The Open Ethics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Correlation Between Personality and Occupational Variables of the Nurse and Between Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Towards Euthanasia","authors":"L. Penn, N. Tabak","doi":"10.2174/1874761200903010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200903010032","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on the factors that influence nurse' stands towards mercy killing and on the relationship between these factors and the intention of action among nurses in hospitals. Within this research, the theory of Reasoned Action of Fishbein & Ajzen is used. The purpose of this theory is to understand the individual's behavior and to predict it. With it, there is an attempt to explain the process of an individual's decision-making concerning their behavior. Using convenient sampling, several questionnaires were filled by 100 hospitals nurses. The research hypothesises relate to the relationship between variables and nurses' view towards mercy killing. The hypotheses have also related to the relation- ship between nurses' stand and behavioral intention, and the factors that influence the stance and the behavior intention. Finding showed that the extent of religiousness and level of academic education is a good predictor of attitudes towards euthanasia among nurses. Also, that some Situational variables such as - the kind of disease, the patient's age and the rela- tionship between the patient and the caregiver have influence on attitudes towards euthanasia and behavioral intention.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"2001 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128295605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Property, Bodies and Wittgenstien","authors":"H. McLachlan","doi":"10.2174/1874761200903010028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200903010028","url":null,"abstract":"It is Quigley's view that we should regard our own human bodies as our property. Wittgenstein's famous com- ments about games and family resemblances are cited in support of this contention. She thinks that classification of bodies as property is significant and that it will help us to answer the ethical and political questions about how we should treat and be permitted to treat body parts, tissues and such like. This paper seeks to show that, although Wittgenstein's comments about games and family resemblances might help us to think more clearly about the philosophical problem of universals, they do not lead one to imagine that bodies are property. The comments, like the concept of property itself, do not have the normative force that Quigley claims for them and it. The question that we need to address is not whether or not our bodies are property but: what rights and duties do we have pertaining to our bodies and to our selves? Notwithstanding how we might subjectively react to the claim that bodies are property, nothing of crucial importance depends on its truth or falsity.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124995750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ethical Dimension of the German Federal Constitutional Court’s Decision Concerning Data Retention","authors":"C. Luetge","doi":"10.2174/1874761200903010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200903010008","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2008, the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) has passed an important, even though preliminary, decision concerning data retention. The GFCC’s decision accepts the storage of data, but greatly restricts their use to serious offenses like murder and organized crime. From an ethical point of view, it is particularly interesting to look at the justification given by the GFCC, which relies heavily on the argument that the “impartiality” (Unbefangenheit) of communication will be thoroughly damaged if feelings of being watched spread in a society. This argument is examined in view of two contrasting theoretical approaches: Discourse ethics and evolutionary contractarian theory.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128705571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Ethical Levels of Special Education Teachers","authors":"Craig J. Rice, Carl Stein","doi":"10.2174/1874761200903010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200903010013","url":null,"abstract":"Dialogue discussing the moral role of the teacher appears in the educational literature with greater and greater frequency each year. Fenstermachers (1) states, \"The teacher's conduct, at all times and in all ways, is a moral matter. For that reason alone, teaching is a profoundly moral activity (p. 133)\". This statement reflects the strong sentiments being ex- pressed in the education literature. This is the first study to examine the moral reasoning ability of special education teachers (2). The primary finding of this research is that special education teachers have a significantly lower level of moral reasoning than the norms established for all other reported professions. The results were consistent with previous findings reporting that teachers in general have lower levels of moral reasoning ability as measured by the DIT P-Score of the Defining Issues Test than other professionals.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114420989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spectrum of Clinical Research with Medications in A Spanish University Hospital. Review of 1.000 Clinical Trials Evaluated by the Research Ethics Committee","authors":"E. F. Uzquiano, A. Aguado, P. L. Uriol, J. F. Iniesta, R. M. Jarabo, R. Á. Walther","doi":"10.2174/1874761200903010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200903010020","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The principal objective of the study was to conduct a descriptive review of 1.000 clinical trials (CT) evaluated by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of a universitary hospital the Autonomous Region of Madrid, to define the map of current clinical research and its concordance with official priority lines of investigation in Spain. Methods: This is a prospective and analytic observational study of 1.000 CT, (980 with medicines), whose data were collected during a period of six years (May 1999-May 2005) in the Hospital Universitario La Paz of Madrid. It analyzes the intrinsic characteristics of the 1.000 CT evaluated over this period. Results: For this study, 621 CT are being conducted in the medical area, 99 in pharmacology, 90 in surgery, 87 in pediatrics, 42 in primary care centers, 28 in anesthesia and resuscitation, 25 in obstetrics and gynecology, 13 in central services, and 13 in external centers that are non-dependent on the public health system. Of them, 151 CT are uni-center and 849 multi-center, 490 of which are international. In terms of development phase, 103 are phase I, 128 phase II 468 phase III, and 215 phase IV. Sixty-six observational studies were evaluated, as well as 20 epidemiological studies. In 86%, the sponsor is the pharmaceutical industry. In 597 of the CT, the principal objectives of the study have been to evaluate efficacy and safety. The population in 913 of the CT is adult, and pediatric in the remaining 87. Conclusions: The CT with medicines were the most often evaluated, and the most frequent of those being phase III protocols, multi-centric and international, with primary objectives of efficacy and safety in adult patients, and sponsored almost exclusively by the pharmaceutical industry. The medical attending area of the hospital has the greatest prominence of studies and the priority research lines were infectious diseases, especially HIV infection, prevention of cardiovascular risk, rheumatological pathology, and studies of bioavailability. Genetic studies (pharmacogenetics and investigation of genes responsible for pathologies) have in recent years become an important component of CT.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128924249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Accountants' Perceptions of Ethical Work Climate: An Exploratory Study of the Difference Between Partners and Employees within the Instrumental Dimension","authors":"H. Buchan","doi":"10.2174/1874761200903010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200903010001","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to consider whether the perceptions of the instrumental dimension of ethical work climate of partners (owners) of public accounting firms differ from those of employees. Perceptions of ethical climate are based on the theory developed by Victor and Cullen (1, 2). Professionals from five public accounting firms located in New York State participated in the study. Findings suggest partners' perceptions of the instrumental dimension of ethical work climate differ from those of employees. Findings suggest a relationship between the instrumental dimension (based on self-interest) and unethical behavior (9, 10). Forte (8) found a relationship between management levels and ethical climate type. The purpose of this study is to consider whether public accounting firm partners' percep- tions of instrumental climate differ from those of the firm's employees. The second section of this paper discusses the theoretical development of ethical work climate, the initial studies that produced the ECQ and the research that demon- strates support for the empirically determined dimensions. An overview of studies examining the relationship between ethical climate and other constructs is also provided. The third section outlines the research methods and the final sec- tion discusses data analysis and results.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133981474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right to be Wrong: If Brain is Guilty, are We Responsible?","authors":"D. Pavlović","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010040","url":null,"abstract":"There are experts in ethics who apparently maintain that if genetic factors result in criminal behaviour, then the perpetrator is responsible for his acts. As David Papineau puts it in his review: If criminal tendencies are foisted on you by your genes, you are still responsible for succumbing to these desires. If you are capable of deliberation, it's still up to you whether or not you give in to those tendencies (our rephrasing). This claim needs important amendment. You may be morally responsible, we maintain, only if your genes can not influence your capacity of deliberation, but since they could and probably often will, the original claim is not false but incomplete. In addition, the capacity for deliberation may be far too insufficient to enable us to make infallible moral judgements. Someone may be capable of moral deliberation - but this would not guarantee an acceptable result. To be able to behave in morally justified ways we need, for example, not only adequate knowledge, but also a rich socially modelled background allowing for the development of satisfactory em- pathy - something that may not always properly apply because of disease or other extreme circumstances. These may, in turn, be a result of cultural specificity, difficult living conditions, emotional states, extreme fatigue or the stress of war. These are closely related to another quite early identified question: which is more important, an individual as a pure social subject, or as an independent human entity. If we could agree that such dualistic morality may be simply a compromise between individually and socially determined morality, we might secure more solid grounds for our actions.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124387757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Social Engineering Solution to Preventing the Murder in the Milgram Experiment","authors":"E. Tarnow","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010034","url":null,"abstract":"Society's power to make us obey allows for peaceful existence, economic prosperity and efficiency but it also allows faulty decisions to be amplified and become catastrophic. In 1963 Stanley Milgram showed that the vast majority of humans exhibit excessively obedient behavior in the presence of an authority and that we can easily be made to encour- age or tolerate real torture and murder even though it contrasts with our own stated ethical values. The Milgram finding was buried by the criticism of the ethics of the experiment itself and it is the purpose of this paper to resurrect it. While the murder of the confederate Learner is an unethical decision, the fundamental finding of the experiment is not about which ethical decision to make, but rather that we are not able to carry out the ethical decisions we would like to make, in other words it is about self actualization. To prevent the fake murder in the Milgram experiment and, by exten- sion, the real murders elsewhere, we need to accomplish two things. First, we have to teach ourselves that there is a large discrepancy between what we think we will do and what we will actually do in situations of authority. Second, we have to minimize the difference between what we do and what we would like to do. In this paper barriers and dynamics in our society that keep us from breaking and even enforce our habit to obey exces- sively are discussed. A sketch of a solution to the problem of excessive obedience is made involving experiential training, mappings of authority fields, rules and strong situations, and policy changes.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117305904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Existing Ethical Principles and their Application to Personal Medicine","authors":"A. Cuticchia","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010029","url":null,"abstract":"The Human Genome Project was created with the ultimate goal of improving human health. Since its inception, the majority of funding has gone to the development of technologies and the creation of massive data sets. The applica- tions of the Human Genome Project have been slow in developing. On July 26, 2000 a press conference at the Whitehouse proclaimed the success of the Human Genome Project. However, at that time even the most fundamental of information, such as the number of human genes, remained unknown. While gene therapy has fallen short of its initial promises, personal medicine (the term will be used interchangeably with pharmacogenomics) is more promising. The development of hundreds of thousands of biomarkers along with the tech- nologies to rapidly and inexpensively perform genetic screening has created the foundation for personal medicine. Just as the Human Genome Project itself has been burdened with ethical implications, so has personal medicine. However, soci- ety has been evolving practices regarding genetic and clinical information which are poised for their application to per- sonal medicine. Here three areas with ethical implications: (1) privacy concerns, (2) economic considerations, and (3) po- tential malpractice litigation are discussed along with the application of pre-existing ethical principles to each.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114630058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Dilemmas in Euthanasia of Small Companion Animals","authors":"M. Rebuelto","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010021","url":null,"abstract":"Animal ethics is a complex subject, and only recently the concern about the moral status and rights of non hu- man animals, is subject of debate. In this paper I will deal mostly with the ethics in deciding euthanasia in the small ani- mal clinical setting. My purpose is to lay out some issues about animal euthanasia, with the hope of helping veterinarians to analyze the relevant ethical concerns, as this is a field of the veterinary practice in which there are many conflicts for taking the right decision and justifying the election. Euthanasia of small companion animals is a highly stressful situation for veterinarians and may be source of ethical dilemmas. The final choice must prioritize the benefit for the patient while respecting the owner s freedom of choice.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117110349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}