/00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the energy sector of Uganda, which is characterized by excessive use of Biomass to provide for over\u000090% of the energy needs, Uganda being one of the least developed countries in the East African Region. Hydropower\u0000provides over 90% of the electricity generated in Uganda while solar, geothermal and other energy sources are\u0000underdeveloped. The legal regime and the energy policies are geared towards the use of modern, and clean energy\u0000efficient technologies. Various institutions are important in ensuring sustainability in the energy sector of Uganda.\u0000This is in form of stimulating Public Private Partnership, attracting multilateral and bilateral agencies to provide\u0000funding, grants, and technical assistance in renewable energy projects. The Clean Development Mechanisms of the\u0000United Nations avail project developers the opportunity to obtain carbon finance. Several opportunities in Uganda’s\u0000energy sector have been highlighted. Equally, several challenges hindering the development of the energy sector and\u0000utilization of renewable energy resources have been identified. Finally, conclusion and recommendations for proper\u0000management of Uganda’s energy sector have been suggested.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121821140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}