Current Research in Insect Science最新文献

{"title":"Dehydration and tomato spotted wilt virus infection combine to alter feeding and survival parameters for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis","authors":"Samuel T. Bailey ,&nbsp;Alekhya Kondragunta ,&nbsp;Hyojin A. Choi ,&nbsp;Jinlong Han ,&nbsp;Holly McInnes ,&nbsp;Dorith Rotenberg ,&nbsp;Diane E. Ullman ,&nbsp;Joshua B. Benoit","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dehydration and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection substantially impact the feeding of western flower thrips, <em>Frankliniella occidentalis</em>. Until now, the dynamics between these biotic and abiotic stresses have not been examined for thrips. Here, we report water balance characteristics and changes in other biological parameters during infection with TSWV for the western flower thrips. There were no apparent differences in water balance parameters during TSWV infection of male or female thrips. Our results show that, although water balance characteristics of western flower thrips are minimally impacted by TSWV infection, the increase in feeding and activity when dehydration and TSWV are combined suggests that virus transmission could be increased under periods of drought. Importantly, survival and progeny generation were impaired during TSWV infection and dehydration bouts. The negative impact on survival and reproduction suggests that the interactions between TSWV infection and dehydration will likely reduce thrips populations. The opposite effects of dehydration on feeding/activity and survival/reproduction for virus infected thrips suggest the impact of vectorial capacity will likely be minor for TSWV transmission. As water stress significantly impacts insect-plant-virus dynamics, these studies highlight that all interactions and effects need to be measured to understand thrips-TSWV interactions in their role as viral vector to plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000167/pdfft?md5=fc9a6203c3dc593b5c147866b72f6a37&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000167-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141951481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lemongrass essential oil and DEET inhibit attractant detection in infected and non-infected Ixodes scapularis ticks","authors":"Kayla Gaudet ,&nbsp;Luis Adriano Anholeto ,&nbsp;N. Kirk Hillier ,&nbsp;Nicoletta Faraone","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blacklegged tick, <em>Ixodes scapularis</em> Say (Arachnida: Ixodidae), is a growing health concern for humans as vectors the causative agent of Lyme disease, <em>Borrelia burgdorferi,</em> and many other pathogens. Given the potential health threat <em>I. scapularis</em> entails, and the need to find effective strategies to prevent tick bites, it is pivotal to understand the chemosensory system of ticks and their host-seeking behaviour when exposed to repellents. In this study, we investigated whether the exposure to synthetic and plant-derived repellents impairs the ability of <em>I. scapularis</em> to detect attractants and host volatiles (butyric acid), and ultimately how these repellents interfere with host-seeking behaviour in both wild and lab-reared ticks. Furthermore, we screened wild ticks used in electrophysiology and Y-tube behavioural assays for presence of pathogens (<em>Borrelia, Anaplasma,</em> and <em>Babesia</em>) to evaluate if the bacterial infection status would affect the detection of butyric acid under the exposure to repellents. We determined that the exposure to DEET, lemongrass essential oil, citral, and geraniol significantly inhibited the ability of both lab-reared and wild adult female <em>I. scapularis</em> to detect and respond to butyric acid. We found that tick infection status does not significantly impact host-seeking behaviour in adult female <em>I. scapularis</em>. The knowledge gained from our study contributes to advance our understanding of host-seeking behaviour in ticks and the impact that the exposure to repellent has on the tick chemosensory system. These findings will be important for elucidating the mechanism of repellence in ticks and for the development of effective tick repellent management tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266651582400026X/pdfft?md5=41756cf3df0f1511122cfd62fc86a96a&pid=1-s2.0-S266651582400026X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive biology of Hawaiian lava crickets","authors":"Aarcha Thadi,&nbsp;Justa Heinen-Kay,&nbsp;John T. Rotenberry,&nbsp;Marlene Zuk","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2024.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Insects have spread across diverse ecological niches, including extreme environments requiring specialized traits for survival. However, little is understood about the reproductive traits required to facilitate persistence in such environments. Here, we report on the reproductive biology of two species of endemic Hawaiian lava crickets (<em>Caconemobius fori</em> and <em>Caconemobius anahulu</em>) that inhabit barren lava flows on the Big Island. We examine traits that reflect investment into reproduction for both male and female lava crickets and compare them to the non-extremophile Allard's ground cricket (<em>Allonemobius allardi</em>) in the same sub-family. Lava cricket females possessed fewer, but much larger eggs than ground crickets, while males do not provide the costly nuptial gifts that are characteristic of the Nemobiinae subfamily. Lava crickets also have longer ovipositors relative to their body length than related <em>Caconemobius</em> species that occupy cave habitats on the Hawaiian islands. The differences in reproduction we report reveal how these little-known cricket species may increase survival of their offspring in the resource-deprived conditions of their hot, dry environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000040/pdfft?md5=6ac8627aa363afcaa38aaa2d2f9c144f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139743232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary glands of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis: Dissection and microscopy guide","authors":"Monika Danchenko,&nbsp;Kevin R. Macaluso","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2024.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fleas are morphologically unique ectoparasites that are hardly mistaken for any other insect. Most flea species that feed on humans and their companion animals, including the cat flea (<em>Ctenocephalides felis</em>), have medical and veterinary importance. Besides facilitating blood acquisition, salivary biomolecules can modulate pathogen transmission. Thus, dissection of salivary glands is essential for comprehensive studies on disease vectors like the cat flea. Herein, we present the pictorial dissection protocol assisting future research targeting individual flea organs, for revealing their roles in vector competence and physiology. We provide a comprehensive guide, allowing researchers, even with limited practical experience, to successfully perform microdissection for collecting cat flea salivary glands. Furthermore, the protocol does not require expensive, sophisticated equipment and can be accomplished with routinely available tools. We illustrated expected results with morphological changes of salivary glands upon blood feeding as well as fluorescently stained these organs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000106/pdfft?md5=40c890615cb15135c8207c7991694f98&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000106-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predation risk and floral rewards: How pollinators balance these conflicts and the consequences on plant fitness","authors":"Sabrina S. Gavini,&nbsp;Carolina Quintero","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foraging behavior of pollinators is shaped by, among other factors, the conflict between maximizing resource intake and minimizing predation risk; yet, empirical studies quantifying variation in both forces are rare, compared to those investigating each separately. Here, we discuss the importance of simultaneously assessing bottom-up and top-down forces in the study of plant-pollinator interactions, and propose a conceptual and testable graphical hypothesis for pollinator foraging behavior and plant fitness outcomes as a function of varying floral rewards and predation risk. In low predation risk scenarios, no noticeable changes in pollinator foraging behavior are expected, with reward levels affecting only the activity threshold. However, as predation risk increases we propose that there is a decrease in foraging behavior, with a steeper decline as plants are more rewarding and profitable. Lastly, in high predation risk scenarios, we expect foraging to approach zero, regardless of floral rewards. Thus, we propose that pollinator foraging behavior follows an inverse S-shape curve, with more pronounced changes in foraging activity at intermediate levels of predation risk, especially in high reward systems. We present empirical evidence that is consistent with this hypothesis. In terms of the consequences for plant fitness, we propose that specialized plant-pollinator systems should be more vulnerable to increased predation risk, with a steeper and faster decline in plant fitness, compared with generalist systems, in which pollinator redundancy can delay or buffer the effect of predators. Moreover, whereas we expect that specialist systems follows a similar inverse S-shape curve, in generalist systems we propose three different scenarios as a function not only of reward level but also compatibility, mating-system, and the interplay between growth form and floral display. The incorporation of trade-offs in pollinator behavior balancing the conflicting demands between feeding and predation risk has a promising future as a key feature enabling the development of more complex foraging models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000210/pdfft?md5=603dba4f0404a08f21150e0071f078b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000210-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141840737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The humoral immune response of the lepidopteran model insect, silkworm Bombyx mori L., to microbial pathogens","authors":"Abrar Muhammad ,&nbsp;Chao Sun ,&nbsp;Yongqi Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insects are valuable models for studying innate immunity and its role in combating infections. The silkworm <em>Bombyx mori</em> L., a well-studied insect model, is susceptible to a range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microsporidia. Their susceptibility makes it a suitable model for investigating host-pathogen interactions and immune responses against infections and diseases. This review focuses on the humoral immune response and the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the phenoloxidase (PO) system, and other soluble factors that constitute the primary defense of silkworms against microbial pathogens. The innate immune system of silkworms relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which then activate various immune pathways including Imd, Toll, JAK/STAT, and RNA interference (RNAi). Their activation triggers the secretion of AMPs, enzymatic defenses (lysozyme and PO), and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, these pathways work together to neutralize and eliminate pathogens, thereby contributing to the defense mechanism of silkworms. Understanding the innate immunity of silkworms can uncover conserved molecular pathways and key immune components shared between insects and vertebrates. Additionally, it can provide valuable insights for improving sericulture practices, developing strategies to control diseases affecting silk production, and providing a theoretical foundation for developing pest control measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000271/pdfft?md5=6bc4e25088f0ee1af73df8d610e0e6b6&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000271-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a severe cold spell on overwintering survival of an invasive forest insect pest","authors":"Chris J K MacQuarrie ,&nbsp;Victoria Derry ,&nbsp;Meghan Gray ,&nbsp;Nicole Mielewczyk ,&nbsp;Donna Crossland ,&nbsp;Jeffrey B Ogden ,&nbsp;Yan Boulanger ,&nbsp;Jeffrey G Fidgen","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2024.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cold temperatures can play a significant role in the range and impact of pest insects. Severe cold events can reduce the size of insect outbreaks and perhaps even cause outbreaks to end. Measuring the precise impact of cold events, however, can be difficult because estimates of insect mortality are often made at the end of the winter season. In late January 2023 long-term climate models predicted a significant cold event to occur over eastern North America. We used this event to evaluate the immediate impact on hemlock woolly adelgid (<em>Adelges tsugae</em> Annand) overwintering mortality at four sites on the northern edge of the insects invaded range in eastern North America. We observed complete mortality, partial mortality and no effects on hemlock woolly adelgid mortality that correlated with the location of populations and strength of the cold event. Our data showed support for preconditioning of overwintering adelgids having an impact on their overwintering survival following this severe cold event. Finally, we compared the climatic conditions at our sites to historical weather data and previous observations of mortality in Nova Scotia. The cold event observed in February 2023 resulted in the coldest temperatures observed at these sites, including the period within which hemlock woolly adelgid invaded, suggesting cold conditions, especially under anthropogenic climate forcing, may not be a limiting factor in determining the ultimate northern range of hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000076/pdfft?md5=9e34fad855a86142865430897a36fe7f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000076-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140062335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive abilities related to foraging behavior in Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)","authors":"Maria Celeste Manattini,&nbsp;Micaela Buteler,&nbsp;Mariana Lozada","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Vespula vulgaris</em> is an invasive social wasp that has become established in many parts of the world. Plastic cognitive systems are expected to be advantageous for invasive species, given that they continuously face dynamic and unpredictable environments. We analyzed foraging behavior associated with undepleted and depleted resources. The wasps were trained to associate a certain location with food and we recorded their behavior after successive displacement of it. We also studied how long wasps continued to search for food that was no longer available and whether it was dependent on experience. We found that when wasps associated a certain location with food, they returned to the same site even though food was no longer available or had been displaced. Handling time remained constant, while relocation time and learning flights decreased with experience. With a food position change, learning flights increased and searching time varied with experience. When food was removed, hovering and landings were greatest in wasps that had the most experience with the resource, although extinction of the searching response was not dependent on experience. Our results illustrate the plasticity of wasp behavior in uncertain foraging contexts, which could have allowed the species to establish successfully in new habitats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515824000180/pdfft?md5=2f482506c4059f42ec0427a7a4ebc308&pid=1-s2.0-S2666515824000180-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141951482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flight-reproduction trade-offs are weak in a field cage experiment across multiple Drosophila species","authors":"Liana I. De Araujo,&nbsp;Minette Karsten,&nbsp;John S. Terblanche","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2023.100060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2023.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flight-reproduction trade-offs, such that more mobile individuals sacrifice reproductive output (e.g., fecundity) or incur fitness costs, are well-studied in a handful of wing-dimorphic model systems. However, these trade-offs have not been systematically assessed across reproduction-related traits and taxa in wing monomorphic species despite having broad implications for the ecology and evolution of pterygote insect species.</p><p>Here we therefore determined the prevalence, magnitude and direction of flight-reproduction trade-offs on several fitness-related traits in a semi-field setting by comparing disperser and resident flies from repeated releases of five wild-caught, laboratory-reared <em>Drosophila</em> species, and explicitly controlling for a suite of potential confounding effects (maternal effects, recent thermal history) and potential morphological covariates (wing-loading, body mass).</p><p>We found almost no systematic differences in reproductive output (egg production), reproductive fitness (offspring survival), or longevity between flying (disperser) and resident flies in our replicated releases, even if adjusting for potential morphological variation. After correction for false discovery rates, none of the five species showed evidence of a significant fitness trade-off associated with increased flight (sustained, simulated voluntary field dispersal).</p><p>Our results therefore suggest that flight-reproduction trade-offs are not as common as might have been expected when assessed systematically across species and under the relatively standardized conditions and field setting employed here, at least not in the genus <em>Drosophila</em>. The magnitude and direction of potential dispersal- or flight-induced trade-offs, and the conditions that promote them, clearly require closer scrutiny.</p><p>We argue that flight or dispersal is either genuinely cheaper than expected, or the costs manifest differently than those assessed here. Lost opportunities (i.e., time spent on mate-finding, mating or foraging) or nutrient-poor conditions could promote fitness costs to dispersal in our study system and that could be explored in future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49774045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field bands of marching locust juveniles show carbohydrate, not protein, limitation","authors":"Arianne J. Cease ,&nbsp;Eduardo V. Trumper ,&nbsp;Héctor Medina ,&nbsp;Fernando Copa Bazán ,&nbsp;Jorge Frana ,&nbsp;Jon Harrison ,&nbsp;Nelson Joaquin ,&nbsp;Jennifer Learned ,&nbsp;Mónica Roca ,&nbsp;Julio E. Rojas ,&nbsp;Stav Talal ,&nbsp;Rick P. Overson","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2023.100069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cris.2023.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Locusts are grasshoppers that migrate <em>en masse</em> and devastate food security, yet little is known about the nutritional needs of marching bands in nature. While it has been hypothesized that protein limitation promotes locust marching behavior, migration is fueled by dietary carbohydrates. We studied South American Locust (<em>Schistocerca cancellata</em>) bands at eight sites across Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Bands ate most frequently from dishes containing carbohydrate artificial diets and minimally from balanced, protein, or control (vitamins and salts) dishes—indicating carbohydrate hunger. This hunger for carbohydrates is likely explained by the observation that local vegetation was generally protein-biased relative to locusts’ preferred protein to carbohydrate ratio. This study highlights the importance of studying the nutritional ecology of animals in their environment and suggests that carbohydrate limitation may be a common pattern for migrating insect herbivores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49775618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}