Advances in Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"District heating network topology optimization and optimal co-planning using dynamic simulations","authors":"Jonathan Vieth,&nbsp;Jan Westphal,&nbsp;Arne Speerforck","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>District heating networks play a critical role in the transition of the heating supply of buildings to renewable sources. The transition from coal-fired or gas-fired generation units to heat pumps requires new planning methods for district heating networks, since the efficiency of a heat pump is affected strongly by the supply temperature of the district heating network. Therefore, a co-planning approach including the operation of the district heating network in the planning process is required. This paper presents a novel co-planning approach consisting of two steps. First, an optimal district heating network topology is generated from real geo-referenced data. To determine the optimal topology, a new algorithm designed specifically for district heating networks is presented. Next, a simulation model is automatically generated from the respective topology. An optimization is used for the co-planning approach to select an optimal generation unit, find the optimal supply temperature, and dimension the pipes of the district heating network. In contrast to conventional district heating network planning procedures, the optimization includes a full-year dynamic simulation of the district heating network. The result of the planning process is a full y parameterized district heating network with a matching supply temperature. Furthermore, the use of simulation models allows the results to be reused for sensitivity analyses. This is illustrated by examining the selection of generation units under different <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> price scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providing load flexibility by reshaping power profiles of large language model workloads","authors":"Yi Wang,&nbsp;Qinglai Guo,&nbsp;Min Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of large language models (LLM) has driven a significant increase of AI workload in data center power demand. Renewable-powered solutions to decarbonizing LLM workload and reducing electricity costs are faced with the combined volatility of stochastic user requests and renewable energy. The key to removing the barriers in sustainable AI development lies in the adjustable capability of LLM power profiles. Therefore, this paper focuses on exploring the potential load flexibility of LLM workload and proposes a coordinated scheduling framework, notably, without computing performance degradation. Driven by the existence of the energy-optimal core frequency for graphics processing units (GPU), the energy-performance decoupling phenomenon is discovered and proved, where collaborative scaling in GPU quantity and frequency can change power but not computing performance. Motivated by this, the framework slows down the fine-tuning cluster and utilizes idle GPU resources from the inference cluster to maintain the computing performance of fine-tuning tasks. Consequently, the power consumption of the total cluster is reduced, which provides a fresh source of load flexibility. Furthermore, the framework employs dynamic frequency scaling to more flexibly modify the power profile of the expanded fine-tuning cluster. The computing performance is particularly guaranteed through temporal coupling constraints. In a simulated study supported by real-world data, the results prove a 6.8% power-saving ability and 11.3% cost-saving gains on average.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming building retrofits: Linking energy, equity, and health insights from The World Avatar","authors":"Jiying Chen ,&nbsp;Jiaru Bai ,&nbsp;Jieyang Xu ,&nbsp;Feroz Farazi ,&nbsp;Sebastian Mosbach ,&nbsp;Jethro Akroyd ,&nbsp;Markus Kraft","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The upgrading of energy-inefficient buildings is a critical part of the energy transition. Holistic analyses that foster informed and equitable policy interventions require interoperable data. We apply a principled approach that leverages The World Avatar to create a virtual knowledge graph underpinned by machine-understandable data representations. This approach provides a common terminology to integrate heterogeneous data sources to support multi-scale analysis of building energy retrofit options. We consider a case study in the UK based on the holistic analysis of household-level energy performance data, public health statistics and socio-economic metrics across geographic hierarchies. The analysis identifies regions with critical retrofit necessities, revealing disparities between these imperatives and extant policy levers. Granular retrofit targets are proposed to optimise resource allocation to the most vulnerable areas. Bespoke retrofit strategies are developed for 14.4 million households in the UK, providing actionable insights to support the targeted application of ‘fabric-first’ or ‘system-led’ retrofit pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Net Zero without the gridlock through peer-to-peer coordinated flexibility","authors":"Wei Gan ,&nbsp;Yue Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Wu ,&nbsp;Philip C. Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the pursuit of Net Zero, the rapid adoption of electric vehicles, heat pumps, and distributed generation is placing unprecedented pressure on low-voltage electrical distribution networks. Can these networks adapt and evolve without facing gridlock? Our study proposes an innovative peer-to-peer coordinated flexibility strategy that has the potential to significantly transform the landscape. By aggregating individual flexibility through peer-to-peer coordination, this approach enhances local power balance, mitigates gridlock, and safeguards individual benefits. Through a novel large-scale network analysis method based on statistically similar networks, we have quantified the maximal potential of peer-to-peer coordinated flexibility in alleviating gridlock and deferring network expansion. Using real-world UK low-voltage electrical distribution network data and authoritative distributed energy resources roadmaps, our findings reveal that peer-to-peer coordinated flexibility can reduce peak power flows by up to 20 % and enable as much as 91 % of UK residential low-voltage electrical distribution networks to meet peak demand without gridlock by 2050, significantly reducing the need for network expansion. Furthermore, with the adoption of peer-to-peer coordinated flexibility, the network's peak is projected to occur between 2045–2050, postponing it by 8–10 years compared to scenarios without it. These results underscore the critical role of peer-to-peer coordinated flexibility and serve as a benchmark for the co-development of future grids and flexible resources when addressing associated implementation challenges such as technological infrastructure and consumer engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather conditions severely impact optimal direct air capture siting","authors":"Henrik Wenzel ,&nbsp;Freia Harzendorf ,&nbsp;Kenneth Okosun ,&nbsp;Thomas Schöb ,&nbsp;Jann Michael Weinand ,&nbsp;Detlef Stolten","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct air capture (DAC) is rapidly gaining attention as a key technological approach to mitigating climate change. While techno-economic assessments increasingly incorporate DAC, they often overlook the influence of weather variability on both energy demand and plant productivity. In this study, we analyze how local weather patterns affect the two most promising DAC approaches: the solid sorbent and the liquid solvent processes. We reveal for a German case study, that the integration of DAC with renewable energy sources necessitates temporal and spatial considerations, as fluctuations in energy supply and demand can significantly impact operational feasibility. We demonstrate energy demand fluctuations of DAC exceeding 100 % over the course of a year and estimate future DAC costs in Germany in a range from 197 €/t_CO2 to 1035 €/t_CO2, depending on the region and technology. These results emphasize the need for detailed, site-specific assessments to ensure future cost-optimal DAC deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential impact of controlled electric car charging and vehicle-to-grid on Germany’s future power system","authors":"Fabio Frank,&nbsp;Till Gnann,&nbsp;Daniel Speth,&nbsp;Bastian Weißenburger,&nbsp;Benjamin Lux","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing diffusion of electric vehicles contributes to a growing electricity demand in the coming years. At the same time, this integrates millions of mobile storage units into the electricity system, which has a rising need for flexibility to balance the intermittent generation from photovoltaic systems and wind turbines. To capture the potential of electric cars as a flexibility resource, we simulate 7,000 vehicle driving profiles in an agent-based model, generating load profiles as well as charging power and state-of-charge boundaries for the German car fleet, which serve as restrictions in energy system optimization. In a scenario-based study for Germany in 2030 and 2045, we compare the installed electric capacities in the optimized system, depending on whether electric vehicle charging is uncontrolled, controlled, or bidirectional. Here we show that a bidirectionally charged car fleet has the potential to replace 32 GW (84 %) of stationary battery storage and 31 GW (64 %) of hydrogen-fired peaking power plants, while enabling an additional solar power expansion of 7 GW (2 %) until 2045. Notably, implementing vehicle-to-grid can limit hydrogen-fired electricity generation to winter months and enable a shift toward combined heat and power plants. On the demand side, it can reduce the expansion of electrolyzers by 19 GW (28 %) and power-to-heat capacities by 25 GW (60 %). Overall, the integrated energy system can substantially benefit from the implementation of smart and especially bidirectional charging as it lowers the need for future capacity expansion in the electricity system but also in coupled hydrogen and heat systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100227"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways to sustainable fuel design from a probabilistic deep learning perspective","authors":"Rodolfo S.M. Freitas ,&nbsp;Zhihao Xing ,&nbsp;Fernando A. Rochinha ,&nbsp;Roger F. Cracknell ,&nbsp;Daniel Mira ,&nbsp;Nader Karimi ,&nbsp;Xi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve net zero CO₂ emissions by 2050–2060, decarbonising the hard-to-abate sectors such as long-distance, heavy-duty transport is a top priority worldwide. These sectors are particularly challenging to decarbonise due to the use of high-energy-density liquid fossil fuels. In this context, designing low-carbon alternative fuels compatible with existing engines and fuel infrastructures is essential. This work presents an advanced fuel design framework to develop sustainable fuels that meet the high energy density requirements of heavy-duty vehicles. The fuel design approach is built upon a probabilistic perspective by considering a conditional generative model to predict the physicochemical properties of pure compounds and fuel blends with confidence bounds required for decision-making tasks. The probabilistic model is then integrated into an inverse design framework to design fuels with specific requirements. Finally, the fuel design framework is employed to develop new diesel fuel compositions according to the desired targets: ignition quality (cetane number) and sooting tendency (yielding sooting index). The AI-assisted fuel design approach can potentially lead to sustainable liquid fuels that are fully compatible with the existing utilisation equipment and can satisfy the requirements of different application sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating coloured thermochromic windows for energy efficiency and visual comfort in buildings","authors":"Dingming Liu,&nbsp;Yupeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, significant advancements have been made in thermochromic (TC) window technologies, particularly in vanadium dioxide (VO₂)-based TC glazing. Innovations such as integrating pigments with polyurethane (PU) composite coatings have enabled colour modulation and improved colorimetric properties. However, their effects on building energy performance and indoor luminance environment are both critical for occupant comfort, health, and broader energy efficiency goals have been underexplored. This study evaluates conventional and coloured TC windows (blue, red, and grey), fabricated with one to three VO₂ layers, focusing both on building energy consumption and daylight performance. TC windows were assessed under three window-to-wall ratios of 30%, 60%, and 90% across three climatic conditions: Changsha, Ankara, and New York. Five key criteria were evaluated: energy savings, daylight availability, glare control, daylight uniformity, and colour quality. A multi-objective analysis revealed that the conventional 2-layer TC (TC2), 3-layer TC (TC3), red 3-layer TC (Red-TC3), and grey 2-layer TC (Grey-TC2) consistently outperformed other variants. These windows achieved up to 14% higher annual energy savings and 5–15% greater daylight availability (UDI_300-2000lux) compared to standard double-glazed (DG) windows. The results highlight the strong potential of coloured TC windows as climate-adaptive solutions for reducing building operational energy demand and enhancing indoor environmental quality, contributing to future energy transition and sustainable building practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100225"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing building energy efficiency with thermal mass optimization","authors":"Yichen Han,&nbsp;Zhengyu He,&nbsp;Shuangdui Wu,&nbsp;Yuqiu Liu,&nbsp;Yingkai Lian,&nbsp;Chaohong Wang,&nbsp;Jiajia Feng,&nbsp;Zhengnan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-density urban buildings contain substantial thermal mass, storing significant energy and offering notable potential for heating energy savings. However, effectively harnessing this energy remains challenging due to the spatiotemporal variability of heat storage–release behavior in building components, which often misaligns with building operational demands. This study reveals that thermal mass tends to store heat when it is not needed and release it when buildings do not require it, especially in cities where some buildings are only occupied during the day and others at night. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel thermal mass arrangement strategy, derived from extensive real-world data analysis. Significant variations in component thermal behavior across different operational schedules were first identified from data collected in 76 rooms. Subsequently, key factors influencing these variations were pinpointed using stepwise linear regression, informing optimization strategies developed through simulations. These strategies were then validated in cold regions using conduction transfer function models (error margin of 3.6 %), which confirmed their year-round effectiveness for both individual buildings with distinct occupancy patterns and groups of buildings. The results demonstrate that optimizing thermal mass arrangements tailored to specific building schedules can significantly enhance energy efficiency. Contrary to prior research advocating for the sole increase in thermal mass, this study indicates that without strategic guidelines, such measures may exacerbate thermal utilization inefficiencies, complementing existing research on thermal storage materials in buildings. Reducing excess heat storage is shown to be beneficial for daytime-use buildings, while nighttime-use buildings benefit from storing heat for evening use. Adjusting the quantity and orientation of thermal mass, alongside optimizing operational schedules, achieves 4–12 % energy savings, with greater benefits in high-solar-radiation areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrifying aviation: Innovations and challenges in airport electrification for sustainable flight","authors":"Martin Lindberg,&nbsp;Jennifer Leijon","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aviation sector is investigating opportunities to reduce pollution and to limit the dependence on fossil fuels. The design of new electric and hybrid aircraft requires airport developments to meet the need for charging. This review article provides an overview of recent developments and the latest research and innovation on electrification at and around airports. The paper describes technical innovations in electrified aviation, sustainable aviation fuels, and hydrogen, and the infrastructure needed at airports to meet the future electricity demand of electric aircraft charging. This study finds that plug-in charging of future electric aircraft will lead to elevated fluctuations in electric power demand at airports, while battery swapping has a more constant electricity demand. The review reveals a significant interest in energy storage and renewable energy systems to supply electricity and mitigate peak power at airports, suggesting high potential for batteries and solar power. Hydrogen for airport energy storage could support electric aircraft charging and be used as a fuel for hydrogen-powered aircraft. More research is needed regarding the optimal configuration of airport infrastructure to support electric aircraft development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}