PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Growing Income Inequalities in Advanced Countries","authors":"Nathalie Chusseau, M. Dumont","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2276420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2276420","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we survey the literature that studies the issue of growing inequalities in advanced countries (the North). We firstly unveil the main facts concerning widening inequality in the North and we underlie the differences between countries and groups of countries. We put forward the concomitance of the rise in inequality with three key developments that are the three major explanations given to growing inequality : globalization, skill biased technological progress and institutional changes. We finally expose the mechanisms behind each explanation and examine the results of the empirical works that attempt to appraise their respective impacts. The overall diagnosis is that the three explanations are valid but (i) their weight may substantially differ across countries and sectors, and (ii) they interact in the determination of inequality.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131936133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dynamic Analysis of Economic Freedom and Income Inequality in the 50 U.S. States: Empirical Evidence of a Parabolic Relationship","authors":"D. Bennett, R. Vedder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2134650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2134650","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the dynamic relationship between economic freedom and income inequality in the fifty U.S. states over the 1979-2004 period. Using fixed effects regression analysis, we find evidence that increases in economic freedom are associated with lower income inequality, but the dynamic relationship between the two variables depends on the initial level of economic freedom. This suggests that there may be an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic freedom and income inequality. The inflection point at which additional increases to economic freedom in a state result in less income inequality is estimated. The results are robust to various time periods and several alternative measures of income inequality.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125079429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does Fiscal Consolidation Impact on Income Inequality?","authors":"L. Agnello, Ricardo M. Sousa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2060097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2060097","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we assess the impact of fiscal consolidation on income inequality. Using a panel of 18 industrialized countries from 1978 to 2009, we find that income inequality significantly rises during periods of fiscal consolidation. In addition, while fiscal policy that is driven by spending cuts seems to be detrimental for income distribution, tax hikes seem to have an equalizing effect. We also show that the size of the fiscal consolidation program (in percentage of GDP) has an impact on income inequality. In particular, when consolidation plans represent a small share of GDP, the income gap widens, suggesting that the burden associated with the effort affects disproportionately households at the bottom of the income distribution. Considering the linkages between banking crises and fiscal consolidation, we find that the effect on the income gap is amplified when fiscal adjustments take place after the resolution of such financial turmoils. Similarly, fiscal consolidation programs combined with inflation are likely to increase inequality and the effects of fiscal adjustments on inequality are amplified during periods of relatively low growth. Our results also provide support for a nonlinear relationship between inequality and income and corroborate the idea that trade can promote a more equal distribution of income.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123970174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Əhali gəlirlərinin qeyri-bərabər bölüşdürülməsi probleminin bəzi aspektləri' ;Некоторые аспекты проблемы неравномерного распределения доходов (Some Aspects of the Problem of Unequal Distribution of Income)","authors":"Aytakin Mammadova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3646296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3646296","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Azerbaijani abstract:</b> Məqalədə əhali gəlirlərinin bölüşdürülməsi, bu bölgüdəki qeyri-bərabərlik nəzərdən keçirilmişdir. Bununla əlaqədar gəlirlərin qeyri-bərabər bölüşdürülməsinin əsas səbəbləri, Lorens əyrisi, Cini əmsalı, desil əmsalı, kvintil əmsalı geniş tədqiq olunmuşdur. Gəlirlər problemini araşdırarkən gəlirlərin cəmiyyət üzvləri arasında qeyri-bərabər bölgüsünə də xüsusi yer ayrılmışdır. Aparılan elmi araşdırmaların əsasında belə bir nəticəyə gəlmək olar ki, əslində gəlirlərin əhali arasında mütləq mənada tam bərabər bölgüsü hec bir zaman mümkün ola bilməz.<br><br><b>English abstract:</b> The article considers the distribution of income, inequality in this distribution. In this regard, the main reasons for the unequal distribution of income, the Lawrence curve, the Gini coefficient, the decil coefficient, the quintile coefficient have been extensively studied. In studying the problem of income, a special place was given to the unequal distribution of income among members of society. On the basis of scientific research, it can be concluded that, in fact, a completely equal distribution of income among the population can never be possible.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129494921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finance and Inequality: Exploring Pro-Poor Investment Channels in Africa","authors":"S. Asongu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2493156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493156","url":null,"abstract":"Hitherto very few studies on the inequality-finance(investment) nexus have focused on the African continent owing to lack of relevant data. This paper integrates previously missing investment and financial components in the assessment of how finance affects pro-poor investment channels. Findings reveal, but for the case of foreign investment, financial development dynamics of depth, efficiency, activity and size have an equalizing effect on income distribution through private, public and domestic investment channels. As a policy implication investment-targeted financial reforms that aim to curb poverty should take account of the disequalizing income-effect of foreign investment in undeveloped countries.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122844065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hidden Increase in Wage Inequality: Skill-Biased and Ability-Biased Technological Change","authors":"M. Michaelsen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1873307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1873307","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides strong evidence for an increase in wage inequality induced by skillbiased technological change in the UK manufacturing industry between 1991 and 2006. Using individual level data from the BHPS and industry level data from the OECD, wage regressions are estimated which identify the effect of innovative activity on wages - the personal innovation wage premium - for university and less educated workers. Innovative activity is defi ned by R&D expenditure and patent applications to measure innovation input and innovation output, respectively. Using diff erent estimation methods for panel data, such as Fixed effects, Random effects, Mundlak and Hausman-Taylor models, additionally to pooled OLS allows controlling for both industry-specific and individual ability. Using R&D expenditure as a measure for innovative activity additionally provides evidence for ability-biased technological change while patent applications do not support this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132559203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inefficiencies and Inequities of Capitalism - And How They Can Be Reduced","authors":"S. Turnbull","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1849624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1849624","url":null,"abstract":"Perpetual property rights to land, structures, corporations and money allows investors to be overpaid to create inefficiencies and inequities in a way not measured by accountants and little noticed by economists. All intellectual property rights have limited life. Most assets depreciate over time except modern forms of stable money, collectables and land in developing urban areas. Private ownership of urban land creates inequities and inefficiencies from the windfall gains generated by external investment from either the private and/or private sectors. The Old Testament describes limited life land tenure that today could be used to make urban development self-financing, efficient and equitable. To illustrate the inequities, inefficiencies and un-sustainability of modern capitalism the paper describes an alternative system of property rights for owning realty, corporations and money. Ancient forms of money incurred a storage cost that Proudhon proposed for modern money as promoted by Gesell (1919). Keynes (1936: Chapter 23, part VI) and Fisher (1933) supported the introduction of cost carrying money that invigorated many communities during the Great Depression. Cell phone money, used in developing countries to democratize finance, proves that cost-carrying money is practical today. Investors obtained limited life property rights in all early business associations and corporations. Ownership of privately financed US toll roads, bridges and other public assets had to be transferred to community ownership after their payback period. Ownership transfer is still used today by governments to finance public infrastructure like power stations and tunnels. The paper makes a case for a tax incentive to encourage all private sector corporations to create a stakeholder class of shares to facilitate the transfer of their ownership to employees, suppliers, distributors, agents and customers resident in the host community. Localizing control provides a basis for residents to protect their environment on a self-financing basis that can attract more alien investment without undermining democracy. A dividend income can then be provided to all citizens to provide universal prosperity without: growth, pensions, welfare, more taxes and bigger governments while democratizing the wealth of host communities and nations on an environmentally sustainable basis.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114563234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumption, Income Distribution, and State Ownership in the People’s Republic of China","authors":"Yuqing Xing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1729647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1729647","url":null,"abstract":"It is income rather than the peculiar saving behavior of Chinese households that constrains consumption in the People’s Republic of China. The low share of consumption in gross domestic product (GDP) is consistent with the reduced share of GDP of wage earnings—a major source of household income. Corporate savings, which accounted for 23% of national income in 2007, contributed most to the significant increase in the gross national saving rate. The surging corporate savings was mainly due to the bias of income distribution toward capital. The profits of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) made with monopolistic power and government support comprises a substantial part of corporate savings. A series of enterprise reforms have made SOEs leaner and bigger, and transformed a handful central SOEs into monopolies in highly profitable industries. Retained profits by SOEs only benefit managers and employees in these firms, not the general public who are their true owners. The empirical analysis indicates that high levels of compensation by SOEs contributed to rising inter-industry income disparity. To boost domestic demand, it is essential that the government address the bias in distribution between SOEs and households. Collecting dividends from SOEs to fund social welfare systems or direct income transfers to low-income families will reduce the gross national saving rate, boost consumption, and more importantly, mitigate social inequality.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"520 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116190773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Kuznets Curve: Determinants of its Shape and the Role of Finance","authors":"Tobias F. Rötheli","doi":"10.1108/10867371111137148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/10867371111137148","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - This paper aims to study the importance of initial resource endowments, the savings rate, and financing opportunities for growth and the distribution of income. Design/methodology/approach - The analysis is based on a theoretical model of accumulation and applies simulations. The frame of presentation is the so-called Kuznets curve. Findings - The paper shows under what circumstances the inverted U-shaped curve hypothesized by Kuznets emerges and clarifies the role of a functioning capital market for economic growth and the distribution of income. It turns out that when initial income disparities are high and the savings rate is low it cannot be taken for granted that economic growth leads to a more equal income distribution. The paper further shows that with an efficient capital market total income rises faster and further and inequality is always lower than without a functioning capital market. Research limitations/implications - Future research should help to identify the institutional and regulatory frameworks that promote a stable basic financial infrastructure. Originality/value - By drawing on the concept of a hydraulic society the interplay of key factors that drive economic growth and income inequality can be clarified.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117115122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade Liberalization and Income Distribution in Côte D’Ivoire: A Simulation with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model","authors":"S. Diallo, S. Koné, M. Kamagaté","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3171153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3171153","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to assess the potential effects of the WTO agreements on income distribution and welfare in Côte d’Ivoire. For this purpose, a dynamic CGE model is used to analyze the impacts of three scenarios ranging from partial and complete unilateral trade liberalization to multilateral application of tariff cuts according to the Uruguay round as discussed within the Doha agenda. The simulation results indicate that a partial or complete unilateral liberalization would induce a decrease in GDP, household income and household welfare compared to the baseline. Conversely, multilateral trade liberalization should positively affect economic growth, income, consumption and well being for almost all the household categories. However, our results indicate that the liberalization of foreign trade will not significantly alter the structure of income distribution. Changes in the Gini index remain insignificant for all scenarios.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126265540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}