ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Review on 'the Changing Relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development'","authors":"V. Chandegara, Radha Tiwari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3932960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3932960","url":null,"abstract":"The thought that average income may be an important influential parameter driving the economic development process is intriguing. Economic development is a multifaceted process driven by multitude of factors. Samuel H Preston, in his classic paper titled “The changing relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development” published in 1975, boldly researched the association between national average income and life expectancy. This is a review of the paper.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134053728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-level estimates of the Human Capital Index for India","authors":"Abhijit Chakraborty, A. Tagat, Sanchari Roy Mukherjee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3905762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3905762","url":null,"abstract":"Despite making improvements in economic growth and poverty reduction in India there is little evidence of improvement in education and health indicators of human capital. We use data from various sources to construct a novel state-level measure of the Human Capital Index to highlight the shortfall in terms of human capital at sub-national levels in India. The results indicate that there is a large gap among the states Our measure of HCI for India is consistent with the country-level measure in that we find similar correlations between HCI and other indicators of economic growth. We conclude with implications for policy in a country like India, where health policy is the mandate of state governments.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123875418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do educational inequalities between marital partners influence the empowerment of educated women in ECOWAS?","authors":"H. Kouadio, R. K. N’Guessan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3856331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3856331","url":null,"abstract":"In an environment where the question of women's empowerment is a burning issue and where inequalities against women in education persist even though they are increasingly educated, it made sense to study the effect of educational inequalities between marital partners on women's empowerment. Thus, using the latest rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) women's file from the four major West African economies including Nigeria (2013), Côte d'Ivoire (2011-12), Ghana (2014) and Senegal (2017), and then using the generalized ordered partial proportional odds logit model, we arrived at the result that, inequalities in education between marital partners increase the likelihood of women belonging to the lower empowerment categories. Thus, the policies put in place by States to reduce educational inequalities between men and women must not only make it possible to increase the number of educated women, but above all, these policies must emphasise the achievement of a higher education level by the said women. This is mainly with a view to improving women's ability to participate in decision-making and collective action, allowing them to gain access to sufficiently paid employment to support themselves, and to increasing their ability to experience a violence-free life by having recourse to formal institutions and to confront traditional or social norms that are harmful to them.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130921655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing Internally Consistent BMI Z-Scores for Adults and Children to Examine Intra-household Outcomes","authors":"F. Naschold","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3811909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3811909","url":null,"abstract":"The ultimate goal of development is to improve health and well-being at the individual level. Yet, survey data are routinely collected at the household level. To bridge this gap the existing literature has used various, not fully satisfactory direct and indirect methods to impute individual level outcomes from household data.<br><br>This paper proposes a new direct statistical method that constructs BMI Z-scores for all ages. It develops age-gender specific Body Mass Index (BMI) growth curve distributions using generalized LMS estimations in a GAMLSS framework which allows flexible modelling of all parameters. These growth curve distributions are then used to construct BMI Z-scores that are consistent for children and adults and that can thus be used to examine individual-level well-being and intra-household allocation patterns.<br><br>Compared to existing methods that estimate intra-household allocations, BMI Z-scores present several advantages. One, the BMI measures health outcomes rather than caloric or monetary health inputs. Two, it is easier to collect and is measured with less error. Three, the BMI Z-score methodology also enables a range of previously unmeasurable within-household comparisons and it opens up the use of existing sources of survey data to answer new research questions in health and development economics. An empirical example for Tanzania provides one simple application of the BMI Z-score method, showing how household-level measures significantly overestimate individual measures of well-being and health.<br>","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131132947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of International Oil Price, and Its Volatility on Profitability of Top Oil and Gas Companies: The Role of Exchange Rate, Governance Institutions, and Human Development of Their Origin Country","authors":"Talha Hussain Shah, D. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3755239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3755239","url":null,"abstract":"In the current era, according to the floating industrial ratings, the topmost industry in the world is the Petroleum Marketing Industry. This sector has been able to earn high returns over the investment which has created more interest to determine major factors that are needed to be focused on while evaluating the profitability of the Oil Marketing Companies. This study explored whether this high return is due to the rise in oil prices or not. This would further establish if the rise is due to supply-side factors like the higher cost of production, or demand side, as supply-side factors would not lead to profitability. We also explore the role of other factors like volatility in oil prices and origin country institutional quality, human development, and exchange rate. Other factors such as GDP and stock market return of origin country were also taken as control. For this, the dataset of 24 oil and gas companies were taken for the year 2000 to 2018 from their annual reports. For regional comparative analysis, these companies are divided into 3 regions (Asia, Europe, America). The measures of profitability i.e. Returns on Equity (ROE) and Return on Asset (ROA) were taken as the dependent variable. Results from the panel regression showed oil prices seem to have a significant and positive impact on profitability (ROA), regional analysis also shows a strong and positive effect on both ROA and ROE in European and ROA of American based companies. Human development also seems to significantly predict ROE, overall, as well as both ROA and ROE of Asian based companies. Surprisingly, American-based companies seem to have a significant negative effect on human development. Other striking findings were the quality of institutions, which have a significant negative effect on profitability (both ROA and ROE) in Asian origin firms, however, this relationship was significant and positive in the overall sample. The exchange rate also seems to be negatively impacting both ROA and ROE overall as well as in the American sample, whereas it has a positive impact on the Asian sample. Lastly, the effect of oil price volatility on profitability remained inconclusive. The study confirms that the rise in oil price seems to be demand-driven, causing spikes in profitability, moreover, this profitability was conditional to the quality of institutions as well as human development in their country of origin.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128747626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Relaxing the One-Child Policy","authors":"Ning Jia, Steven Lugauer, Jinlan Ni, Zhichao Yin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3776235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3776235","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the early effects of dismantling the one-child policy, which China relaxed in 2013 and eliminated prior to 2017. Birth rates, female labor force participation, and saving behavior have already changed markedly. Between 2015 and 2017, the proportion of households with children having more than one child increased by at least five percent, more than double the increase from 2013 to 2015. Among households adding another child, saving rates and female labor force participation significantly decreased.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"8 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123688155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Within-Between Decomposition of the Gini Index: A Novel Proposal","authors":"F. Attili","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3711388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711388","url":null,"abstract":"The socioeconomic impact of spatial concentration has been receiving an increasing attention during the last two decades. Consequently, the necessity of effective measures of this phenomenon has increased too. This paper considers a population partitioned by subgroups and develops a decomposition of the Gini index in two components, which measure the within and the between group inequality and are also particularly effective to quantify spatial concentration. Indeed, they possess a crucial property which overcomes important issues that may arise using any Gini index decomposition in the spatial context, following a recent approach. In addition, the availability of an only-two highly informative components decomposition provides in numerous applications and several frameworks further significant advantages in the determination of the contributions to global inequality of the intra and the inter groups differences. The ability of the components to capture these phenomena is supported by a parametric bootstrap procedure. This highlights extremely high correlations between the components and two axiomatically derived benchmarks. The presentation of a case study concerning the income distribution in the Italian provinces concludes the works, the informativeness and the interpretative advantages of the proposed decomposition appear evidently.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128028922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing the Education Workforce","authors":"Ju-Ho Lee, L. Steer, E. Jimenez, Elizabeth M. King, Eliza M. Erikson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3588221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588221","url":null,"abstract":"There is rising evidence that traditional ways of teaching are failing to provide adequate learning opportunities and breadth of skills for the 21st century, likely to leave millions of children and young adults behind. The challenge of meeting the demands of each student with vastly different backgrounds and abilities within today’s models of education has limited the capacity of teachers and education systems to provide the personalized learning that students need. A new approach is required. The Education Commission is partnering with select countries, higher education institutions, schools and tech thought leaders to test the applicability and adaptability of “High-Touch High-Tech (HTHT)” learning in diverse contexts. The first pilot - currently in Vietnam - will incrementally expand to other select countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. HTHT learning is an opportunity for new collaborators to become part of a transformative effort to personalize learning for enhanced learner success through the application of Artificial Intelligence. Based on the report, “Transforming the Education Workforce: Learning Teams for a Learning Generation” that the Education Workforce Initiative (EWI) released during 2019 UN General Assembly, we propose new approaches for harnessing the potential of teachers and the broader education workforce to ensure HTHT learning and, more broadly, quality education for all students.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122950125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Appraisal of Development Index in Colonial and Independent Nigeria","authors":"Cynado Ezeogidi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3563264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3563264","url":null,"abstract":"The British Colonialists brought development in Nigeria in its modern phase through radicalization of such factors of modernity like education, health facilities, paid employment, road and railway infrastructure, urbanization, commerce, monetary institutions like banks insurance and mortgages et cetera. However, it is always the belief of Afrocentric scholars that the major aim of British economic policies in Nigeria was to expropriate, and repatriate capital to her mother country. In other words, the expansionism of Britain to Africa nay Nigeria was guided by high level capitalism aimed at advancing her course at discomfiture and exploitation of Nigerian natives1. However the question is. Did British economic effort in Nigeria have any impact on the Development Index of Nigeria in the Colonial era? The answer will be provided in this articulation. Again, did the British lay adequate economic foundation on Nigeria development index prior to independence? When these posers are sorted, we will appraise the Nigerian development index from independence to date. Such factors as Human Development Index, like social amenities, infrastructural Development, etc. will be keyed into the country’s development plans in pari pasu with Gross Domestic Plans (GDP). This is the fulcrum of this study.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"722 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116130118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Political Insiders Lose Out When International Aid Underperforms: Evidence from a Participatory Development Experiment in Ghana","authors":"Kate Baldwin, Dean S. Karlan, C. Udry, E. Appiah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3561222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561222","url":null,"abstract":"Participatory development is designed to mitigate problems of political bias in pre-existing local government but also interacts with it in complex ways. Using a five-year randomized controlled study in 97 clusters of villages (194 villages) in Ghana, we analyze the effects of a major participatory development program on participation in, leadership of and investment by preexisting political institutions, and on households’ overall socioeconomic well-being. Applying theoretical insights on political participation and redistributive politics, we consider the possibility of both cross-institutional mobilization and displacement, and heterogeneous effects by partisanship. We find the government and its political supporters acted with high expectations for the participatory approach: treatment led to increased participation in local governance and reallocation of resources. But the results did not meet expectations, resulting in a worsening of socioeconomic wellbeing in treatment versus control villages for government supporters. This demonstrates international aid’s complex distributional consequences.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"440 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125778391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}