The Open Ethics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Unethical Behaviour Witnessed by Medical Students During Their Medical Studies","authors":"Susy Kovatz, L. Shenkman","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We sought to determine students' perception of ethical behaviour of their peers and instructors during their course of studies, both in the preclinical and clinical years. To this end, we administered a questionnaire to senior medical students in order to assess whether they witnessed unethical behaviour during their four-year course of studies. Methods: A two-part questionnaire was distributed to all members of the graduating class of 2007. The first part of the questionnaire asked whether students ever witnessed unethical behaviour; whether it occurred during the preclinical or clinical years of study; whether the unethical behaviour witnessed was performed by a student, resident, senior physician, nurse or other; whether the student reported the unethical behaviour to anyone; and finally, if they discussed the event with their classmates. The second part of the questionnaire was based on one designed and utilized by (3). Results: Forty of the 56 students responded to the questionnaire. Twenty-one students (52.5%) responded that they wit- nessed unethical behaviour during their course of studies. Three (14.3%) observed the behaviour during their preclinical years, 10 (47%) in their clinical years of study and 8 (31.8%) during both the preclinical and clinical years. Thus, 11/21 (52.3%) students reported witnessing unethical behav- iour during their preclinical training and 18/21 students (85.7%) during their clinical training. The eleven students who witnessed unethical behaviour during their preclinical training reported that six episodes (52.5%) were by students and five (45.4%) by faculty. The eighteen students who reported unethical behaviour during their clinical years reported 2 episodes by students (11%), 4 by residents (22%) and 12 by faculty (67%). The most common unethical behaviour observed was treating patients dif- ferently because of their background/race/beliefs (44.4% of episodes), followed by describing patients or their families in a derogatory manner and discussing confidential information in an inappropriate setting (38.8% for both). Conclusions: It is obvious from these findings that many students have the perception that they are witnessing unethical behaviour during their studies. Medical educators must move beyond the formal curriculum in order to reconstruct the overall learning environment of medical education so that students will be exposed to professional behaviour throughout their studies.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123676960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subconscious Ratings of Inappropriate Coauthorship in Physics","authors":"E. Tarnow","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010018","url":null,"abstract":"In the largest and most detailed survey on the ethics of scientific coauthorship to date, members of the Ameri- can Physical Society (APS) were asked to judge the number of appropriate coauthors on their last published papers in three different ways (1). The papers reported on by the respondents were papers in which the respondents' authorship was more involved than chance would dictate. From this discrepancy it is possible to infer \"subconscious\" rates of inappropri- ate authorship. The shapes of the curves of these subconscious rates are very similar to the curves of the consciously re- ported inappropriate authorship though the actual rates are much higher. The earlier reported \"conscious\" ratings indicated that the probability of any third and subsequent coathors being inappropriate was 23% for the APS guideline, 67% for the tighter guideline of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors', or 59% if the guideline was \"direct contribu- tions to scientific discovery or invention\"; the currently reported subconscious rates varies between 94 and 97%.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122644717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family Presence During Invasive and Resuscitation Procedures: The Attitudes of Israeli Emergency Nurses","authors":"Daniela Kotkis, N. Tabak","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010013","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Whether to allow family presence or not is the subject of sharp controversy among health care professionals. The factors which the professional literature shows influence support for the idea are type of job, seniority, social pressure at the workplace, training, cultural background and the degree of invasiveness of the procedure. The re- searchers thought that emergency nurses' own attitudes on the issue of family presence, together with their own perceived behavioral control, and the susceptibility of these factors to peer and family pressure, could affect their wish and intent to encourage family presence. Methods: A structured self-completed questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of 80 emergency nurses. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression analysis were used to test the two hypotheses designed to verify the re- searchers' thinking. Results: Both hypotheses were confirmed. Discussion: Subjective factors operating in and on nurses' minds can practically affect the likelihood that they will pro- mote family presence in the resuscitation room. By postulating such new factors and relationships and objectively con- firming their relevance, the study has opened up new horizons for other researchers to investigate more deeply and pre-","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133771029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Empathy Necessary for the Practice of \"Good\" Medicine","authors":"H. Bouma","doi":"10.2174/1874761200802010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200802010001","url":null,"abstract":"Medicine is explicitly committed to the traditional values of empathy, compassion, and altruism. Along with the \"middle\" principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and respect for autonomy, these are among the values which form the ethical framework by which physician conduct is evaluated. But how is empathy to be understood as fun- damental to the practice of ethical medicine? Should it be construed as a moral obligation? In this paper, I argue that em- pathy in the treatment of patients should not be upheld as a moral requirement for the practice of \"good\" medicine: such a construal of the role of empathy in professionalism cannot be supported by the substantive theories of utilitarianism, deon- tology, feminist ethics, or virtue ethics. Moreover, empirical research into the nature of empathy shows it to be a trait that varies substantially between individuals and that variation is governed to a notable degree by factors beyond the individ- ual's control.","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130619428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting Theory and Practice: A Review of the Work of Five Early Contributors to the Ethics of Management","authors":"M. Small","doi":"10.2174/1874761200701010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874761200701010001","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to review the work of five people whose comments on ethical behaviour influenced the practice of management ethics as we know it today. The focus of the paper is on the theory expressed in the writings with which these five are associated viz. (i) Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (C. 480-524/5?), the first of the scholastic schoolmen, was the author of De Con- solatione Philosophiae (Consolation of Philosophy). The work consists of five books combining poetry and prose. Conso- latione takes the form of a dialogue between Boethius and a personified 'Lady Philosophy'. Boethius addresses issues such as the desire or lust for power, the question of free-will, and the fact that life itself is temporary. They discuss the meaning of moral wisdom, happiness and virtue. They agree that happiness is the absolute good, and that wealth and earthly power do not mean very much. The only real and permanent quality is virtue. (ii) Pope Saint Gregory I or Gregory the Great (540-60) was the author of Liber Regulae Pastoralis (Book of Pastoral Rule) (C. 590), the Commentary on Job - thirty-five volumes, sixty-five sermons, and a life of Saint Benedict. Liber Regu- lae Pastoralis addresses the selection of men for the Church, the type of life which they should lead, the best methods of dealing with the different types of people with whom they would have to deal, and the need for the pastor to guard himself against egotism and personal ambition. Liber Regulae Pastoralis was written primarily for senior clerics in the sixth cen- tury, but with a little imagination it could be used in teaching ethical management practice to modern day business execu- tives. (iii) Alfred the Great (849-901) was the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs. As the scholar/king he learnt to read and write Latin at the age of thirty-eight translating Boethius' De Consolatione Philosophiae, Bede's Historia Ecclesiasticus Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), the Soliloquies of Saint Augustine and Pope Gregory's Liber Regulae Pastoralis into Anglo-Saxon or Old English. The reasoning behind this literary output was Alfred's desire to place his rule and that of his senior administrators on a firm intellectual basis. He used Liber Regulae Pastoralis as a ref- erence for the moral and spiritual qualities required of those who had the responsibility of governing others. (iv) Cardinal Stephen Langton (1155-1228) and Magna Carta (15 June, 1215) were chosen because issues such as rights, rectam justiciam (right justice), coram rege (power and the king's court), accountability, and ethical standards and behav- iour were becoming evident during this period. Langton had sided with the barons who were opposed to the King over the details in Magna Carta (i.e. the Great Charter guaranteeing personal and political liberty). (v) Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) was a barrister, and has been described as the most outstanding lawyer in our time in the way he dealt w","PeriodicalId":352758,"journal":{"name":"The Open Ethics Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125783356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}