Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research最新文献_第6页

The Nature and Significance of Pesticide Residues on Tobacco and in Tobacco Smoke 烟草和烟草烟雾中农药残留的性质和意义

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0190

F. E. Guthrie

{"title":"The Nature and Significance of Pesticide Residues on Tobacco and in Tobacco Smoke","authors":"F. E. Guthrie","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0190","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Residues of inorganic insecticides used on tobacco have decreased to the extent that they are primarily of academic interest only. Organic pesticides used for control of pests, including sucker growth, can often be detected at high levels during the early phases in the culture of tobacco due to the large surface-to-weight ratio characteristic of leafy products. Residues of 100 ppm are not uncommon for stable pesticides on green tobacco ready for harvest and even pesticides which normally dissipate quickly after treatment, as parathion, may exceed 4 ppm following normal treatment. During the flue-curing process, from 40-99 per cent of the residues disappear. Air-curing is much less effective in destroying the residues as would be expected. During smoking of cigarettes 80-90 per cent of such stable compounds as the chlorinated hydrocarbons is decomposed or transferred to the sidestream smoke whereas less stable pesticides, as phosphate insecticides or carbamate fungicides, are normally detected in mainstream smoke at levels less than 5 per cent of that present in the cigarette before smoking. The fate of TDE, the most common insecticide found in mainstream cigarette smoke from commercial cigarettes, appears to follow the same route of degradation in mammalian systems whether inhaled or introduced orally. The levels of pesticides found in mainstream smoke of commercial cigarettes, or expected from recommended treatment, are below the tolerance ascribed on food by several countries. However, additional research is needed to clarify the contribution of applied pesticides from the same compounds produced pyrolytically during cigarette consumption. Continuous surveillance of manufactured tobacco for pesticide residues, increased research on the isolation and identity of decomposition products in mainstream smoke, and augmentation with non-pesticidal or decreased pesticidal methods should be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"57 6 1","pages":"229 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89067913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: VI. The Determination of Carbazoles in Cigarette Smoke 烟草烟雾的化学研究:六。香烟烟雾中咔唑的测定

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0193

D. Hoffmann, G. Rathkamp, H. Woziwodzki

{"title":"Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: VI. The Determination of Carbazoles in Cigarette Smoke","authors":"D. Hoffmann, G. Rathkamp, H. Woziwodzki","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A method was developed for the enrichment of carbazoles from cigarette smoke. It involves a distribution between two solvent systems, column chromatography, and, finally, separation of a carbazole concentrate into individual components by gas chromatography. The major components in the chromatogram were collected after the final separation and were then identified by mass spectra. Since the latter method showed similar fragmentation patterns for five carbazoles and 2- and 3-phenylindoles, mass spectra appeared especially suitable for their identification. Carbazole, 1-methylcarbazole, 4-methylcarbazole, 3-phenylindole, a mixture of 2- and 3-methylcarbazole and, tentatively, a dimethyl- or ethylcarbazole and 2-phenylindole were identified in cigarette smoke. The relevancy of mass spectra for the identification of carbazoles and 2- and 3-phenylindoles is discussed. For the quantitative analysis of carbazoles and 3-phenylindole, carbazole-10-C14 was employed as internal standard. The radioactive compound was synthesized on a microscale from phenylhydrazine-1-C14 by the Borsche method with a 58% yield. The smoke of 100 U.S. nonfilter cigarettes of 85 mm length contains 100 µg of carbazole, 23 µg of 1-methylcarbazole, 19 µg of 2- and 3-methylcarbazole, 9.8 µg of 4-methylcarbazole and 31 µg of 3-phenylindole. The concentrations of the tentatively identified dimethyl-, or ethylcarbazole and 2-phenylindole were below 1.0 µg.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"253 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75617533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

The Determination of Hydroaromatic Compounds in Tobacco Smoke / Über das Vorkommen von Hydroaromaten im Tabakrauch 烟草烟雾中氢芳香族化合物的测定/ Über das Vorkommen von Hydroaromaten in Tabakrauch

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/CTTR-2013-0192

G. Neurath, J. Gewe, H. Wichern

引用次数: 0

The Determination of the Water Content in Cigarette Smoke Condensate Using a Karl Fischer Titrator / Wasserbestimmung im Rauchkondensat nach Karl Fischer mit einer halbautomatischen Apparatur 你好，使用部分自动取水装置的加尔奈特烟雾中让卡尔费舍尔在冷凝机中取水

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/CTTR-2013-0194

H. Buser

引用次数: 1

The Growth of Cigarette Smoke Particles Suspended on Fine Platinum Wire in Moist Air 悬浮在细铂丝上的香烟烟雾颗粒在潮湿空气中的生长

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-05-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0184

F. Cinkotai

{"title":"The Growth of Cigarette Smoke Particles Suspended on Fine Platinum Wire in Moist Air","authors":"F. Cinkotai","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0184","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The behaviour of smoke condensate (obtained from tobacco of Virginia type by electrostatic precipitation) and large smoke particles suspended on fine platinum wire was studied in moist air. The equilibrium vapour pressure of water over the surface of smoke condensate at 15°C was found to be 76.5 % of the saturation pressure, indicating that the apparent concentration of water soluble particulate matter in the smoke condensate is 1.2 × 10-3 g-mole g-1. The rate of growth of smoke particles suspended on fine wire in moist air was much slower than the rate predicted by Maxwell's theory. Apparently this is not caused by a rise in the temperature of the particle due to the heat liberated in the condensation process, but by a low value for the accommodation coefficient of the particle surfaces (1.5 × 10-4). These results suggest that smoke particles of 0.4 AAµ in diameter, in transit through the respiratory system during smoking, grow by picking up water from the moist pulmonary air by a factor of only 1.7 in mass or 1.2 in diameter. It is concluded that this increase in size is not large enough to affect significantly the rate of deposition of smoke particles in the respiratory tracts.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"26 1","pages":"189 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84171344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

The Quantitative Determination of Insecticides in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. 1st Report: The Determination of Organochlorine Insecticides / Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Insektiziden in Tabak und Tabakrauch. I. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung von Organo-Chlor-Insektiziden 烟草和烟草烟雾中的昆虫量化决定论(第一号报告):确定烟草和烟草烟中昆虫数量的方法。通报

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-05-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0183

E. Nesemann, R. Schröder, F. Seehofer

{"title":"The Quantitative Determination of Insecticides in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. 1st Report: The Determination of Organochlorine Insecticides / Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Insektiziden in Tabak und Tabakrauch. I. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung von Organo-Chlor-Insektiziden","authors":"E. Nesemann, R. Schröder, F. Seehofer","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A method is presented for the determination of insecticides belonging in the group of chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorine insecticides) in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The described analytical procedure allows the rapid measurement of insecticide concentrations down to the detection limit of 0.01 ppm. Tobacco or tobacco smoke condensate is extracted with aqueous acetonitrile. The filtered extract is diluted with water, and the insecticide residues are then extracted with petroleum ether. The concentrated petroleum ether extract is chromatographically purified by passage over a Florisil column and, subsequently, eluted with mixtures of diethyl ether and petroleum ether (6 and 15 % of diethyl ether, respectively). After vacuum sublimation the concentrated eluates are qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector and by thin-layer chromatography. On an average, 8 % of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides contained in tobacco are shown to be transferred into the mainstream smoke.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"182 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75484885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: IV. The Quantitative Determination of Free Nonvolatile Fatty Acids in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke 烟草烟雾的化学研究:四。烟草和烟草烟雾中游离非挥发性脂肪酸的定量测定

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-05-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0181

D. Hoffmann, H. Woziwodzki

{"title":"Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: IV. The Quantitative Determination of Free Nonvolatile Fatty Acids in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke","authors":"D. Hoffmann, H. Woziwodzki","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An analytical method was developed for the determination of nonvolatile free fatty acids in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Quantitative values were secured by employing stearic acid-1-C14 as internal standard for saturated acids, and oleic acid-9,10-H3 for unsaturated acids. The method yields exact values for the six major acids within AA± 7 % and can be applied as a micro method with as little as 10 to 20 mg starting material. The major free fatty acids in tobacco were found to be in order of decreasing concentration, linolenic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, oleic, myristic, and palmitoleic acids. Further identified were C12, C14, C15 and all saturated acids between C20 and C26. The concentrations of the acids in tobacco were found to vary between 0.6 % and 0.09 % in the six tested samples. Higher concentrations of these components were found in flue-cured and sun-cured tobaccos compared with air-cured tobacco. Coumarin was identified in the concentrated methyl esters of Turkish and bright tobaccos as well as of the blended cigarette tobacco. The analysis of cigarette smoke resulted qualitatively in a similar acid spectrum as found for tobacco. However, the concentration of the five major fatty acids was found to be at least four times higher in the particulate matter than in the original tobacco. Assuming that these fatty acids in the mainstream smoke derive from the acids originally present in tobacco, one finds a recovery rate of about 16-34 %. These findings are of interest not only to the tobacco chemist but may have even broader implications because of the possible role that nonvolatile fatty acids play in the tumour promoting activity of tobacco smoke condensate","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"10 42 1","pages":"167 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81342614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Pyrogenesis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in Cigarette Smoke l: Role of the Hexane Soluble Fraction of Tobacco 香烟烟雾中芳香烃的热生作用:烟草中己烷可溶性组分的作用

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0182

W.S. Schlotzhauer, I. Schmeltz

引用次数: 2

The Determination of Benzofuran in Tobacco Smoke / Über das Vorkommen von Benzofuranen im Tabakrauch 可以确定

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0191

G. Neurath, J. Gewe, H. Wichern

引用次数: 0

A Method for the Automatic Determination of the Nitrate Content of Tobacco / Eine Methode zur automatischen Nitratbestimmung im Tabak 烟叶中硝酸盐含量的自动测定方法/烟叶中硝酸盐自动测定法

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research Pub Date : 1968-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0180

W. Schulz, F. Seehofer

引用次数: 0