Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Gas Chromatographic Determination of Insecticide Residues in Dried and Fermented Tobacco Samples of Field Trials and Vegetation Studies/Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Insektizid-Rückständen an getrockneten und fermentierten Tabakproben aus Feld- und Vegetationsversuchen","authors":"K. Schmid, A. Rastetter","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0238","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract From the chlorinated hydrocarbons aldrin and heptachlor, applied to the soil for the control of insects, no aldrin or heptachlor could be found in the tobacco leaves. Small quantities of dieldrin (0.01-0.09 ppm) and heptachlor epoxide (0.28-3.5 ppm) were, however, detected. The roots contained remarkable quantities of aldrin and dieldrin, heptachlor I + II + III, and heptachlor epoxide. Other metabolites were not found in tobacco. If lindane was applied to the soil only traces of this insecticide (0.01.-0.16 ppm) were taken up by the tobacco plants and could be identified in the lower and upper leaves. On application after transplanting, aldrin (0.3-3.6 ppm) and heptachlor I + II and heptachlor epoxide (0.1-28 ppm) were found in the middle and top leaves. From the insecticides of organic phosphorous compounds (parathion, metasystox, malathion and bromophos) usually no residues could be found in air-cured tobacco when they were applied 2 weeks before harvesting. On tobacco with high content of resins (dry climate) we found small quantities of organic phosphorous compounds (0.3-5 ppm) if these were applied as dust","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79938778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate of Aflatoxins in Cigarette Tobacco","authors":"E. Kaminski, J. C. Lazanas, L. L. Wolfson, O. Fancher, J. Calandra","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0235","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Commercial non-filter cigarettes were treated with 100 µg or 300 µg of aflatoxin B1 and smoked in a smoking machine. The 25 mm butts, the particulate phase of smoke collected on Cambridge filters, the gaseous phase of smoke, and the ashes combined from 10 cigarettes in each experiment, were tested for the presence of aflatoxins by TLC and spectrophotofluorometry. In six separate smoking experiments no trace of aflatoxin B1 could be detected in any of the fractions examined. The crystalline aflatoxin B1 used in these experiments was prepared by growing cultures of Aspergillus flavus on rice. The acute oral LD50 (12 days) in weanling rats was 7.5 mg/kg and the acute oral LD50 (7 days) in one-to-three-day old white Pekin ducklings was 0.78 mg/kg ± 0.30 mg/kg. The melting point of aflatoxin B1 was 263-264°C, and the molar extinction coefficient (ε) was 25,000 and 13,400 at wave lengths of 361 mµ and 265 mµ, respectively. The fluorescence excitation and emission wave lengths were 363 mµ and 423 mµ, respectively","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76927724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Studies on the Breakdown of p,p'-DDT in Tobacco Smokes","authors":"N. M. Chopra, J. Domanski, N. B. Osborne","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0231","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract These studies, on the pyrolysis of DDT, can be divided into two sections. Section 1 deals with the pyrolysis of p,p'-DDT in a nitrogen atmosphere at 900°C and subsequent isolation and identification of CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, CHCl = CCl2, CCl2 = CCl2, chlorobenzene, CCl3- CCl3, a,p-dichlorotoluene, p,p'-dichlorobiphenyl, bis-(p-chlorophenyl)methane, cis-p,p'-dichlorostilbene, bis-(p-chlorophenyI)chloromethane, p,p'-DDM, p,p'-DDE, trans-p,p'-dichlorostilbene, p,p'-TDE, and p,p'-DDT. Mechanisms for the formation of these compounds are proposed, and on that basis prediction is made on the formation of DDT degradation products when DDT-treated tobacco is smoked. Section 2 deals with pyrolytic degradation of DDT incorporated in tobacco. Methyl chloride, bis-(p-chlorophenyl)methane, p,p'-dichlorobenzophenone, p,p'-DDM, trans-p,p'-dichlorostilbene, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE and p,p'-DDT were identified as the pyrolysis products. Based on the type and nature of pyrolysis products obtained, eight conclusions are made.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79853270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Determination of Malathion Residues in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Condensate","authors":"H. Hengy, J. Thirion","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0232","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A method was developed to determine Malathion on tobacco and in smoke condensate at levels of 0.05 ppm and above. A study on the Malathion content of leaf tobacco, cigarette tobacco, and the transfer rate from cigarettes into the mainstream smoke was made. The analysis revealed that the air-cured tobacco contained 0.1 ppm of the pesticide, while the flue-cured samples and cigarettes contained less than 0.05 ppm. The transfer studies indicated that approximately 91-92 % of Malathion is lost during the smoking of cigarettes.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72541964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Market Analysis on the Cigarette-Consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany During 1961-1969 - Einige Trendanalysen zum Problem des Cigarettenrauchens in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1969","authors":"J. Timm","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0236","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of condensate contents of German cigarettes, their share of the market, the smoked length of cigarettes in laboratory tests as opposed to the average smoker, the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany and the trends of the smokers' share, an estimate has been prepared in the Federal Republic on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensates covering the years 1961-1969. The value for 1961 amounts to 40.2 gr., whereas for the year 1969 31.9 gr. Have been obtained. This means that the consumption of cigarette condensates in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last years. At a nearly constant share of smokers it can be seen that the consumption of smoke condensates per smoker has decreased by about 20 % during the years between 1961 and 1969 despite an increased cigarette consumption","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76955012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides as Substitutes for DDT in Controlling the Tobacco Flea Beetle on Flue-Cured Tobacco","authors":"W.J. Mistric Jr, F. D. Smith","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0233","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Field experiments conducted in North Carolina during 1964-65 to compare the residual effectiveness of insecticidal sprays against the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer), on flue-cured tobacco showed that, for the number of days indicated after application, the following treatments provided control similar to that obtained with 1 lb / acre of DDT: [1] for 10 days, 0.5lb of carbofuran, Dasanit® (o,o-diethyl o-[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]phosphorothioate), dimethoate, Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), Imidan®(o,o-dimethyl S- phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), and Supracide® (S-((2-methoxy-5oxo-Δ2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-4-yl)methyl) o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate), and 1lb of aminocarb and MCA-600 (benzo[b]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate), [2] for 6 days, 0.25 lb of azinphosmethyl, 0.5 lb of dicrotophos and phosphamidon, and 1 lb of carbaryl, and [3] for 3 days, 0.25 lb of parathion and 1 lb of carbanolate. One-fourth lb of methyl parathion, 0.5lb of diazinon, endosulfan, malathion, and naled, and 1 lb of TDE provided control inferior to that of 1 lb of DDT for 3 days and no significant control thereafter. Variable control was obtained with monocrotophos","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76920379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2nd Collaborative Study of the CORESTA on the Comparability of Three Selected Methods Measuring the Pressure Drop of Filter Rods/Auswertung der 2. CORESTA-Ringuntersuchung über die Vergleichbarkeit von drei ausgewählten Messmethoden für den Zugwiderstand von Filterstäben","authors":"M. Bethmann, H. Böttcher","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0244","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nineteen companies and institutes participated in the second collaborative study, using the measuring methods VA, PA and C in 3 series of filter-rods of 50 pieces each; 4 participants received 3 series and 3 CFO respectively. The differences of the mean values were much smaller than in the first collaborative study and did not exceed 28 mm water. Also the standard deviation of the single values and the standard deviation of reproducibility have decreased to less than half in comparison to the first collaborative study. There was no difference in the method-mean value over all participants and series. Significant differences arose however between the participant-mean values and the mean values as well of the standard deviations of the participants as also of their standard deviations of reproducibility. A regression between the standard deviation of the single values and the standard deviations of reproducibility could however not be shown. Comparing the values of the standard deviation between the samples of the same participants to the values of the residual variance of the single analysis of variance of the series over all participants, it shows that the latter is mostly based on the systematic participant influence. Also a regression between the standard deviation of the single values and the mean values of the pressure drop could not be noticed. An influence of temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure on the value of the pressure drop could only be stated in series III of measuring method C corr. But it was so small that it could practically be neglected. By means of a rank correlation a connection between the mean values of the first and the second collaborative study could be shown for different parameters with most participants. This fact is another proof that the stated differences in pressure drop are mostly based on factors being characteristic for the individual participants. It is to be aimed at the fact that all these factors are checked more thoroughly in order to improve the agreement of the mean values of the pressure drop between the participants","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74399968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Time-Regulating Mechanism for a Pipe-Smoking Machine","authors":"D. Schurer","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0242","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A pipe-smoking machine was constructed which simulates pipe-smoking. A photo-electric cell and a perforated endless belt were used for the time-regulation. The reproducibility of the puff and interval duration was fair: that of the crude and dry condensate of two types of tobacco smoked in this machine requires more investigation","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80314982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examination of the Cigarette Butt Length in 1968 in the Federal Republic of Germany - Über die Länge von Cigarettenstummeln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Jahre 1968","authors":"W. Schulz, F. Seehofer","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0237","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The length of the butts left by the smokers was ascertained from approx. 40000 cigarette butts gathered in 1968 in the whole of the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin. In comparison with an examination made in 1959 it could be seen that the length of the butts is increasing. Thus the length of the butts of filter cigarettes increased by 8.5 mm (from 22.1 to 30.6 mm) and the length of the butts of cigarettes without filter by 6.3 mm (from 19.3 to 25.6 mm)","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85204379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: XI. Dibenzofurans in Cigarette Smoke","authors":"D. Hoffmann, V. Mazzola","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0234","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A method was developed for the isolation of dibenzofuran (DBF) and its four methyl derivatives (MDBF) from cigarette smoke. Since an excess of alkanes was found to inhibit the column chromatographic separation of dibenzofurans, distribution systems had to be developed which, in the initial step of the analysis, would lead to an enrichment of DBF and MDBF with loss of the bulk of the tobacco smoke alkanes. The three distributions which lead to a preliminary concentration of these heterocyclics were the solvent pairs methanol/water (4:1) and n-hexane; n-hexane and dimethylformamide; and water/dimethylformamide (4:1) and n-hexane. The resulting tobacco ''tar\" extract was chromatographed on deactivated alumina and subsequently on Sephadex LH-20. The final concentrate of DBF was separated into individual components by gas chromatography. With the aid of this method we separated from cigarette smoke dibenzofuran and 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-methyldibenzofurans. These five dibenzofurans were identified by the retention times in two gas chromatographic systems, ultra-violet absorption spectra, and mass spectral analysis. The final DBF concentrate from cigarette smoke also contains, as major components, acenaphthylene and fluorene. For the quantitative analysis we employed dibenzofuran-1,2,3,4,4a,9b-14C6 as internal standard. This labelled compound was synthesized by the Trippett method on a microscale from phenol and 2-bromocyclohexanone. The mainstream smoke of an 85 mm U.S. nonfilter cigarette contained 106 ng of dibenzofuran, 40 ng of 1-methyldibenzofuran, 100 ng of 2- and 3-methyldibenzofurans, and 52 ng of 4-methyldibenzofuran. The identification of DBF and its four methyl derivatives in cigarette smoke represents their first isolation from a respiratory environmet","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76192791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}