{"title":"Comparison of spherical and axisymmetric models of electrical contact heating and the conditions of their application","authors":"S. Kharin","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088062","url":null,"abstract":"Two mathematical models, spherical and axisymmetric, describing the temperature field in closed electrical contacts are compared and the rightness of their application is discussed. The ranges of the contact radius, time and current are determined for which one or another model could be applied with the required accuracy. The temperature field in the axisymmetric model is found in the form of alternative series where the first term represents the solution in the spherical model. It enables us to estimate the error in calculation of the temperature using the spherical model with respect to the axisymmetric model. Some applications to the experimental data are considered.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127439441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation on the electrical properties of AgNi contact materials with various Ni content","authors":"Heng Wang, Huan Yuan","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088090","url":null,"abstract":"AgNi electrical contact materials with different Ni content were manufactured by processes of powder metallurgy extruding and drawing. This paper analyzes the microstructure and changes of electrical performance of AgNi electrical contact materials with different Ni content by Metallurgical Microscope, SEM and Electric Performance Testing Machine. Influence of Ni content on relative density, hardness, resistivity, welding force, contact resistance and arc erosion of AgNi were investigated. The results show that density, hardness, resistivity and contact resistance of AgNi increased with the increase of Ni content. We also found welding force and arc erosion area of AgNi15 is minimal.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125993768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huimin Liang, Ruichao Wang, L. Bao, Hongjian Wang, J. You
{"title":"Research on the distribution thermal FEM model for an enclosed isolated phase bus-bar in short-circuit condition","authors":"Huimin Liang, Ruichao Wang, L. Bao, Hongjian Wang, J. You","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088063","url":null,"abstract":"As the first power transmission part of synchronous generator output, the thermal stability of the enclosed isolated phase bus-bar (EIPB) is important for the working safety of the power system. The thermal stability of large synchronous generator-side EIPB is hard to be analyzed or calculated because of the complex structure and the large size of EIPB in the power system. In this paper, a new co-simulation method of EIPB is studied. Taking a certain type of EIPB in power system as example, the co-simulation method is applied. Based on the co-simulation method, the sub-segment FEM models are established and simulated. The temperature distribution in joint surfaces is transmitted between sub-segment FEM models. The temperature distribution of EIPB in short-circuit current under the cooling condition is calculated. The minimum ventilation rate in different environment temperature and different short-circuit current is calculated.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126003632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Jackson, A. B. Coker, Z. Tucker, M. S. Hossain, G. Mills
{"title":"An exploratory study of silver nanoparticle laden lubricants for electrical contacts","authors":"R. Jackson, A. B. Coker, Z. Tucker, M. S. Hossain, G. Mills","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088074","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical contacts are critically important for a wide variety of applications, including computing, automotive, manufacturing, and renewable energy technologies. Due to a combination of vibrations and environmental conditions, these contacts are often susceptible to fretting corrosion and other wear mechanisms. In many cases it is not possible to design a stable dry contact system that is also within cost restraints. Therefore lubricants are often employed. Liquid lubricants can reduce wear but cause problems due to the non-conductive nature of typical lubricants. If a film develops between the surfaces due to tribofilm formation, lubricant degradation, or hydrodynamic lift, this can result in an increase in the electrical contact resistance. Fairly recently researchers have explored the use of nanoparticles to enhance the friction and wear properties of lubricants. Some of the nanoparticles are metallic and could also improve the conductivity of the lubricant within an electrical contact. In this work, the performance of silver nanoparticle laden dodecane lubricants are observed relative to pure dodecane and ZDDP enhanced dodecane. These results suggest that the nanoparticles do produce a reduced and more stable contact resistance, while also reducing friction and wear.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123722530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Fukuyama, Norihiko Sakamoto, N. Kaneko, T. Kondo, J. Toyoizumi, T. Yudate
{"title":"The effect of the distribution of α-spots in the peripheral part of an apparent contact point on constriction resistance","authors":"Y. Fukuyama, Norihiko Sakamoto, N. Kaneko, T. Kondo, J. Toyoizumi, T. Yudate","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088103","url":null,"abstract":"The constriction resistance resulting from the constriction of current flow is one of main components in the contact resistance of electrical contacts in connectors. When the current flow has a round-shaped section as a contact point, the constriction resistance can be calculated analytically; however, this is not the case for real contacts. In the apparent contact point between two electrodes, there are many real contact points called a-spots. Even in the apparent contact point, there is no current flow in other part than the a-spots. Thus, the area of apparent contact point is not equal to the total area of a-spots and its constriction resistance cannot be calculated. From some previous studies, it is suggested that the constriction resistance of the contact with a-spots concentrated on a peripheral part of its apparent contact point is lower than that of the other if the total area of a-spots is constant. We fabricated some contact-like-structures on Si chips with various distributions of \"a-spots\" along the peripheral part of their \"apparent contact point\" using nanofabrication technology and compared their constriction resistances with each other for examining the relation between the distribution of a-spots and constriction resistance. Our simplified samples have shown resistance values between the calculation results using the Holm's equation and the Greenwood's equation.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129552806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The influence of multiscale surface roughness on contact mechanics using finite element modeling: Applied to a Au-coated CNT composite electrical contact surface","authors":"Hong Liu, J. McBride","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088092","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that a gold-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube (Au/MWCNT) composite can improve the lifetime of electrical contacts significantly in low current switching applications. The composite surface with gold sputtered on vertically aligned CNTs, shows two levels of surface roughness that causes a variation of contact resistance across the surface. In this study a mathematical surface model is developed to generate surfaces with multi-scale roughness. A finite element contact model is then developed to determine the contact area using the generated surface data. The influence of the multi-scale roughness and waviness is then applied to the contact mechanics of Au/CNT composite, and shows that there is a significant variation in predicted contact area across the surface, thus reflecting a variation in contact resistance. The surface model is shown to be a useful tool to predict the contact resistance variation with the multi-scale roughness.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122437113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on molten bridge behaviors with arc-less current commutation in a hybrid DC circuit breaker","authors":"Mo Chen, Yuta Yamada, S. Zen, K. Yasuoka","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088060","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid DC circuit breaker (HDCCB), which combines a mechanical switch and a semiconductor, has become a research focus due to a rapid development of DC power system and its low on-state loss and short break time. However, there is still serious arc erosion for a conventional HDCCB because the current commutation is driven by the arc. A novel topology of HDCCB was proposed in former research. It is established based on a SiC-MOSFET which enables it possible to commutate current just in the molten-bridge stage. Thus an arc-less commutation is achieved. In this paper, firstly the influence of commutation on molten bridge is studied by comparing the molten bridge behaviors with and without current commutation when load is 60 V/150 A. And then, it is investigated how current value, separation speed and contact materials affect molten bridge performances in commutation condition. The experiments are carried out by using Cu and W contacts in open air when current is increased from 50 A to 200 A and the separation speed ranges from 0.04 m/s to 0.16 m/s. The results of this paper are meaningful for the optimization of this arc-less commutation hybrid DCCB.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127144861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhao-Bin Wang, Zhoulin Huang, Jiawei Wang, Shang Shang, G. Zhai
{"title":"The failure mechanism of electromagnetic relay in accelerated storage degradation testing","authors":"Zhao-Bin Wang, Zhoulin Huang, Jiawei Wang, Shang Shang, G. Zhai","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088080","url":null,"abstract":"The most past research on storage reliability of electromagnetic relay (EMR) only focuses on the measurement of contact resistance. The relay time parameters which reflect main performance function were not monitored. So, in this study the relay time parameters and relay contact resistance were detected simultaneously. The method of prognostics and health management (PHM) was used. According to the analysis on test results of contact resistance, relay time parameters, the degradation phenomena of EMR in long-term storage are investigated, and the storage failure mechanism is analyzed. The microscopic morphology and changes in chemical elements for relay contact surface was analyzed, which provide references for the relay storage failure mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121358747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact on current density and constriction resistance from bridge structures in real contacts","authors":"R. Malucci","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088064","url":null,"abstract":"The present work addresses the effects that occur from adjacent bridge structures that are believed to exist in real contacts. While in the present work these structures are idealized using hyperbolic surfaces, it is believed they provide reasonable estimates of what can happen in real situations. Using this approach, it is shown that the current density distribution across the contact remains finite as compared to the idealized co-planar case. Moreover, it is shown that the voltage drop across the contact region is slightly higher with the presence of a bridge; thus, one would expect higher contact resistances in real contacts. The extent to which this occurs depends on the details of real contact bridge structures. In addition, it was shown that estimates of equipotential and flow lines can be constructed using geometrical considerations. In this case it is believed this would help in estimating contact resistance.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129235205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Noël, A. Brézard‐Oudot, P. Chrétien, D. Alamarguy
{"title":"Fretting behaviour of tinned connectors under grease lubrication","authors":"S. Noël, A. Brézard‐Oudot, P. Chrétien, D. Alamarguy","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2017.8088072","url":null,"abstract":"Fretting is a well known phenomena due to unwanted micro displacements leading to drastic electrical contact resistance increase. Much work has been done to understand and evaluate the critical parameters in view of finding solutions to alleviate the problem. Several paths have been proposed involving for example connector design and surface modification. The simplest surface modification process is depositing an organic thin film with specific properties. The effect of liquid lubricants on fretting of electrical contacts has been well studied and the lubrication efficiency has been shown to depend on the degradation modes of the contacts which involve the nature and type of metallic surface (Au, Ni, Sn, Ag, plating thickness). Another type of lubrication involves semi liquid films such as greases. While much work has been done on the effect of greases on the fretting-wear of mechanical devices, less has been devoted to electrical contacts. In such field the grease films must also maintain a low electrical resistance for durations corresponding to field service. The work presented here was performed with a standard fretting device imposing controlled constant amplitude sine vibrations under constant normal load to pin on flat tinned contacts. This laboratory test allows comparing the behaviour of different types of greases for a given set of experimental conditions. Different commercial greases are compared involving different thickeners and different base oils. Tests at room temperature show little variations in the electrical behaviour of the grease coated contacts. Nevertheless wear particles dispersion seems to vary. A very high increase of contact resistance is observed in some cases after heat treatment 10 days at 150°C. Polymerization was observed to occur with one of the formulations and it is suggested that the base oil/thickener choice might be unfavourable to contact application.","PeriodicalId":354484,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126074821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}