Environmental Quality Management最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Advancements in Modification Strategies of Polymer Blends for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture and Reuse","authors":"Manasa Chandramouli,&nbsp;Srikantamurthy Ningaiah,&nbsp;Vrushabendra Basavanna","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is emitted into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels and various industrial processes, and it is presently regarded as a significant factor in global warming. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) stands out as a prominent strategy put forward to address CO₂ emissions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in CO₂-based polymers, focusing on sustainable biopolymers, including copolymers and polymer blends. A thorough analysis of CO₂ co-polymers as components in polymer blends is conducted, focusing on the capture of CO₂. In recent years, carbon capture technology has attracted considerable focus as a strategy to mitigate the negative effects of increasing CO₂ levels in the environment. The process of developing polymer blends entails merging two or more polymeric substances to harness their distinct advantages. This investigation assessed polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyether sulfone (PES), polyurethane (PU), and polyimide (PI) based on their chemical properties as promising polymer blends for the efficient separation of CO₂. Advances in polymer blend modifications for improved CO₂ capture and reuse are highlighted in this review, with a focus on strategies such as chemical functionalization (e.g., amine or hydroxyl groups), the utilization of porous materials, and the integration of hybrid systems, delving into CO₂ adsorption efficiency, selectivity, and reusability. The paper also examines novel materials' potential for CO₂-to-product conversion, such as bio-based polymers and nano-engineered blends. The main obstacles and potential paths for applications that are sustainable and scalable are described.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Urea Nanoparticles in Low-Land Rice Fields to Boost Crop Production While Maintaining Soil Fertility and Rhizospheric Health","authors":"Pushplata Prasad Singh,&nbsp;Ayushi Priyam,&nbsp;Natasha Yadav,&nbsp;Ajoy Das,&nbsp;Sujan Biswas","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nano-fertilizers are becoming promising in developing novel fertilization strategies while reducing the requirements of traditional fertilizers. Nano-fertilizers have high nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and are required in small doses as compared to bulk fertilizers. The use of nano fertilizers in conjunction with a reduced dose of traditional fertilizers improves nutrient availability to plants and minimizes leaching and environmental contamination. The impact of the application of such an integrated fertilization approach on the soil fertility and microbiological population also needs to be understood. The present study investigates the influence of seven field treatments, including biogenic urea nanoparticles, as a source of N nutrient developed by TERI (referred as Teri's nano urea [TNU]), with and without conventional urea in an integrated manner. These treatments include the following: (T1)—100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), (T2)—TNU alone, (T3) 100% RDN combined with TNU, (T4)—TNU at 50% concentration alone, (T5)—75% RDN combined with TNU, (T6) 50% RDN combined with TNU, and (T7) 50% RDN alone. RDF for N, P, and K used in the experiment is 140 kg/ha of urea for nitrogen fertilizer, 60 kg/ha of phosphorus, and 70 kg/ha of potassium in accordance with the local agronomic guidelines. A variable amount of urea was applied in different treatments but the recommended dose of phosphorous and potash fertilizers was applied consistently across the treatments. In different treatments, urea nanoparticles were applied as a nitrogen source via root dipping and foliar spray. The study also incorporates the economics of using nanoparticles to supplement nitrogen in an additive manner along with non-nano macronutrient sources. Further, the influence of this novel approach of fertilization was also evaluated on the native microorganism species found in the rice fields. The results for the evaluated growth parameters, yield parameters, microbial population of soil, plant uptake, and cost economics suggest that at least 25% of the conventional urea requirement can be substituted with urea nanoparticles without causing harm to the bacterial and mycological species found in the rice agricultural fields.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Individual and Simultaneous Adsorption of Co(II) and Ni(II) Onto Directly Alkaline-Activated Steel Slag","authors":"Le Phuong Hoang,&nbsp;Thi Thao Truong","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Steel slag activated directly with alkaline treatment (AAS) was utilized for the individual and simultaneous removal of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from the aqueous solutions. The characteristics of AAS were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM, and EDS techniques. The results revealed that AAS had a crystalline structure of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). The optimal conditions for removing Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ were found at pH 6, with a contact time of 120 min for individual adsorption and 150 min for simultaneous adsorption. The Langmuir model indicated that the maximum adsorption capacities for individual adsorption were 108.6 mg/g for Co²⁺ and 111.7 mg/g for Ni²⁺. However, in simultaneous adsorption, competition between the metal ions reduced the adsorption capacity, with maximum removal capacities of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ on AAS calculated as 58.2 and 72.3 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺, both individually and simultaneously, best conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In both the individual and simultaneous systems, the adsorption capacities followed the order of Ni²⁺ &gt; Co²⁺. However, the adsorption process of Ni²⁺ onto AAS was more sensitive than that of Co²⁺, as evaluated by analyzing the effect of Co²⁺:Ni²⁺ concentration ratios on the adsorption process. The potential mechanisms of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ removal by AAS included cation exchange, complex formation with surface-active groups, precipitation of new insoluble substances on the adsorbent surface, and competition between metal ions during simultaneous adsorption. The high adsorption efficiency can be attributed to the release of Ca²⁺ and OH⁻ from the CSH crystals. These results suggest that AAS is a promising adsorbent for the removal of Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from water.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Impact of Ineffective Antibiotic Disposal: Strategies and Remedial Pathways: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Rajendran Geetha","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The discovery and use of antibiotics revolutionized medicine, significantly reducing mortality from infectious diseases. However, widespread and often indiscriminate antibiotic use has led to environmental contamination, fostering antibiotic-resistant bacteria and posing serious public health threats. This review explores the primary sources of environmental contamination, including improper disposal by households, healthcare institutions, agriculture, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. These sources contribute to the persistence of antibiotic residues and the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural ecosystems. The environmental presence of antibiotics disrupts microbial communities, impacting ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and biodiversity. Various remediation strategies exist to address this issue, ranging from physicochemical methods like adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to bioremediation and electrochemical techniques. Bioremediation employs naturally occurring or engineered microorganisms to degrade or detoxify antibiotics, while electrochemical processes, including microbial electrochemical systems (MES) and cathodic degradation, use electrical currents to break down antibiotic molecules. These approaches have demonstrated effectiveness in different environments, but challenges remain in scaling up their application. Hybrid methods, integrating bioremediation with electrochemical treatments, show promise for enhanced contaminant removal, making them feasible for addressing complex contamination scenarios. Future research should focus on optimizing these methods for broader application, promoting a sustainable solution to mitigate the environmental impact of antibiotics and safeguard public health.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustaining Rural Livelihoods Through Participatory Water Governance: A Review of Community-Driven Water Resource Management Models in East and Central Africa","authors":"Meserecordias Wilfred Lema","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reviews experiences across East and Central Africa testing community-driven arrangements for adaptively managing water resources according to local needs through participatory ownership and inclusive decision-making, empowering rural water users. An extensive database search identified 100 peer-reviewed publications related to community-driven water governance models, and the reviewed literature was analyzed and synthesized to develop an understanding of the topic. This research has revealed a total of nine common community-driven water resource management models implemented in the East and Central African countries: water user associations (WUAs), water user committees (WUCs), catchment management committees (CMCs), wetland management committees (WMCs), co-management models (CMMs), integrated community structures (ICSs), NGO-facilitated models, indigenous water management institutions (IWMIs), and faith-based organization models (FBOMs). It was also established that these models possess several common aspects, namely, prioritizing high levels of community engagement and democratic governance and ensuring local representation in decision-making processes. However, these models were found to exhibit distinct differences across several dimensions in that some of them focused on broader management issues, that is, water management associations, while other focused on specific water use issues, that is, WMCs. Key characteristics for the success of various models were identified to be community engagement, local knowledge integration, inclusivity, collaboration among stakeholders, conflicts resolution mechanism, as well as and funding and resources mobilization. WUAs and ICSs were found to be the best models of all. Key lessons for strengthening community-driven water resource management models in East and Central Africa include empowering communities as stewards, investing in their capacities, fostering multisectoral collaboration, and formulating guidelines on equitable benefit-sharing.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) Damaging Bottomland Forest in North-Central Texas, USA","authors":"Paul F. Hudak","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emerald ash borer (<i>Agrilus planipennis</i> Fairmaire) (EAB), a phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia, continues to destroy ash trees across the United States. The objective of this study was to assess EAB damage to green ash (<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>) and seedling recovery in dwindling (remnant) bottomland near a water supply reservoir in Denton County, Texas. EAB damage was extensive; however, numerous seedlings were thriving and suggest the area will recover. Large trees suffered the most damage. Of 101 large-diameter (16–60 cm) trees, only nine were alive, and none were in good health. In a small-diameter (2.5–15 cm) class, only 49 of 174 trees were living, and 15 were in good health. Interior excavation galleries on a recently fallen tree indicate EAB may have been present in Denton County earlier than previously documented. This study highlights the continued spread of EAB in the southern part of its range, recovery patterns, and a need for public outreach as part of an integrated management plan to address the problem.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Tamarindus indica and Caryota mitis Leaf Stalk Fibers for Sustainable Biodegradable Composites","authors":"Gurupranes Sivaraj Vijaya,&nbsp;Bala Murali Nagarajan,&nbsp;Jayaraj Mahalingam,&nbsp;Nachimuthu Somasundaram,&nbsp;Ayyappan Subrananian,&nbsp;Shanmugasundram Natarajan,&nbsp;Vijayakkannan Kaliyappan","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a substitute for synthetic materials, it is difficult for researchers studying natural fiber materials to develop biodegradable composite materials. These natural fiber-infused polymer composites are environmentally friendly and exhibit excellent mechanical properties. The main objectives of this work were to create and analyze epoxy polymer composites reinforced with <i>Tamarindus indica</i> and <i>Caryota mitis</i> leaf stalk fiber. Five distinct compositions were used in the hand lay-up procedure to create composite specimens. An evaluation was conducted on the mechanical qualities, including hardness, tensile strength, and impact resistance. To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the composites, their metallurgical features were investigated using wear, microstructure, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Specimen C, composed of 20% <i>C. mitis</i>, 20% <i>T. indica</i> powder, and 60% epoxy, showed the best tensile strength (69.12 MPa) and the highest hardness (76.37 VHN) of all the compositions examined. The composite exhibited favorable bonding and temperature adaptability, as demonstrated by the microstructure and TGA studies. All things considered, research indicates that these hybrid composites have better particular qualities, which makes them suitable materials for use in automotive and aerospace applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion on the Relation Between Carbon Emissions and Solid Waste Management to Develop a Sustainable Business Model","authors":"Cemre Avşar,&nbsp;Ertuğrul Çelik,&nbsp;Suna Ertunç","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increasing environmental issues, such as climate change and industrial waste management, have been putting pressure on developing novel and efficient solutions. Besides, global population increase is another increasing challenge for humanity in terms of adequate and secure food supply. The Merseburg process, the conversion reaction of gypsum with ammonium carbonate to yield ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate, offers dual advantages against global warming and solid waste management issues. Another advantage of the process is the production of ammonium sulfate, an agriculturally valuable fertilizer. Utilization of the Merseburg process would be strategically important since it provides both consumption of phosphogypsum and low-cost raw material supply for ammonium sulfate production together with carbon dioxide consumption. This mini-review gives a detailed discussion of semi-batch ammonium carbonate production, followed by gypsum conversion, which can be an alternative operation and feed strategy for the Merseburg process conducted as a ternary-multiphase reaction system. The paper also provides the discussion of an alternative resource utilization route for phosphogypsum, including CO₂ sequestration and low-cost ammonium sulfate production.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency of Land Degradation Neutrality Assessment Indicators of United Nation to Identify Land Degradation in a Semi-Arid Environment","authors":"Miraç Kılıç,&nbsp;Hikmet Günal","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary objective of this study was to contribute to a deeper understanding of land degradation neutrality (LDN), with a specific focus on Malatya province, located in the semi-arid region of eastern Türkiye. This case study served as a foundation for establishing a framework to monitor land degradation over time. The research employed three key sub-indicators—land cover (LC), land productivity (LP), and carbon stocks—following the guidelines of SDG 15.3.1. To assess changes in these sub-indicators, the SDG 15.3.1 indicator was calculated using 2015 as the baseline year and the preceding period (2000–2015) for comparison. The results indicated that approximately 3.24% of the study area experienced land degradation, primarily attributed to a decline in LP. Of this degradation, about 89.15% was linked to LP loss, while LC (5.91%) and soil organic carbon (SOC) (4.94%) contributed smaller proportions. The study also identified regional variations in land degradation, with intensified degradation occurring in areas undergoing rapid urbanization.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on the Environmental Impact and Management of Sugar Mill Effluent Through Phytoremediation","authors":"Priyanshi Singh,&nbsp;Aanchal Verma,&nbsp; Pratibha,&nbsp;Alka Kumari","doi":"10.1002/tqem.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The discharge of untreated effluents from sugar mills leads to the accumulation of toxic metals and metalloids such as Copper (Cu) (6.88–0.032 mg/L), Zinc (Zn) (20.0–0.26 mg/L), Iron (Fe) (44.27–1.228 mg/L), Manganese (Mn) (11.45–0.095 mg/L), Chromium (Cr) (2.72–0.012 mg/L), Nickel (Ni) (0.19 mg/L), Lead (Pb) (0.52–0.032 mg/L), Cadmium (Cd) (7.33–0.02 mg/L), and Arsenic (As) (0.2 mg/L). This poses significant hazards to both the environment and human health. Phytoremediation methods have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of toxic substances on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These methods utilize the natural ability of plants to absorb mineral nutrients from soil and water sources. Certain terrestrial and aquatic plant species show remarkable efficacy in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. Numerous plants, including <i>Typha latifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Euphorbia prostrata, Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes</i>, and <i>Salvinia minima</i>, are effective metal accumulators for cleaning up heavy-metal-polluted water and soil. By employing advanced phytoremediation techniques, the phytoremediation capability of these plants can be further enhanced. Overall, phytoremediation offers a simple, practical, economical, sustainable, and artistic process that eliminates pollutants from the soil and water in a natural way. It is also a conservational procedure that may be used in the amelioration of sugar mill effluents as well as may be utilized in the future to clean air, water, and soil. The present review highlights the current status of the toxicity of sugar mill effluents and the intervention of technologically advanced treatments/processes (biological and chemical) to enhance its phytoremediation efficacy. Moreover, the present review also elucidates the secondary benefits of phytoremediation applications. This technique can be utilized in the production of biomass-based energy, feedstock for pyrolysis, biofortified products, and carbon sequestrations, which can contribute to phyto management programs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":35327,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Quality Management","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}