{"title":"Close to the Point of Origin","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The earliest archaeology of the hagiographical dragon fight is investigated through the lens of a remarkable pagan parody of the story-type roughly contemporary with the earliest extant example of it, this parody being found in Lucian’s Philopseudes or Lover of Lies of around the AD 170s. The parody indirectly attests the prior existence of a number of motifs in the tradition not actually documented within it until some centuries later. Consideration is given to its allusions to the Gospels and to its proto-hagiographical motifs of: the serpent-brood presided over by an ancient drakōn; the last victim boy; the blowing upon the dragon to burn it; the magical healing of a workman’s snakebite; and the use of material from the tomb of a holy person.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123581014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Worm to Wyvern","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"How did the classical dragon, essentially just a massive snake in form, a worm, evolve, in early Christian culture, into the very particular fantasy creature we know as a ‘dragon’ today in the West? It is argued that the dragon acquired its animalian head and more bulbous central body from another well-established creature of classical fantasy, the ancient sea-monster (kētos), this by virtue of the fact that, whilst dragon and sea-monster had remained largely distinct creatures in classical culture, they had been confounded by the Septuagint. Its wings, however, and probably too in effect its two legs (the latter placed in the position of the sea-monster’s front flippers), it derived rather from demons and the Devil, the latter being associated with snakes already in the Old Testament, and then spectacularly so in the New Testament’s Revelation. By the ninth century AD these two developments had crystallized in the wyvern-type dragon.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124068423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scripture and Shape","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The culture of hagiography, that of the saints’ Lives, was deeply conservative, and there was little fundamental change in the way in which it represented dragons and their stories across the one and a half millennia in which it thrived. One consequence of this is that dragon’s physical evolution in the wider Christian world outside the Lives (as documented in Chapter 4) had relatively little impact on its representation within them, and for the most part the hagiographical dragon remains worm-style in form. The story-types in which the dragon is engaged in the Lives are strongly shaped by an agenda established by the representation of dragons, serpents, and sea-monsters in scripture, e.g. the Old Testament’s treatments of Leviathan, Rahab, the Serpent of Eden, Jonah’s fish, the Apocrypha’s treatment of the Dragon of Babylon, and the New Testament’s treatment of the Dragon of Revelation.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"129 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131338082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Etiquette of the Saintly Dragon Fight (i)","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The episodes and motifs that structure the narrative course of the dragon-fight as it is most typically found in the hagiographical tradition (the tradition of the saints’ Lives) are laid out and analysed in detail. The analysis is based on some two hundred examples (Appendix B). The motifs include the dragon’s inhabiting of caves, wells, and tombs; its monopolization of springs, its marauding, its production of pestilential breath, its fieriness; the saint’s spiritual preparations for battle, his deployment of prayers, of the sign of the cross, and of his stole against it; his exorcistic banishment of it, in the fashion of a demon, beyond water, to the wilderness, or to the abyss; otherwise, his killing of it, and his disposal of its carcass; his conversion of the local community, and his memorial construction of a church or monastery.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122647400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Etiquette of the Saintly Dragon Fight (ii)","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"A number of recurring sets of motifs of an elaborate kind and with a degree of independence from the principal narrative course (charted in Chapter 6) are documented and analysed here: the dragon and its great brood of serpents; the sacrifice of virgins to the dragon; the attempt to compel the saint to make sacrifice before an idol inhabited by a dragon; the saint’s revival of the boy that had been the dragon’s last victim; the sending of dragons back against the magicians that had unleashed them; and female dragon-fighting saints. Consideration is also given to some matters of ‘meta-narrative’ interest, namely the impact of the attribution of multiple dragon-fights to a single saint (e.g. Silvester and Fronto) and, more intriguingly, the impact of the attribution of fights against what is effectively the same dragon to different saints, as most notably in the case of the Dragon of Rome.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"34 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132477796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Worms (Still) and Wyverns","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"What was the form of the dragon in the medieval Germanic world? The ancient Germanic dragon was probably ever a simple worm in form, doubtless a fiery one, as the classical dragon had been, and as indeed the Indo-European dragon had been. The exciting new format of the winged dragon of Christian-Latin culture was embraced avidly and was often substituted into established dragon-fight tales, as we see in the case of Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and in those of many Norse examples. But it is a testament to the force of the established story-type that on occasion this substitution had to remain superficial and cosmetic, with the new winged creatures remaining strangely flightless in their featured fights.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128955974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"To the River and Back","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"An idealized principal narrative course is reconstructed for the medieval Germanic dragon fight. The motifs reviewed include: the transformation of a man into a dragon whilst lying on treasure; the generation of a dragon from a corpse; the development of a tiny worm into a vast dragon; the offering of a princess’s hand to a champion; the champion’s protective clothing; his ambushing of the dragon between its cave-lair and a water-source; the dragon’s uniquely vulnerable spot; the champion’s named sword; the special properties of the dragon’s blood. A pair of recurring narrative subroutines are also investigated: in one the champion intervenes on a lion’s behalf upon coming across it engaged in a fight with a dragon, and after killing the dragon has lifelong loyal pet in the lion; in the other the champion is cast into a snake pit, with varying outcomes.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127354905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theodore and George","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Consideration is given to the two major military saints to be associated with dragon fights, Theodore Tyron and George. In contrast to the majority of their saintly peers, they fight their dragons in a duly martial fashion. However, within the span of their narratives, the physical fight itself is typically brief, desultory, and anticlimactic, a coda to a more spiritual battle that has already been won. The two saints’ traditions are contexualized in different ways. The structure and motifs of a fourteenth-century AD account of Theodore’s fight against the Dragon of King Samuel’s City is aligned with those of the dragon fight of a roughly contemporary Byzantine romance, Callimachus and Chrysorrhoe. Whilst the earliest extant narrative of George’s fight against his dragon is relatively late, eleventh-century AD, what today survives as the principal living relic of his dragon-fight, its iconography, can be shown to have its roots in the very beginning of classical antiquity.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133612527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"D. Ogden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830184.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The brief Conclusion directs readers to the way in which the preceding book has addressed the questions set out in the Introduction, namely, whence the dragon familiar in the modern West derives, both in terms of its form and in terms of its typical narratives. The issue of form is chiefly addressed in Chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, and 10; that of the dragon’s typical narratives and associated motifs is chiefly addressed in Chapters 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. It is noted that, across the three major groups of narratives considered in the volume, those of Graeco-Roman antiquity, those of hagiography, and those of the medieval Germanic world, six core motifs are shared by all, namely: the dragon’s marauding nature, its fieriness, its pestilential breath, its cave-home, its control of a water-source, and, a less prominent one, its generation from a human corpse. Within its narrative, the dragon is a creature of destruction; beyond it, it is a creature of integration.","PeriodicalId":351678,"journal":{"name":"The Dragon in the West","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133966293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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