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Early Modern Witches and Demonic Sexual Fantasies: An Evolutionary Perspective 现代早期女巫与恶魔性幻想的进化视角
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.9
E. Dutton, John Oliver Allen Rayner-Hilles
{"title":"Early Modern Witches and Demonic Sexual Fantasies: An Evolutionary Perspective","authors":"E. Dutton, John Oliver Allen Rayner-Hilles","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"Many accounts of witchcraft in the Early Modern era testify to accused witches having had sex, willingly or unwillingly, with the Devil. Historians tend to explain this in terms of hysteria or pressure to confess to a perceived template for witch-like behavior. In this study, it is argued that these accounts can be understood via evolutionary analyses of female psychology. It is shown that the females who were accused of witchcraft tended to be high in social dominance and socio-sexuality, and/or unwilling to conform to the patriarchal system. It is further demonstrated that these precise traits are correlated with intense sexual fantasies, including so-called ‘rape fantasies’. It is averred that this model makes sense of the many accounts in which Early Modern witches confessed to having slept with Satan.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45417131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Book Review: [i]Making Sense of Race[/i] 书评：[i]理解种族[/i]
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.14
A. Hama
{"title":"Book Review: [i]Making Sense of Race[/i]","authors":"A. Hama","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"1035-1039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46324411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forecasting Ethnic Compositions in All Countries 预测所有国家的种族构成
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.10
Y. Fu
{"title":"Forecasting Ethnic Compositions in All Countries","authors":"Y. Fu","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Migration has significantly altered the ethnic compositions of many countries and will likely continue to do so in the future. What will these ethnic compositions be? This paper attempts to answer this question for all countries and all years up to 2100 under plausible assumptions of migration rates and natural growth rate differentials. I find that Western Europe and North America will experience the greatest degree of change while the ethnic compositions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America remain relatively constant. In Western Europe, the European-origin population share declines from 90% today to 45% by 2100 assuming present migration rates, but with no further migration this share will be 74%. In North America, the European share drops from 62% to 34%, but with no further migration this will be 54%. Without migration, Europeans retain a majority in all European and North American countries, but with continued migration this is not the case.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"963-986"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41862966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Study of Intelligence in Jordan Assessed by the Coloured Progressive Matrices 用彩色递进矩阵评价约旦人智力的研究
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.6
S. Bakhiet, E. Dutton, R. Lynn
{"title":"A Study of Intelligence in Jordan Assessed by the Coloured Progressive Matrices","authors":"S. Bakhiet, E. Dutton, R. Lynn","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"We report the results of a new study of intelligence in Jordan for 5- to 11-year-olds assessed by the Coloured Progressive Matrices, a test of non-verbal reasoning. It gives a British-scaled IQ of 84.5. The result is in line with those of earlier studies using Raven’s Progressive Matrices in Jordan.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47699894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
World History and Societal Evolution: Historical Periods and Psychological Stages 世界历史与社会进化：历史时期与心理阶段
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.3
G. Oesterdiekhoff, G. Vonderach
{"title":"World History and Societal Evolution: Historical Periods and Psychological Stages","authors":"G. Oesterdiekhoff, G. Vonderach","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"This essay combines historical research with developmental psychology and Piagetian Cross-Cultural Psychology. It will be shown that the empirical data that evidence major psychological differences between premodern and modern peoples can be applied to the study of history generally. The differences in mind, language, worldview, religion, literature, and sciences between pre-civilized peoples, archaic kingdoms, ancient civilizations, and modern industrial society can be connected to distinct differences in developmental stage. Data are presented that reveal a continuous rise in the final cognitive stage of adults through the four historical periods. Ancient Egypt lies in the middle between nature peoples and post-axial civilizations, in terms of developmental stages. The post-axial civilizations again are more developed than the archaic kingdoms, but less than modern industrial civilization. Stages of cognitive development can help us understand the distinctions of cultural development that historians make when comparing these cultures. Indeed, such a developmental approach may revolutionize the study of history.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"820-853"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Gender Differences in Intelligence on the Standard Progressive Matrices in the Dhofar Region of Oman 阿曼佐法尔地区标准累进矩阵智力的性别差异
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.13
N. Abdelrasheed, K. Almashikhi, Yussef Ahmed Bakhiet Albaraami, E. Dutton, Nagda Mohamed Abdu Elrahim, S. Bakhiet
{"title":"Gender Differences in Intelligence on the Standard Progressive Matrices in the Dhofar Region of Oman","authors":"N. Abdelrasheed, K. Almashikhi, Yussef Ahmed Bakhiet Albaraami, E. Dutton, Nagda Mohamed Abdu Elrahim, S. Bakhiet","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.13","url":null,"abstract":"According to Lynn’s developmental theory of sex differences, male and female children have approximately the same IQ. Females, entering puberty earlier, pull ahead for a period in early adolescence before males ultimately reach a permanent IQ advantage, commencing in the late teens. This has also been found in some Arab countries, though there are a number of exceptions, including Saudi Arabia. In order to further test Lynn’s model, we administered the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) to a geographically representative sample of 2,090 school pupils aged 6 to 18 in the Omani region of Dhofar. We found that, in line with Lynn’s model, males reached a small IQ advantage by their late teens. However, our findings were not precisely congruent with what Lynn’s model would predict. We argue that Oman’s relative liberalism towards females, as well as sampling differences, explain our divergence from the Saudi Arabian sample.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44479137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Intelligence and General Psychopathology in the Vietnam Experience Study: A Closer Look 越南经验研究中的智力与一般心理病理学
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.2
Emil Ole William Kirkegaard, H. Nyborg
{"title":"Intelligence and General Psychopathology in the Vietnam Experience Study: A Closer Look","authors":"Emil Ole William Kirkegaard, H. Nyborg","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has indicated that one can summarize the variation in psychopathology measures in a single dimension, labeled P by analogy with the g factor of intelligence. Research shows that this P factor has a weak to moderate negative relationship to intelligence. We used data from the Vietnam Experience Study to reexamine the relations between psychopathology assessed with the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) and intelligence (total n = 4,462: 3,654 whites, 525 blacks, 200 Hispanics, and 83 others). We show that the scoring of the P factor affects the strength of the relationship with intelligence. Specifically, item response theory-based scores correlate more strongly with intelligence than sum-scoring or scale-based scores: r’s = -.35, -.31, and -.25, respectively. We furthermore show that the factor loadings from these analyses show moderately strong Jensen patterns such that items and scales with stronger loadings on the P factor also correlate more negatively with intelligence (r = -.51 for 566 items, -.60 for 14 scales). Finally, we show that training an elastic net model on the item data allows one to predict intelligence with extremely high precision, r = .84. We examined whether these predicted values worked as intended with regards to cross-racial predictive validity, and relations to other variables. We mostly find that they work as intended, but seem slightly less valid for blacks and Hispanics (r’s .85, .83, and .81, for whites, Hispanics, and blacks, respectively).","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"792-819"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45724035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Non-Linearity of Intelligence Effects and the Threshold Model of Formal-Operative Intelligence 智力效应的非线性与正式操作智力的阈值模型
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.4
Ronald Henss
{"title":"Non-Linearity of Intelligence Effects and the Threshold Model of Formal-Operative Intelligence","authors":"Ronald Henss","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"There is ample evidence that numerous effects of intelligence are non-linear. Nevertheless, psychometric research is almost exclusively restricted to the linear approach. The article presents a non-linear model, dubbed threshold model of formal-operative intelligence. The model is based on Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Using Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index as an example, it is shown that countries are only able to curb corruption if their national intelligence exceeds a certain threshold. In the lower intelligence range it does not matter whether a country is very far below or directly on the threshold. Intelligence only comes into play when the threshold is exceeded. In the context of Piaget’s developmental psychology this means: The decisive question is whether a sufficiently large proportion of the population has reached the stage of formal-operative thinking. It is shown that the threshold model has far greater explanatory power than the linear approach, and that this applies to a broad range of quite diverse variables. The importance of intelligence is much greater than many believe.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"854-871"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42767019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent Studies of Ethnic Differences in the Cognitive Ability of Adolescents in the United Kingdom 英国青少年认知能力的种族差异研究进展
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.11
R. Lynn, J. Fuerst
{"title":"Recent Studies of Ethnic Differences in the Cognitive Ability of Adolescents in the United Kingdom","authors":"R. Lynn, J. Fuerst","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.4.11","url":null,"abstract":"Research from the 20th century showed that ethnic minorities under-performed White British on measures of cognitive ability in the United Kingdom. However, academic qualification results from the first two decades of the 21st century suggest minimal to reverse ethnic differences. To better understand the pattern of contemporary cognitive differences among adolescents in the 21st century, we analyzed academic achievements at age 16 in the GCSE and cognitive ability in four cognitive tests: the National Reference Test, NRT; the Programme for International Student Assessment, PISA; Cognitive Ability Test 3 (CAT3); and Center for Evaluation and Monitoring (CEM) 11-plus. Results from the PISA, CAT3 and CEM 11-plus tests correlate strongly across ethnic groups. These results show that Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black students score approximately one half of a standard deviation below Indian and White students, while Chinese students perform significantly above the latter groups. In contrast, but consistent with academic qualifications, results based on the NRT suggest smaller ethnic gaps.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"987-999"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41733016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessment of Nutritional Status Based on Head Circumference among the Rajbanshi Children of North Bengal, India. 基于头围的印度北孟加拉邦Rajbanshi儿童营养状况评估。
Mankind Quarterly Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.46469/MQ.2021.61.3.15
Kaustuv Debsarma, G. Mandal, J. Nayak
{"title":"Assessment of Nutritional Status Based on Head Circumference among the Rajbanshi Children of \u0000North Bengal, India.","authors":"Kaustuv Debsarma, G. Mandal, J. Nayak","doi":"10.46469/MQ.2021.61.3.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46469/MQ.2021.61.3.15","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition during childhood is still prevalent in parts of the world, with over three-quarters of the world’s malnourished children living in Southern Asia including India. Childhood malnutrition is a serious concern because it can affect the growth potential and the risk of morbidity and mortality in later life. Head circumference (HC) is one measure for evaluating the nutritional status of children during the first years of life when brain and skull are still growing. The present study assesses the nutritional status of Rajbanshi children in North Bengal by using WHO (2007) recommended cutoff points for head circumference. Age-combined mean HC was slightly higher among boys (46.8 cm) than girls (45.7 cm). We found the expected gradual increase of mean values with rising age of the children. The overall prevalence of age- and sex-combined malnutrition according to WHO cutoffs was 20.5%, 18.8% among boys and 22.2% among girls. The difference between boys and girls was not statistically significant. Regular monitoring of the physical status of children who are at risk of malnutrition is recommended.","PeriodicalId":35516,"journal":{"name":"Mankind Quarterly","volume":"61 1","pages":"641-652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49542554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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