History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus最新文献

{"title":"“TO PROHIBIT THEM ALL WITHOUT EXCEPTION ENTERING OUR REALM…”: NAQSHBANDIYA-KHALIDIYA IN KURDISTAN AND DAGESTAN","authors":"A. Pobedonostseva-Kaya","doi":"10.32653/ch1139-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1139-54","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the history of contacts between the mountain peoples of the Caucasus and the Kurds of the Ottoman Empire and Persia in the 18th - 19th centuries. Using diplomatic and other official documents, as well as memoirs and summarizing the results of previous studies, the article analyzes the dynamics and characteristics of these contacts in the context of geopolitical rivalry of several empires in the region. The proximity of Dagestan and Kurdistan, their location at the crossroads of merchants and pilgrims led not only to the formation of diverse confessional communities, but also to the strengthening of trans-regional ties as a result of the spread of spiritual practices, in particular Sufi ones. Kurdish-Caucasian ties played a significant role in the emergence and strengthening in the Caucasus of the Khalidian branch of the Naqshbandi tariqa, one of the most influential Sufi traditions in the Islamic world. The territorial expansion of the Russian Empire in the first third of the 19th century led to its establishing control over a number of territories with Kurdish population, while the fears of the Russian authorities in connection with the Kurdish-Dagestani interaction through the “Khalidian” channel during the years of the Caucasian War became one of the reasons for the Russian authorities to apply administrative measures against the Kurds, which laid the foundation for Russia's future policy towards the Kurds. At the same time, the political significance of cross-border solidarity turned out to be temporarily limited, which proves the complicated nature of cross-border interaction even within the framework of religious movements sharing a single ideology.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116475302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF BATTLE TOWERS \u0000OF INGUSHETIA","authors":"Israpil M. Sampiev","doi":"10.32653/ch11221-240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch11221-240","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the problem under consideration, in addition to its epistemological interest, is also due to its practical significance. A large number of medieval archaeological and historical monuments of mountainous Ingushetia are disappearing, being destroyed before our eyes, and are in a dilapidated state. The state, having declared these objects of cultural heritage of the Ingush as its property, cares little about their preservation, practically does not allocate funds for their conservation and, moreover, restoration. Local teip communities are invited to finance these works themselves. However, even isolated cases of restoration work at the expense of sponsors cause a lot of disputes and questions. In particular, one of such pressing issues is the question of the restoration of combat towers according to one or another of their type, since they differ in their structural details, especially in their roofing part, which is most susceptible to destruction. Such controversial situations arose, for example, during the recent restoration of combat towers in the villages of Harp and Bisht of the Jeyrakh district of the Republic of Ingushetia. This problematic situation seems to be based on the imperfection of the existing classifications of Ingush combat towers.The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the basic principles (bases) of the classification of combat towers and an assessment of their suitability for the reconstruction of the appearance of the latter. To achieve this goal, it is supposed to analyze and compare the classifications available in the literature (including types and types of combat towers and their distinctive features), identify their weaknesses and strengths, as well as assess the suitability of existing classifications as a possible scientific and theoretical basis for the restoration of Ingush combat towers.As a methodological basis for the research, this article uses a comparative analysis of the main classifications of Ingush combat towers, identification of possible classification principles and their assessment with the so-called suitability for the purposes of reconstruction of the appearance of the roofs of combat towers, as well as content analysis of the literary register of medieval tower structures of Ingushetia.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"18 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114913347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CAUCASUS AND ADJACENT REGIONS IN THE COSMOGRAPHY OF FAKHR-I MODABBIR","authors":"D. Timokhin","doi":"10.32653/ch116-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch116-17","url":null,"abstract":"Among the Muslim texts of the first half of the XIII century, one should highlight the narrative known to researchers as «Shajarai-e ansab-e Mobarakshah-i» («The Tree of the genealogies of Mubarak Shah») or «Bahr al-ansab» («The Sea of genealogies»). This work belongs to the pen of a Persian historian of the late XII - first half of the XIII century. Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Sa'id or Fakhr-i Moddabir (Mubarak Shah). After the publication of the Persian text of this source, carried out in the first half of the XX century. By Edward Denison Ross, scientists have paid close attention to this work itself, as well as to the biography of its author. However, the most significant attention was focused on those sections of «Bahr al-ansab», where the author described the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchak, as well as those where Fakhr-i Moddabir outlined the history of the Muslim dynasties that ruled in northern India. Much less attention was paid by specialists to the initial section of the introduction to \"Bahr al-Ansab\", in which the author proposed cosmography or a description of the world known to people at that time around them. For our part, I would like to understand first of all how, in the author's opinion, this world was arranged, into which regions it was divided, and what place the Caucasus and adjacent lands occupied in it. Here I would like to draw attention to what toponyms associated with the Caucasus Fakhr-i Moddabir mentions and what he reports about them. An equally important task of this study will be to identify the connections of this part of the text «Bahr al-Ansab» with earlier monuments of Muslim geographical and historical literature, which will make it possible to identify borrowings, but also independent reports of Fakhr-i Moddabir regarding the structure of the world known to mankind at that time. We hope that this work will be of interest to specialists in the history of Muslim geographical literature, as well as to researchers of the history of the Caucasus and adjacent regions in the pre-Mongol period.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132671317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABALA MOUNDS IN THE CONTEXT OF RELATIONSHIPS THE EARLY BRONZE ERA IN THE CAUCASUS","authors":"N. Museibli, A. M. Agalarzade, Gulnara K. Akhundova","doi":"10.32653/ch1198-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1198-122","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main problems of investigating the Kura-Araxes cultural and historical community is to identify its local variants in the South Caucasus. At the same time, the interaction of the bearers of this community with the population of other regions also influenced the formation of these local variants. From this viewpoint, the results of investigations of the monuments in Gabala district, located in the northern region of Azerbaijan, are interesting. Archaeological monuments belonging to different periods have been discovered in the territory of the district. A certain group is made up of kurgans dating to the Early Bronze Age. In the structure of the excavated kurgans and burial rites, depending on the chronological stage, various and common features were revealed. In the village of Amili of the Gabala district, three Early Bronze Age kurgans were studied. The complex structure of these kurgans draws attention. At the same time, a dolmen-shaped megalithic structure discovered in one of them attracts attention with its uniqueness. It is interestingly, the large stones with which this structure was built are made in the form of anthropomorphic idols. Lines of various sizes were carved on them. The crescent-shaped structures built in kurgans are also of interest. The group of ceramics has the property of “making hands stained” if you touch it, hands get stained. Such pottery is not typical for the Kura-Araxes community. The structure of the kurgans and the technological indicators of ceramics show that in the 4th-3rd millennia BC there were close ties between the northern regions of Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131290800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXCAVATION OF THE BURIAL MOUNDS ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE PSENAFA RIVER NEAR MAYKOP","authors":"M. Bakushev","doi":"10.32653/ch11246-275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch11246-275","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019 and 2020, 5 km north of the city of Maykop in the Republic of Adygea, security and rescue excavations of mounds were carried out in connection with the construction of a highway bypassing the city of Maykop. Seven burial mounds were investigated, six of which were located compactly as part of the burial mound on the low, left bank of the upper Psenafa River, and one mound was located 1.5 km from the burial mound, but culturally and chronologically related to the studied mounds. During the work in three mounds, stone structures were identified under the mounds, which may represent ritual stone platforms used for memorial purposes. The ceramic fragments found here also made it possible to date this group of monuments. Four mounds contained burials, which made it possible to conduct a sex and age analysis, and the findings obtained – to date these burials. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that the kurgan field was used twice – by the tribes of the Maykop-Novosvobodnenskaya community and the Meots. The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation the materials obtained in the course of the work, a preliminary analysis of the findings and interpretation of the buried structures.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125869762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE LEZGIN (KAKHETI) CORDON LINE: GOALS AND TASKS OF FORTIFICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION","authors":"A. Gazieva, Mustafa Ozturk","doi":"10.32653/ch184941-951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch184941-951","url":null,"abstract":"The beginning of the 19th century marks a new stage in the military-political development of the Eastern Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Since Georgia was annexed to the empire at that time, the state faced the issue of protecting new territories. A. Ermolov initiated a period of vigorous activity of topographers of the region associated with the construction of a number of fortresses and transfer from the policy of punitive operations to the systematic development of the region using civil colonization. For this purpose, the construction of a system of fortresses along the Iori and Alazani rivers began in the 30s of the 19th century. This system of fortresses entered historiography as the Lezgi (Kakheti) cordon line which was a component of the Left flank of the Caucasian cordon line (after the division of the Caucasian cordon line into flanks in 1834). The Russian government entrusted a number of military-political and economic tasks to the new cordon. In addition, the article examines the place and role of the command staff of the cordon line in the construction, re-deployment of the forces on the line, and the putting into practice provisions of the Caucasian policy in the region. The work reveals the military-political, social-economic importance of the line and the history of the creation of a cordon on the border with Georgia based on the available sources. Overall, the transformation of the Caucasian policy in the region can be seen on the example of the Lezgi (Kakheti) cordon line (the change of policy’s vector from defensive (tactics of punitive operations) to the civil colonization of the region that subsequently contributed to the approach with highlanders through economic, cultural and household relations. The number of constructions on the line and the number of forces deployed in fortresses and fortifications were changing depending on the success of the Tsarist Army in the mountains. The line from the moment of its creation and in the subsequent period performed defensive functions not only for the internal borders but also served as a support of the southern borders of Russia from Turkey and Iran. It was the primary task of preserving the region in geopolitical terms.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131518278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE IMAGE OF GAREGIN NZHDEH IN ARMENIAN AND RUSSIAN COLLECTIVE MEMORY: SYMBOLIC CONFLICT IN URBAN SPACE (BASED ON RESEARCH IN ARMAVIR AND KRASNODAR)","authors":"M. Volkhonsky, A. Yarlykapov","doi":"10.32653/ch1841126-1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1841126-1140","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the symbolic aspects of the protracted conflict in Armavir between the city authorities and the leadership of Armavir branch of the Union of Armenians of Russia (from 2012 to 2019) in connection with the installation of a memorial plaque near the Armenian church in honor of the political figure Garegin Nzhdeh. The analysis of the conflict from the perspective of the concept of \"symbolic politics\" allowed us to identify some specifics of the policy of remembrance carried out by the Armenian diaspora in Russia. The conflict was caused by the different perception of Garegin Nzhdeh's image in the Russian and Armenian cultural memory. For the collective memory of the Russian Armenians Nzhdeh is primarily a national hero, who fought for the independence of Armenia. In the Russian collective memory Nzhdeh is only a politician, who collaborated with the Nazi Germany during the Second World War. As the study showed, during the conflict Armenian and Russian activists used different kinds of memory policy strategies (\"symbolic erasure\", \"symbolic camouflage\" and \"reformatting\" of the previously created memorial space). The study also revealed some structural peculiarities of the collective, cultural and functional memory of Russian Armenians. In particular, the study showed that the collective memory of Russian Armenians has the character of an amalgam, which combines uncomplementary elements of Russian and Armenian collective, cultural memory.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115641275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERSONAL CONTACTS OF PETER THE GREAT WITH THE RULING ELITES OF DAGESTAN","authors":"Sharafutdin A. Magaramov","doi":"10.32653/ch184908-918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch184908-918","url":null,"abstract":"A historiographical analysis of the events of the Petrine era in the Caucasus demonstrates that the problem of personal contacts of Tsar Peter I with the ruling elites of Dagestan during his campaign in 1722 remains one of the poorly developed historical aspects. The tsar’s personal contacts with foreign elites were part of his imperial policy of expanding the territories of the Russian state, involving new subjects in the sphere of the political and legal space of the empire, ensuring their loyalty in the conditions of multi-ethnicity and political fragmentation of the Caucasus. Such ensuring was achieved by involving local elites in the social structure of the empire, in its economic system. Peter the Great’s contacts with the Dagestan rulers took place during the Persian expedition – his last major foreign policy campaign, as a result of which the southwestern Caspian region was briefly conquered and annexed to the Russian Empire. The conducted study made it possible to identify the reason that determined the pro-Russian position of one or another Dagestan ruler, their attitude to Peter I, in particular. The contacts of the parties were accompanied by giving each other expensive gifts, awarding ranks to the ruling elite that had passed into Russian citizenship, confirmation in positions, assignment of salaries to its representatives, etc. The study is based on the analysis of retrospective documentary information collected from documents of scientific archives of Russia and historiographical sources. The source base of the study, in addition to archival documents, are the materials of direct participants and eyewitnesses of the meeting of Peter I and a number of Dagestani rulers: “The War Diary of 1722”, compiled in the middle of the XIX century based on the diary entries of Peter I, travel notes of the Scottish doctor J. Bell and Artillery Captain Peter Bruce. The last two sources in this study are used in the original.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133823132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF SOME PHOTO SOURCES RELATED TO THE NOGAIS","authors":"Alim K. Makhsutov","doi":"10.32653/ch1841087-1100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1841087-1100","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid spread of information technologies today, many archival materials, such as digitized old photographs and videos of representatives of the peoples of the world, in general, and the Caucasus, in particular, have become available to general public. The mentioned materials have a tremendous impact on the image and perception of the material culture of these peoples. Despite the obvious advantages of ample opportunities for the spread of scientific data, these archival and historical materials, unfortunately, are not always used correctly. For instance, on the Internet and in print media, the erroneous use of photographs depicting representatives and elements of the material culture of one people as figures and attributes of other peoples is quite common. Our study analyses four archival photographs from various sources that have appeared in scientific and popular science literature, as well as in encyclopedias, articles, websites of major state and independent media, in materials telling about the Nogai people. We aim to prevent the erroneous use of photographs that have no bearing to Nogais. To achieve this, the author attempts to verify the legitimacy of attributing the studied photographic materials to the Nogais by attracting a broad evidence base in the form of archival data, museum exhibits, works of art historians and historians, as well as a comparative analysis of available material. In the course of the study, the author has come to a sufficiently substantiated conclusion that the photographs presented in the study depict not representatives of the Nogai people, but representatives of the Balkars, Kalmyks, Cossacks and Kazakhs. The researcher of the present work urges the authors of publications about the Nogais to use photographic materials, the relevancy of which is undoubtful.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122936851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE MUGINSKY SITE IN 2021","authors":"Murad Sh. Saypudinov, N. Ryabogina, A. Borisov, I. Idrisov","doi":"10.32653/ch1841141-1159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1841141-1159","url":null,"abstract":" The paper provides the results of the archaeological exploration of the Muginsky site (Akushinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan) and paleobotanical analysis of the obtained material. As a result of the investigations carried out, various archeological materials, mainly ceramic ware, have been uncovered. The finds of a fragment of a stone mace head and a flint knife-shaped blade are of particular interest. In addition, a large number of animal bones, mainly of small cattle, were found. Exploration of the Muginsky site have provided new and important material for the cultural and historical characteristics of the culture of the central part of Mountainous Dagestan and the chronology of the site, allowed us to determine the two-layered nature of the site and date it to the final phase of the Eneolithic (Layer 4) and the Middle Bronze Age (Layer 3). The radiocarbon dating for Layer 3, with calibration (1770 ± 50 BC), attributes it between the 19th–18th centuries BC. Paleobotanical examination of finds from the cultural layer of the Muginsky site has revealed an atypical combination of barley and rye grains. The rye grains found are the earliest evidence of the presence of this cereal in the Eastern Caucasus, which raises the question of the time and ways of dissemination of this cultivated crop from the primary area. This subject requires further research and obtaining more extensive paleobotanical collections from cultural layers and the resource zone around sites. This will expand our understanding of the economic activities of the local population, such as the development of agriculture and the emergence of terraced agriculture.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126260827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}