Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis最新文献

{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of biomass/polyurethane foam waste: Thermodynamic study using Aspen Plus","authors":"Yaneeporn Patcharavorachot ,&nbsp;Supanat Pradiskhean ,&nbsp;Tanawat Aentung ,&nbsp;Dang Saebea ,&nbsp;Amornchai Arpornwichanop","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the varieties and identical feature of solid waste, this research aims to consider the use of various feedstocks in pyrolysis process for liquid fuel production. The feedstock considered covers woody and non-woody biomass and plastic waste which are represented by sawdust (SD), palm leaf (PL) and polyurethane foam (PU) waste. In this research, both pure solid waste and the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes were determined based on thermodynamics study. The model of pyrolysis process developed through Aspen Plus simulator was implemented to study the product yield, higher heating value (HHV) and energy consumption with a wider range of pyrolysis temperature and blending weight ratio. The simulation results clearly showed that the use of pure PU waste can provide the highest oil yield (∼44 wt%) which is corresponded to highest HHV (∼28 MJ/kg). The pyrolysis, operating at 400 °C, can provide the most significant quantity of oil. For the co-pyrolysis, the results revealed that more PU waste blended in both biomasses can improve both oil yield and HHV while the energy consumption is lower. From the simulation results, the optimal blending weight ratio of biomass and PU waste at 25:75 can provide suitable oil yield (∼43 wt%), HHV (∼26 MJ/kg) and energy consumption (243 kW).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106833"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic analysis of coating pitch derived from ethylene tar using model-free and model-fitting methods","authors":"Wei Gao,&nbsp;Yongzheng Zhang,&nbsp;Yanli Wang,&nbsp;Liang Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work conducted the pyrolysis of coating pitch derived from the ethylene tar through thermogravimetry analysis. The thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed to correlate the structural characteristics with the pyrolysis behavior. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis kinetics were estimated with model-free and model-fitting methods. The TG-DTG results showed that the pyrolysis process was generally divided into drying, fast pyrolysis, and polycondensation stages, accompanied by the decomposition of active functional groups like the aliphatic carbons bonded to oxygen (<span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>al</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow></msubsup></math></span>), the pyrolysis of relatively stable groups like the non-protonated aromatic carbon (<span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow></msubsup></math></span>), and the condensation of high bonding-energy aromatic structure like aromatic bridgehead carbon (<span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msubsup></math></span>). The activation energy obtained from model-free analysis ranged from 78.12 to 150.92 kJ/mol with the increasing conversion, indicating the pyrolysis process as a multi-step reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the reaction model A1/3 (<span><math><mrow><mi>g</mi><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mo>[</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>]</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) was identified as the most suitable model for the pyrolysis of coating pitch in the conversion range of 0.25–0.8. The modeling values matched well with the experimental data, indicating the accuracy and feasibility of the results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106803"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile fatty acid release and metal ion concentration in hydrothermal carbonization liquid","authors":"Zhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Ting Yan ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zherui Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenzan Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Peng ,&nbsp;Dong Li ,&nbsp;Zhiping Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) is an efficient technology for converting waste into carbon materials along with a significant by-product known as hydrothermal liquid (HL). This study examined the organic loads, nutrient-rich components, volatile fatty acid (VFA) release, and metal concentrations of HLs obtained under various reaction conditions and material formulations. Structural equation models (SEM) elucidated the relationship between the acidification system and metal concentrations in HL. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the HL varied from 4220 mg/L to 51,480 mg/L under different HTC conditions, increasing with reaction temperature, and the pH ranged from 3.5 to 5.6. Acetic acid was the predominant species in the VFAs of HL, the amount of which tended to decrease and then increase with increasing temperature. The metal ion concentrations in HL were K &gt; Mg &gt; Ca &gt; Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Cu. The SEM indicated that COD and pH were the main factors influencing metal ion concentrations in HL. VFAs negatively affected the pH (P &lt; 0.01), indirectly promoting metal ion dissolution, and positive interactions were observed among the metal ions. The concentration of VFAs in HL influences the pH and thus plays an important role in promoting the release of metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106815"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose pyrolysis via liquid metal catalysis","authors":"Aaditya Hari Bharanidharan,&nbsp;Kyle McGaughy,&nbsp;Aime Laurent Twizerimana,&nbsp;Kaylen Ocampo,&nbsp;Götz Veser,&nbsp;Mohammad S. Masnadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid metals are largely unexplored as catalytic media for biomass conversion. Unlike conventional solid-state catalysts which are prone to deactivation, liquid metals, i.e., low-melting metals operated above their melting point, can show resilience against coking, high thermal conductivity, and enhanced liquid-solid contact between catalyst and biomass feedstocks. This promise motivated the present investigation of liquid metals as catalysts for cellulose pyrolysis. Bismuth, tin, and indium were selected as liquid metal candidates, and their impact on cellulose devolatilization kinetics is studied via thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicate that all three metals show catalytic activity, with bismuth catalyzing volatiles formation, while indium and tin enhance char formation. Quantitative analysis of liquid product reveals that bismuth is selective to dehydration and functional rearrangement reactions, leading to anhydro sugars and functionalized furans formation. In contrast, indium and tin are selective towards dehydration, fragmentation reactions, and Diels Alder chemistry, leading to formation of C2-C4 fragments and aromatic compounds, as further confirmed via infrared spectroscopic analysis of the obtained chars. Finally, the Sn and Bi liquid metals’ stability against deactivation via coking is examined against conventional solid-state zeolite catalyst through multiple cellulose pyrolysis runs in the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with the same batch of catalyst. While ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst's activity and selectivity declined and approached non-catalytic sand results (both the TGA curve and the liquid product distribution) within the first few runs, both Sn and Bi fairly maintained their robustness against coking for the conducted durability runs. Overall, the results show significant promise for this new class of catalysts for biomass pyrolysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106800"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation analysis of gas-solid two-phase flow and reaction in a novel catalytic cracking reactor","authors":"Jingxiao Wang ,&nbsp;Jianliang Xu ,&nbsp;Haifeng Liu ,&nbsp;Jianhong Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A gas-solid two-phase flow reaction model was developed to evaluate the performance of a novel catalytic cracking reactor in the residue-to-chemicals (RTC) process. Coupled TFM, EMMS drag, and 12-lump kinetic models were employed to simulate the flow reaction process. The reaction temperature and product yields at the reactor exit aligned well with real industrial RTC reactor test results, indicating the reliability and effectiveness of the coupling model. Catalyst particles formed an internal circulation structure in the reactor, increasing the instantaneous catalyst-to-oil ratio. The reactor exhibited low axial and radial temperature gradients with higher reaction temperatures, accelerating the catalytic cracking rate and enhancing the selectivity for high-value products. The effects of the catalyst-to-oil ratio, catalyst inlet temperature, and feedstock mass flow rate on the flow reaction process were optimized. Results showed that both the catalyst-to-oil ratio and catalyst inlet temperature influenced the overall catalyst velocity distribution. Within the limit range, increasing the catalyst-to-oil ratio increased feedstock conversion, gasoline, LPG, dry gas, and coke yields, but decreased diesel yield. Conversely, increasing the feedstock mass flow rate showed opposite trends. Different trends in product yields were observed with varying inlet catalyst temperatures, with optimal product distribution at 973.15 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106792"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing artificial neural networks and linear regression models for modeling thermal modification processes: Characterization by FTIR and prediction of the mechanical properties of eucalyptus wood","authors":"Youssef Elrhayam ,&nbsp;Fatima Ezzahra Bennani ,&nbsp;Mohamed Berradi ,&nbsp;Ahmed El Yacoubi ,&nbsp;Abderrahim El Bachiri","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, an artificial neural network model and multiple linear regression method were constructed to establish a relationship between the parameters of the thermal modification process and the mechanical properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood samples. Three influencing parameters on the mechanical properties during heat treatment were considered input variables, namely water absorption, volumetric mass, and mass loss; the other parameters were kept constant (treatment temperature: 200, 220, 240, and 260 °C, and the duration: 5, 60, and 90 minutes). There were five neurons in the hidden layer that were used, as well as an output layer for the mechanical property. According to the results obtained, the mean square error (MSE) for the training, validation, and testing datasets were determined to be 0.21, 0.25, and 0.22 in the prediction modulus of rupture (MOR) and 0.019, 0.017, and 0.023 in the prediction modulus of elasticity (MOE). Higher coefficients of determination (R^{<strong>2</strong>}) ranging from 0.93 to 0.98 were obtained for all datasets with the proposed ANN models, while the multiple linear regression models found the MSE to be 1.03 and 1.40 for MOR and MOE, respectively, as well as R^{<strong>2</strong>} to be 0.97 and 0.80, respectively. These results show that ANN models can be successfully used to predict the change in mechanical properties of wood during heat treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106809"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effect of size and shape factors on the devolatilization of biomass particles by coupling a rapid-solving thermal-thick model","authors":"Jiaye Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhao Wang ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Dai ,&nbsp;Stephan Heberlein ,&nbsp;Wei Ping Chan ,&nbsp;Xuebin Wang ,&nbsp;Houzhang Tan ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Lisak","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In CFD modeling, while the isothermal assumption has conventionally been coupled for updating particle temperature, its applicability diminishes when dealing with thermally thick particles. A thermal-thick discrete phase model (DPM) is developed to simulate pyrolysis of biomass particle group at high heating rates and temperatures, with particles tracked in a Lagrangian scheme. The effects of particle size and shape on the volatile release and heating history are investigated. For spherical particles with a diameter of 9.6 mm, the temperature difference between the surface and center (∆<em>T</em>) does not disappear even up to 50 s. In the particle size range spanning from 200 μm to 9.6 mm, the duration required for a complete volatile release extends from 1.5 to 40 s. For cylindrical particles, in contrast to the particles with an aspect ratio (AR, ratio of particle length to diameter) of 1, the devolatilization time of particles with an AR of 15 can be shortened by more than 50 %. In addition, both the particle shape and size can significantly influence the volatile distribution within the reactor. This work contributes to understanding both the particle size and shape impact on heat and mass transfer during biomass pyrolysis at high heating rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106835"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis mechanism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane/carbon dioxide as working fluids for transcritical power cycles: Insights from reactive force field molecular dynamics and density functional theory studies","authors":"Junliang Liu,&nbsp;Chuang Wu,&nbsp;Wei Yu,&nbsp;Liyong Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dioxide-based mixtures in transcritical power cycle systems can enhance thermodynamic performance but may pose risks of thermal decomposition, potentially compromising system performance and safety. This study investigates the pyrolysis mechanism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)/carbon dioxide (CO₂), a typical CO₂-based mixture, using reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT). ReaxFF-MD simulations are conducted at pressures ranging from 4 to 12 MPa and temperatures between 1800 K and 3200 K for various fluid compositions, including pure R134a and R134a/CO₂ mixtures at mole ratios of 0.7/0.3, 0.5/0.5, and 0.3/0.7. The effects of temperature, pressure, and composition on the thermal decomposition of both pure R134a and R134a/CO₂ mixtures are examined, with particular focus on behavior at 8 MPa. In the thermal decomposition of R134a/CO₂ mixtures, CO₂ inhibits the formation of F radicals and reduces their concentration through chemical reactions, thereby suppressing R134a decomposition. Pure R134a decomposes into primary products such as hydrogen fluoride (HF), fluorine (F), tetrafluoroethylene (C₂HF₄), trifluoromethyl radicals (CF₃), and diatomic carbon (C₂). The addition of CO₂ results in the formation of additional products, including carbonyl fluoride (COF), oxygen (O), hydroxyl (HO), and formyl radicals (CHO). The decomposition pathways involve two reaction types: self-decomposition reactions dominate initially, while extraction reactions become more prominent later. Using the DFT approach, reaction energy barriers are analyzed to corroborate the ReaxFF-MD simulation findings. Moreover, the apparent activation energies for these reactions are quantified using first-order kinetics based on the Arrhenius equation, indicating that the thermal decomposition of R134a/CO₂ mixtures is more challenging than that of pure R134a.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106838"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical kinetics of SARA fractions pyrolysis: Saturates and aromatics","authors":"Elia Colleoni ,&nbsp;Paolo Guida ,&nbsp;Vasilios G. Samaras ,&nbsp;Alessio Frassoldati ,&nbsp;Tiziano Faravelli ,&nbsp;William L. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This manuscript focuses on presenting a predictive and widely applicable model for describing the pyrolysis of saturates and aromatics, two of the so called SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes) fractions. The fractions extracted from two different oil samples, a typical Heavy Fuel Oil 380 and a typical Vacuum Residue Oil, were thoroughly investigated. Different experimental methods elucidated the elemental composition, chemical structure, thermal degradation behavior, and characterized the products released during the pyrolysis of these two oils. Finally, a model to describe the pyrolysis of saturates and aromatics was developed. The model is comprehensive of methodology for the definition of a surrogate and a kinetic mechanism to describe its pyrolysis. The surrogate is defined using a certain number of pseudo-components, whose mass fraction in the mixture is defined to match the chemical properties of the actual fuel. A kinetic mechanism was defined by pairing each pseudo-component with a reaction to describe its thermal decomposition. The model was then validated against literature data and demonstrated to be predictive in describing the pyrolysis of different samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106818"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of snow crab processing by-product: Hydrochar characterization","authors":"Nadyana Incan ,&nbsp;Kelly A. Hawboldt ,&nbsp;Stephanie MacQuarrie","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fishery processing (crab) is an important industry in Atlantic Canada. However, up to half of the landed product ends as processing by-product with over 70 wt% water content. Often regarded as a “waste” this by-product has applications in soils, wastewater treatment, and other industries, an area of research largely unexplored. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) converts biomass into a more stable and useable material (hydrochar) and uses water as a medium. This valorization not only creates a profit stream but also reduces the environmental impacts of the crab by-product treatment and disposal. In this work, HTC hydrochar from snow crab (<em>Chionoecetes opilio</em>) processing by-product/feedstock is characterized with respect to key properties in an effort to delineate potential end use applications and the impact of process parameters (temperature, residence time, and water to biomass ratio) on these properties. The temperature range was 180–260 ℃, residence time of 0.5–3 h, and water to biomass ratio of 2–4 (wt:wt). The solids yield decreased as water ratio and temperature increased (time did not impact yield to the same extent). The hydrochar ash content increased from 33 to 45 wt% as water ratio and temperature increased to the maximums studied in this work. XRD analysis showed that the hydrochar retained chitin and CaCO₃. Trace analysis showed calcium was the most abundant mineral in the feedstock and hydrochar, consistent with the XRD CaCO₃ peak. Compared to the feedstock (11 m²/g), the hydrochar BET surface area increased with temperature and water ratio, reaching a maximum of 26 m²/g at 260 °C, water ratio 3 and 30 min. However, increasing the time to 3 h reduced the surface area to 13.47 m²/g. Hydrochar carbon content is similar or slightly higher than the feedstock due to competing polymerization reaction and CaCO₃ dissolution. Nitrogen decreased as temperature increased possibly due to protein degradation. Hydrochar and feedstock showed similar functional groups. The functional groups in the hydrochar have potential to facilitate chemosorption as a bioadsorbent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106767"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}