PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Wealth Inequality in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence From Joined Household Survey and Rich Lists’ Data","authors":"M. Brzeziński, Katarzyna Sałach, M. Wroński","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3497399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3497399","url":null,"abstract":"We study how the problem of the ‘missing rich’, the underrepresentation of the wealthiest in household surveys, affects wealth inequality estimates for the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The survey data from the second wave of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) are joined with the data from the national rich lists for Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia. Pareto distribution is fitted to the joined survey and rich lists’ data to impute the missing observations for the largest wealth values. We provide the first estimates of the top-corrected wealth inequality for the CEE region in 2013/2014. Despite a short period of wealth accumulation during the post-1989 market economy period, our adjustment procedure reveals that wealth inequality in the Baltic countries is comparable to that of Germany (one of the most wealth unequal countries in Europe), while in Poland and Hungary it has reached levels observed in France or Spain. We discuss possible explanations of these findings with reference to the speed and range of privatization processes, extent of income inequality, and the role of inheritances and wealth taxes in the region.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125380491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investment Treaties, Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Inequality: How International Rules and Institutions Can Exacerbate Domestic Disparities","authors":"Lisa E. Sachs, Lise Johnson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3452136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3452136","url":null,"abstract":"International investment treaties entrench and exacerbate intra-national inequality by:<br><br>1. Providing stronger substantive legal rights to a certain class of actors that in turn strengthen the legal force of their economic rights and “expectations”, with potentially negative impacts on the competing rights and interests of other stakeholders; and<br><br>2. Providing unequal procedural rights to a certain class of actors, easing their ability, through ISDS, to challenge regulatory measures negatively impacting their economic interests, while other individuals and entities continue to face relatively high legal and practical barriers to using litigation to protect and/or enhance public interest objectives.<br><br>This Paper, adapted from the book chapter “Investment Treaties, Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Inequality: How International Rules and Institutions Can Exacerbate Domestic Disparities” (in José Antonio Ocampo, ed., International Rules and Inequality: Implications for Global Economic Governance (Columbia University Press), 2019-01), explores these channels in greater depth. It also calls for further research to explore how international investment governance could be enlisted to combat inequality, instead of embedding and inflaming it.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116506533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automation and Top Income Inequality","authors":"Omer Faruk Koru","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3360473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3360473","url":null,"abstract":"For almost 40 years, inequality within the top percentile of the income distribution,measured as the ratio of income share of top 0:1% to the income share of top 1%, has been increasing in the US. The income of super-rich people increased more than the income of rich people. In this paper, we show that improvements in automation technology (the number of tasks for which capital can be used) is an important factor contributing to this inequality. We consider a model in which labor has a convex cost and capital has a linear cost. This leads to a decreasing returns to scale pro t function for entrepreneurs. As capital replaces labor in more and more tasks, the severity of diseconomies of scale diminishes, hence the market share of top-skilled entrepreneurs increases. If entrepreneurial skill is distributed according to a Pareto distribution, then top income distribution can be approximated by a Pareto distribution. We show that the shape parameter of this distribution is inversely related to the level of automation. Finally, we rationalize convex cost of labor using the theory of efficiency wage.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123792452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Факторы межрегионального неравенства в России (Factors of Inter-Regional Inequality in Russia)","authors":"M. Kazakova, E. Pospelova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3341400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3341400","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Многообразие географии России и ее сложная экономическая история являются важными факторами, объясняющими различия в региональном экономическом развитии. В последние десятилетия появилось много исследований, посвященных изучению пространственного неравенства экономического развития. Сейчас существует большое количество доказательств выявления общих характеристик в области достижения высокого уровня экономической эффективности. К таким характеристикам относится высокий уровень урбанизации и экономическая плотность, близость и связанность с крупными рынками и высококвалифицированным населением. Однако для понимания факторов, формирующих экономический потенциал регионов, необходимо учитывать специфические аспекты контекста страны. Настоящая работа посвящена обзору факторов, обуславливающих неравенство в российских регионах с учетом специфики страны. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: The diversity of Russia's geography and its complex economic history are important factors explaining the differences in regional economic development. In recent decades, many studies have emerged devoted to the study of spatial inequality of economic development. Now there is a large amount of evidence to identify common characteristics in achieving a high level of economic efficiency. These characteristics include a high level of urbanization and economic density, proximity and connectivity with large markets and highly skilled people. However, to understand the factors shaping the economic potential of the regions, it is necessary to take into account the specific aspects of the country's context. This paper reviews the factors causing inequality in the Russian regions, taking into account the specificity of the country.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126394674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where Is the Middle Class? Inequality, Gender and the Shape of the Upper Tail from 60 Million English Death and Probate Records, 1892-2016","authors":"N. Cummins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3314935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3314935","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses a newly constructed individual level dataset of every English death and probate from 1892-2016. The estimated top wealth shares match closely existing estimates. However, this analysis clearly shows that the 20th century’s ‘Great Equalization’ of wealth stalled in mid-century. The probate rate, which captures the proportion of English with any significant wealth at death rose from 10% in the 1890s to 40% by 1950 and has stagnated to 2016. Despite the large declines in the wealth share of the top 1%, from 73% to 20%, the median English person died with almost nothing throughout. All changes in inequality after 1950 involve a reshuffling of wealth within the top 30%. Further, I find that a log-linear distribution fits the empirical data better than a Pareto power law. Finally, I show that the top wealth shares are increasingly and systematically male as one ascends in wealth, 1892-1992, but this has equalized over the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122103280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Perversion of Land Reform by Landed Elites: Power, Inequality and Development in Colombia","authors":"J. Faguet, Fábio Sanchez, Marta Juanita Villaveces Niño","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3309396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3309396","url":null,"abstract":"Over two centuries, Colombia transferred vast quantities of land, equivalent to the entire UK landmass, mainly to landless peasants. And yet Colombia retains one of the highest concentrations of land ownership in the world. Why? We show that land reform’s effects are highly bimodal. Most of Colombia’s 1100+ municipalities lack a landed elite. Here, rural properties grew larger, land inequality fell, and development improved. But where land is concentrated in the hands of a rural elite, distributed land was diverted to bigger farms, resulting in fewer small and more large farms, greater land dispersion, and lower levels of development. We show that these effects – positive and negative – flow through political participation, competition, and policy-making. Landed elites use patron-client ties to distort local and national politics to their benefit. Land reform’s secondary effects, on the distribution of power, are more important than its primary effects on the distribution of land. *** Desde la independencia, Colombia ha transferido una vasta cantidad de tierra, equivalente al area del Reino Unido, principalmente a campesinos desterrados. Sin embargo, Colombia mantiene hoy en dia uno de los mas altos niveles de concentracion de la tenencia de la tierra en el mundo. ?Por que? En este articulo mostramos que los efectos de la reforma agraria son bimodales. La mayoria de los mas de 1100 municipios no cuentan con una elite terrateniente. En estos municipios, la propiedad rural crecio y la desigualdad de la tierra se redujo. Pero, donde la tierra esta concentrada en manos de una elite rural, la distribucion de la tierra se oriento hacia los beneficios de los grandes terratenientes, con mayor dispersion en la tierra y menor nivel de desarrollo. Mostramos que estos efectos –positivos y negativos- se vinculan a la participacion politica, la competencia y la implementacion de politicas. La elite terrateniente utiliza los vinculos patron-cliente para distorsionar los beneficios de la politica local y nacional. Los efectos secundarios de la reforma agraria en la distribucion del poder, son mas importantes que los efectos primarios en la distribucion de la tierra.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123397011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female Earnings Inequality: The Changing Role of Family Characteristics on the Extensive and Intensive Margins","authors":"David Card, D. Hyslop","doi":"10.3386/W25387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25387","url":null,"abstract":"Although women make up nearly half the U.S. workforce, most studies of earnings inequality focus on men. This is at least in part because of the complexity of modeling both the decision to work (i.e., the extensive margin) and the level of earnings conditional on work (the intensive margin). In this paper we document a series of descriptive facts about female earnings inequality using data for three cohorts in the PSID. We show that inequality in annual earnings of women fell sharply between the late 1960s and the mid-1990s, with a particularly large decline in the extensive margin component. We then fit earnings-generating models that incorporate both intensive- and extensive-margin dynamics to data for the three cohorts. Our models suggest that over 80% of the decline in female earnings inequality can be attributed to a weakening of the link between family-based factors (including the number of children of different ages and the presence and incomes of partners) and the intensive and extensive margins of earnings determination.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124987477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Economic Dynamics, Markups, Real Wicksell Effects, and the Reverse Substitution of Labor","authors":"R. Vienneau","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3282396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3282396","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article presents an example in which perturbations in relative markups and technical progress result in variations in characteristics of the labor market. Around a switch point with a positive real Wicksell effect, a higher wage is associated with firms wanting to employ more labor per unit output of net product. Around a switch point with a reverse substitution of labor, firms in a particular industry want to hire more labor per unit output of gross product. Technical progress and variations in markups can bring about and take away circumstances favorable for workers wanting to press claims for higher wages. This article presents specific fluke switch points in which variations in technology and markups change these circumstances, as well as novel diagrams for visualizing the effects of such variations.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115123079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is Holding Back the Development of Comprehensive Businesses Services in US Credit Unions?","authors":"A. Szymański, D. Maclurcan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3269580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3269580","url":null,"abstract":"The credit union movement has experienced rapid growth across the United States in recent years. After the financial crisis of 2007-2008, US credit unions emerged more resolutely as trusted financial partners, able to maintain lending during the credit crunch and offering better loan and deposit rates, greater investment security and superior customer service. Credit unions are known for their focus on consumer banking. Yet this has obscured their changing relationship with businesses. \u0000 \u0000This paper seeks to discover the state of US credit union capabilities with respect to business banking services. After creating a classification for the level of US credit union business banking capabilities, we conducted informal, semi-structured interviews with a small sample of key stakeholders from the US credit union industry in order to provide insights into the nature of existing US credit union business banking capabilities. \u0000 \u0000Since US credit unions have been shown to provide direct economic benefits from consumer banking, along with a positive track record for small businesses, we are interested in credit unions’ potential to serve larger businesses beyond the provision of loans. Given that businesses have higher average deposits than consumers, there is potential for shifting significant resources from banks to credit unions. \u0000 \u0000Our findings suggest that while many US credit unions offer Basic Business Services, and some US credit unions offer Semi-comprehensive Business Services, no US credit union offers Comprehensive Business Services. We discovered three main factors holding back the development of these commercial capabilities: mission constraints; lack of apparent business demand; and lack of a strong business case according to a cost-benefit risk analysis. These factors appear to reinforce each other in a vicious cycle. \u0000 \u0000However, these factors may also present points of leverage for those seeking to expand business service capabilities within the US credit union system. For example, if weak business demand stems from an absence of targeted marketing to the private sector, a campaign to document pledged allegiance could reverse this phenomena. Indeed, we see strategic interventions at one of the three points offering the ability to shift the system from a vicious cycle to a virtuous one.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115449708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meritocracy in the Face of Group Inequality","authors":"Rajiv Sethi, R. Somanathan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3269025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3269025","url":null,"abstract":"Meritocratic systems are commonly understood as those that assign tasks to individuals who can best perform them. But future performance cannot be known prior to assignment, and must be inferred from other traits. We consider a model in which performance depends on two attributes --- ability and training --- where ability is endowed and unobserved and training is acquired and observed. The potential to acquire training depends on ability and resource access, so ability affects performance through two channels: indirectly through training and directly through the performance function. The population consists of two identity groups, each with the same ability distribution, but with differential access to resources. We characterize the sets of training levels that maximize expected performance. An allocation is monotonic if, for each group, there is a threshold value of training such that all those above this value (and none below) are selected. It is group-blind if assignment is independent of group identity, and psuedomeritocratic if it is both monotonic and group-blind. We show that performance-maximizing allocations are not generally monotonic or group-blind, and are pseudomeritocratic under only very special conditions. This is true even when individuals can respond to non-monotonic policies by underinvesting in training, or when commitment to selection policies is possible.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131521984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}